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Author Ivet Rafegas; Javier Vazquez; Robert Benavente; Maria Vanrell; Susana Alvarez edit  url
openurl 
Title Enhancing spatio-chromatic representation with more-than-three color coding for image description Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Journal of the Optical Society of America A Abbreviated Journal JOSA A  
Volume 34 Issue 5 Pages 827-837  
Keywords  
Abstract Extraction of spatio-chromatic features from color images is usually performed independently on each color channel. Usual 3D color spaces, such as RGB, present a high inter-channel correlation for natural images. This correlation can be reduced using color-opponent representations, but the spatial structure of regions with small color differences is not fully captured in two generic Red-Green and Blue-Yellow channels. To overcome these problems, we propose a new color coding that is adapted to the specific content of each image. Our proposal is based on two steps: (a) setting the number of channels to the number of distinctive colors we find in each image (avoiding the problem of channel correlation), and (b) building a channel representation that maximizes contrast differences within each color channel (avoiding the problem of low local contrast). We call this approach more-than-three color coding (MTT) to enhance the fact that the number of channels is adapted to the image content. The higher color complexity an image has, the more channels can be used to represent it. Here we select distinctive colors as the most predominant in the image, which we call color pivots, and we build the new color coding using these color pivots as a basis. To evaluate the proposed approach we measure its efficiency in an image categorization task. We show how a generic descriptor improves its performance at the description level when applied on the MTT coding.  
Address  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference  
Notes CIC; 600.087 Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ RVB2017 Serial 2892  
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Author Ivet Rafegas; Maria Vanrell edit   pdf
openurl 
Title Color spaces emerging from deep convolutional networks Type Conference Article
Year 2016 Publication 24th Color and Imaging Conference Abbreviated Journal  
Volume Issue Pages 225-230  
Keywords  
Abstract Award for the best interactive session
Defining color spaces that provide a good encoding of spatio-chromatic properties of color surfaces is an open problem in color science [8, 22]. Related to this, in computer vision the fusion of color with local image features has been studied and evaluated [16]. In human vision research, the cells which are selective to specific color hues along the visual pathway are also a focus of attention [7, 14]. In line with these research aims, in this paper we study how color is encoded in a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that has been trained on more than one million natural images for object recognition. These convolutional nets achieve impressive performance in computer vision, and rival the representations in human brain. In this paper we explore how color is represented in a CNN architecture that can give some intuition about efficient spