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Author |
Jorge Bernal; Fernando Vilariño; F. Javier Sanchez |

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Title |
Feature Detectors and Feature Descriptors: Where We Are Now |
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Report |
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2010 |
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CVC Technical Report |
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154 |
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Feature Detection and Feature Description are clearly nowadays topics. Many Computer Vision applications rely on the use of several of these techniques in order to extract the most significant aspects of an image so they can help in some tasks such as image retrieval, image registration, object recognition, object categorization and texture classification, among others. In this paper we define what Feature Detection and Description are and then we present an extensive collection of several methods in order to show the different techniques that are being used right now. The aim of this report is to provide a glimpse of what is being used currently in these fields and to serve as a starting point for future endeavours. |
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800 |
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MV; |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ BVS2010; IAM @ iam @ BVS2010 |
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1348 |
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Author |
Jose Seabra; F. Javier Sanchez; Francesco Ciompi; Petia Radeva |


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Title |
Ultrasonographic Plaque Characterization using a Rayleigh Mixture Model |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
7th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging |
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1–4 |
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From Nano to Macro
A correct modelling of tissue morphology is determinant for the identification of vulnerable plaques. This paper aims at describing the plaque composition by means of a Rayleigh Mixture Model applied to ultrasonic data. The effectiveness of using a mixture of distributions is established through synthetic and real ultrasonic data samples. Furthermore, the proposed mixture model is used in a plaque classification problem in Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) images of coronary plaques. A classifier tested on a set of 67 in-vitro plaques, yields an overall accuracy of 86% and sensitivity of 92%, 94% and 82%, for fibrotic, calcified and lipidic tissues, respectively. These results strongly suggest that different plaques types can be distinguished by means of the coefficients and Rayleigh parameters of the mixture distribution. |
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Rotterdam (Netherlands) |
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1945-7928 |
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978-1-4244-4125-9 |
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ISBI |
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MILAB |
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no |
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BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ SSC2010 |
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1366 |
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Author |
Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Fernando Vilariño |

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Title |
Reduction of Pattern Search Area in Colonoscopy Images by Merging Non-Informative Regions |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
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28th Congreso Anual de la Sociedad Española de Ingeniería Biomédica |
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One of the first usual steps in pattern recognition schemas is image segmentation, in order to reduce the dimensionality of the problem and manage smaller quantity of data. In our case as we are pursuing real-time colon cancer polyp detection, this step is crucial. In this paper we present a non-informative region estimation algorithm that will let us discard some parts of the image where we will not expect to find colon cancer polyps. The performance of our approach will be measured in terms of both non-informative areas elimination and polyps’ areas preserving. The results obtained show the importance of having correct non- informative region estimation in order to fasten the whole recognition process. |
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Madrid (Spain) |
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800 |
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CASEIB |
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MV |
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Admin @ si @ BSV2010 |
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1469 |
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Author |
F. Javier Sanchez; Jordi Vitria; Enric Marti |

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Title |
Transformaciones Morfológicas de Polígonos Isotéticos |
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Conference Article |
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1991 |
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Primer Congreso Español de Informática Gráfica. |
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OR;IAM;MV |
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IAM @ iam @ SVM1991 |
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1648 |
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Author |
Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Fernando Vilariño |


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Title |
A Region Segmentation Method for Colonoscopy Images Using a Model of Polyp Appearance |
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Conference Article |
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2011 |
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5th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis |
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6669 |
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134-143 |
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Colonoscopy, Polyp Detection, Region Merging, Region Segmentation. |
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This work aims at the segmentation of colonoscopy images into a minimum number of informative regions. Our method performs in a way such, if a polyp is present in the image, it will be exclusively and totally contained in a single region. This result can be used in later stages to classify regions as polyp-containing candidates. The output of the algorithm also defines which regions can be considered as non-informative. The algorithm starts with a high number of initial regions and merges them taking into account the model of polyp appearance obtained from available data. The results show that our segmentations of polyp regions are more accurate than state-of-the-art methods. |
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Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, June 2011 |
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SpringerLink |
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Vitrià, Jordi and Sanches, João and Hernández, Mario |
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science |
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LNCS |
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978-3-642-21256-7 |
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800 |
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IbPRIA |
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MV; |
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IAM @ iam @ BSV2011c |
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1696 |
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Author |
Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Fernando Vilariño |


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Title |
Depth of Valleys Accumulation Algorithm for Object Detection |
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Conference Article |
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2011 |
Publication |
14th Congrès Català en Intel·ligencia Artificial |
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1 |
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1 |
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71-80 |
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Object Recognition, Object Region Identification, Image Analysis, Image Processing |
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This work aims at detecting in which regions the objects in the image are by using information about the intensity of valleys, which appear to surround ob- jects in images where the source of light is in the line of direction than the camera. We present our depth of valleys accumulation method, which consists of two stages: first, the definition of the depth of valleys image which combines the output of a ridges and valleys detector with the morphological gradient to measure how deep is a point inside a valley and second, an algorithm that denotes points of the image as interior to objects those which are inside complete or incomplete boundaries in the depth of valleys image. To evaluate the performance of our method we have tested it on several application domains. Our results on object region identification are promising, specially in the field of polyp detection in colonoscopy videos, and we also show its applicability in different areas. |
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Lleida |
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978-1-60750-841-0 |
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800 |
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CCIA |
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MV |
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no |
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IAM @ iam @ BSV2011b |
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1699 |
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Author |
Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Fernando Vilariño |


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Title |
Impact of Image Preprocessing Methods on Polyp Localization in Colonoscopy Frames |
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Conference Article |
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2013 |
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35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society |
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7350 - 7354 |
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In this paper we present our image preprocessing methods as a key part of our automatic polyp localization scheme. These methods are used to assess the impact of different endoluminal scene elements when characterizing polyps. More precisely we tackle the influence of specular highlights, blood vessels and black mask surrounding the scene. Experimental results prove that the appropriate handling of these elements leads to a great improvement in polyp localization results. |
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Osaka; Japan; July 2013 |
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1557-170X |
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800 |
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EMBC |
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MV; 600.047; 600.060 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ BSV2013 |
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2286 |
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Author |
Onur Ferhat; Fernando Vilariño; F. Javier Sanchez |

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Title |
A cheap portable eye-tracker solution for common setups. |
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2014 |
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Journal of Eye Movement Research |
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JEMR |
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7 |
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3 |
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1-10 |
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We analyze the feasibility of a cheap eye-tracker where the hardware consists of a single webcam and a Raspberry Pi device. Our aim is to discover the limits of such a system and to see whether it provides an acceptable performance. We base our work on the open source Opengazer (Zielinski, 2013) and we propose several improvements to create a robust, real-time system which can work on a computer with 30Hz sampling rate. After assessing the accuracy of our eye-tracker in elaborated experiments involving 12 subjects under 4 different system setups, we install it on a Raspberry Pi to create a portable stand-alone eye-tracker which achieves 1.42° horizontal accuracy with 3Hz refresh rate for a building cost of 70 Euros. |
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Admin @ si @ FVS2014 |
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2435 |
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Author |
Jorge Bernal; Fernando Vilariño; F. Javier Sanchez; M. Arnold; Anarta Ghosh; Gerard Lacey |


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Experts vs Novices: Applying Eye-tracking Methodologies in Colonoscopy Video Screening for Polyp Search |
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2014 |
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2014 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications |
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223-226 |
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We present in this paper a novel study aiming at identifying the differences in visual search patterns between physicians of diverse levels of expertise during the screening of colonoscopy videos. Physicians were clustered into two groups -experts and novices- according to the number of procedures performed, and fixations were captured by an eye-tracker device during the task of polyp search in different video sequences. These fixations were integrated into heat maps, one for each cluster. The obtained maps were validated over a ground truth consisting of a mask of the polyp, and the comparison between experts and novices was performed by using metrics such as reaction time, dwelling time and energy concentration ratio. Experimental results show a statistically significant difference between experts and novices, and the obtained maps show to be a useful tool for the characterisation of the behaviour of each group. |
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USA; March 2014 |
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978-1-4503-2751-0 |
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ETRA |
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MV; 600.047; 600.060 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ BVS2014 |
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2448 |
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Author |
Jorge Bernal; Joan M. Nuñez; F. Javier Sanchez; Fernando Vilariño |


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Title |
Polyp Segmentation Method in Colonoscopy Videos by means of MSA-DOVA Energy Maps Calculation |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
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3rd MICCAI Workshop on Clinical Image-based Procedures: Translational Research in Medical Imaging |
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8680 |
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41-49 |
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Image segmentation; Polyps; Colonoscopy; Valley information; Energy maps |
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In this paper we present a novel polyp region segmentation method for colonoscopy videos. Our method uses valley information associated to polyp boundaries in order to provide an initial segmentation. This first segmentation is refined to eliminate boundary discontinuities caused by image artifacts or other elements of the scene. Experimental results over a publicly annotated database show that our method outperforms both general and specific segmentation methods by providing more accurate regions rich in polyp content. We also prove how image preprocessing is needed to improve final polyp region segmentation. |
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Boston; USA; September 2014 |
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CLIP |
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MV; 600.060; 600.044; 600.047 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ BNS2014 |
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2502 |
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Author |
Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach; Debora Gil; Cristina Rodriguez de Miguel; Fernando Vilariño |


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Title |
WM-DOVA Maps for Accurate Polyp Highlighting in Colonoscopy: Validation vs. Saliency Maps from Physicians |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
Publication |
Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics |
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CMIG |
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43 |
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99-111 |
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Polyp localization; Energy Maps; Colonoscopy; Saliency; Valley detection |
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We introduce in this paper a novel polyp localization method for colonoscopy videos. Our method is based on a model of appearance for polyps which defines polyp boundaries in terms of valley information. We propose the integration of valley information in a robust way fostering complete, concave and continuous boundaries typically associated to polyps. This integration is done by using a window of radial sectors which accumulate valley information to create WMDOVA1 energy maps related with the likelihood of polyp presence. We perform a double validation of our maps, which include the introduction of two new databases, including the first, up to our knowledge, fully annotated database with clinical metadata associated. First we assess that the highest value corresponds with the location of the polyp in the image. Second, we show that WM-DOVA energy maps can be comparable with saliency maps obtained from physicians' fixations obtained via an eye-tracker. Finally, we prove that our method outperforms state-of-the-art computational saliency results. Our method shows good performance, particularly for small polyps which are reported to be the main sources of polyp miss-rate, which indicates the potential applicability of our method in clinical practice. |
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0895-6111 |
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MV; IAM; 600.047; 600.060; 600.075 |
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Admin @ si @ BSF2015 |
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2609 |
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Author |
Carles Sanchez; Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; T.Rosell; M.Diez; Debora Gil |

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Towards On-line Quantification of Tracheal Stenosis from Videobronchoscopy |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery |
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IJCAR |
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10 |
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6 |
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935-945 |
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IAM; MV; 600.075 |
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Admin @ si @ SBS2015a |
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2611 |
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Carles Sanchez; Debora Gil; R. Tazi; Jorge Bernal; Y. Ruiz; L. Planas; F. Javier Sanchez; Antoni Rosell |

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Quasi-real time digital assessment of Central Airway Obstruction |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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3rd European congress for bronchology and interventional pulmonology ECBIP2015 |
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Barcelona; Spain; April 2015 |
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ECBIP |
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IAM; MV; 600.075 |
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no |
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SGT2015 |
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2612 |
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Carles Sanchez; Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Marta Diez; Antoni Rosell; Debora Gil |

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Title |
Towards On-line Quantification of Tracheal Stenosis from Videobronchoscopy |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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6th International Conference on Information Processing in Computer-Assisted Interventions IPCAI2015 |
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10 |
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6 |
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935-945 |
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PURPOSE:
Lack of objective measurement of tracheal obstruction degree has a negative impact on the chosen treatment prone to lead to unnecessary repeated explorations and other scanners. Accurate computation of tracheal stenosis in videobronchoscopy would constitute a breakthrough for this noninvasive technique and a reduction in operation cost for the public health service.
METHODS:
Stenosis calculation is based on the comparison of the region delimited by the lumen in an obstructed frame and the region delimited by the first visible ring in a healthy frame. We propose a parametric strategy for the extraction of lumen and tracheal ring regions based on models of their geometry and appearance that guide a deformable model. To ensure a systematic applicability, we present a statistical framework to choose optimal parametric values and a strategy to choose the frames that minimize the impact of scope optical distortion.
RESULTS:
Our method has been tested in 40 cases covering different stenosed tracheas. Experiments report a non- clinically relevant [Formula: see text] of discrepancy in the calculated stenotic area and a computational time allowing online implementation in the operating room.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our methodology allows reliable measurements of airway narrowing in the operating room. To fully assess its clinical impact, a prospective clinical trial should be done. |
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Barcelona; Spain; June 2015 |
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IAM; MV; 600.075 |
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Admin @ si @ SBS2015b |
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2613 |
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Author |
Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Cristina Rodriguez; Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach |


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Title |
Bulding up the future of colonoscopy: A synergy between clinicians and computer scientists |
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Book Chapter |
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2015 |
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Colonoscopy and Colorectal Cancer |
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Intelligent systems; Image properties; Validation; Clinical drawbacks; Endoluminal scene description |
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Recent advances in endoscopic technology have generated an increasing interest in strengthening the collaboration between clinicians and computers scientist to develop intelligent systems that can provide additional information to clinicians in the different stages of an intervention. The objective of this chapter is to identify clinical drawbacks of colonoscopy in order to define potential areas of collaboration. Once areas are defined, we present the challenges that colonoscopy images present in order computational methods to provide with meaningful output, including those related to image formation and acquisition, as they are proven to have an impact in the performance of an intelligent system. Finally, we also propose how to define validation frameworks in order to assess the performance of a given method, making an special emphasis on how databases should be created and annotated and which metrics should be used to evaluate systems correctly. |
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978-953-51-2225-8 |
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MV |
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Admin @ si @ BSR2015 |
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2624 |
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Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach; Jorge Bernal; Cristina Rodriguez de Miguel; Debora Gil; Fernando Vilariño; H.Cordova; C.Sanchez-Montes; I.Araujo ; Maria Lopez-Ceron; J.Llach; F. Javier Sanchez |


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Colonic polyps are correctly identified by a computer vision method using wm-dova energy maps |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proceedings of 23 United European- UEG Week 2015 |
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UEG |
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MV; IAM; 600.075 |
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Admin @ si @ FBR2015 |
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2732 |
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Debora Gil; F. Javier Sanchez; Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach; Jorge Bernal |


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Title |
3D Stable Spatio-temporal Polyp Localization in Colonoscopy Videos |
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2015 |
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Computer-Assisted and Robotic Endoscopy. Revised selected papers of Second International Workshop, CARE 2015, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2015 |
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9515 |
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140-152 |
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Colonoscopy, Polyp Detection, Polyp Localization, Region Extraction, Watersheds |
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Computational intelligent systems could reduce polyp miss rate in colonoscopy for colon cancer diagnosis and, thus, increase the efficiency of the procedure. One of the main problems of existing polyp localization methods is a lack of spatio-temporal stability in their response. We propose to explore the response of a given polyp localization across temporal windows in order to select
those image regions presenting the highest stable spatio-temporal response.
Spatio-temporal stability is achieved by extracting 3D watershed regions on the
temporal window. Stability in localization response is statistically determined by analysis of the variance of the output of the localization method inside each 3D region. We have explored the benefits of considering spatio-temporal stability in two different tasks: polyp localization and polyp detection. Experimental results indicate an average improvement of 21:5% in polyp localization and 43:78% in polyp detection. |
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LNCS |
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CARE |
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IAM; MV; 600.075 |
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Admin @ si @ GSF2015 |
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2733 |
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Joan M. Nuñez; Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Fernando Vilariño |


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Title |
Growing Algorithm for Intersection Detection (GRAID) in branching patterns |
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2015 |
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Machine Vision and Applications |
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MVAP |
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26 |
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2 |
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387-400 |
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Bifurcation ; Crossroad; Intersection ;Retina ; Vessel |
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Analysis of branching structures represents a very important task in fields such as medical diagnosis, road detection or biometrics. Detecting intersection landmarks Becomes crucial when capturing the structure of a branching pattern. We present a very simple geometrical model to describe intersections in branching structures based on two conditions: Bounded Tangency condition (BT) and Shortest Branch (SB) condition. The proposed model precisely sets a geometrical characterization of intersections and allows us to introduce a new unsupervised operator for intersection extraction. We propose an implementation that handles the consequences of digital domain operation that,unlike existing approaches, is not restricted to a particular scale and does not require the computation of the thinned pattern. The new proposal, as well as other existing approaches in the bibliography, are evaluated in a common framework for the first time. The performance analysis is based on two manually segmented image data sets: DRIVE retinal image database and COLON-VESSEL data set, a newly created data set of vascular content in colonoscopy frames. We have created an intersection landmark ground truth for each data set besides comparing our method in the only existing ground truth. Quantitative results confirm that we are able to outperform state-of-the-art performancelevels with the advantage that neither training nor parameter tuning is needed. |
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Admin @ si @MBS2015 |
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2777 |
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Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach; Jorge Bernal; Maria Lopez-Ceron; Henry Cordova; Cristina Sanchez-Montes; Cristina Rodriguez de Miguel; F. Javier Sanchez |


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Exploring the clinical potential of an automatic colonic polyp detection method based on the creation of energy maps |
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2016 |
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Endoscopy |
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END |
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48 |
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9 |
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837-842 |
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Background and aims: Polyp miss-rate is a drawback of colonoscopy that increases significantly in small polyps. We explored the efficacy of an automatic computer vision method for polyp detection.
Methods: Our method relies on a model that defines polyp boundaries as valleys of image intensity. Valley information is integrated into energy maps which represent the likelihood of polyp presence.
Results: In 24 videos containing polyps from routine colonoscopies, all polyps were detected in at least one frame. Mean values of the maximum of energy map were higher in frames with polyps than without (p<0.001). Performance improved in high quality frames (AUC= 0.79, 95%CI: 0.70-0.87 vs 0.75, 95%CI: 0.66-0.83). Using 3.75 as maximum threshold value, sensitivity and specificity for detection of polyps were 70.4% (95%CI: 60.3-80.8) and 72.4% (95%CI: 61.6-84.6), respectively.
Conclusion: Energy maps showed a good performance for colonic polyp detection. This indicates a potential applicability in clinical practice. |
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MV; |
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Admin @ si @FBL2016 |
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2778 |
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Author |
David Vazquez; Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach; Antonio Lopez; Adriana Romero; Michal Drozdzal; Aaron Courville |

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Title |
A Benchmark for Endoluminal Scene Segmentation of Colonoscopy Images |
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Conference Article |
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2017 |
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31st International Congress and Exhibition on Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery |
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Deep Learning; Medical Imaging |
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third cause of cancer death worldwide. Currently, the standard approach to reduce CRC-related mortality is to perform regular screening in search for polyps and colonoscopy is the screening tool of choice. The main limitations of this screening procedure are polyp miss-rate and inability to perform visual assessment of polyp malignancy. These drawbacks can be reduced by designing Decision Support Systems (DSS) aiming to help clinicians in the different stages of the procedure by providing endoluminal scene segmentation. Thus, in this paper, we introduce an extended benchmark of colonoscopy image, with the hope of establishing a new strong benchmark for colonoscopy image analysis research. We provide new baselines on this dataset by training standard fully convolutional networks (FCN) for semantic segmentation and significantly outperforming, without any further post-processing, prior results in endoluminal scene segmentation. |
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ADAS; MV; 600.075; 600.085; 600.076; 601.281; 600.118 |
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ADAS @ adas @ VBS2017a |
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2880 |
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Carles Sanchez; Debora Gil; Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Marta Diez-Ferrer; Antoni Rosell |

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Title |
Navigation Path Retrieval from Videobronchoscopy using Bronchial Branches |
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Conference Article |
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2016 |
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19th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention Workshops |
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9401 |
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62-70 |
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Bronchoscopy navigation; Lumen center; Brochial branches; Navigation path; Videobronchoscopy |
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Bronchoscopy biopsy can be used to diagnose lung cancer without risking complications of other interventions like transthoracic needle aspiration. During bronchoscopy, the clinician has to navigate through the bronchial tree to the target lesion. A main drawback is the difficulty to check whether the exploration is following the correct path. The usual guidance using fluoroscopy implies repeated radiation of the clinician, while alternative systems (like electromagnetic navigation) require specific equipment that increases intervention costs. We propose to compute the navigated path using anatomical landmarks extracted from the sole analysis of videobronchoscopy images. Such landmarks allow matching the current exploration to the path previously planned on a CT to indicate clinician whether the planning is being correctly followed or not. We present a feasibility study of our landmark based CT-video matching using bronchoscopic videos simulated on a virtual bronchoscopy interactive interface. |
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Quebec; Canada; September 2016 |
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MICCAI-W |
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IAM; MV; 600.060; 600.075 |
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Admin @ si @ SGB2016 |
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2885 |
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David Vazquez; Jorge Bernal; F. Javier Sanchez; Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach; Antonio Lopez; Adriana Romero; Michal Drozdzal; Aaron Courville |


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A Benchmark for Endoluminal Scene Segmentation of Colonoscopy Images |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Journal of Healthcare Engineering |
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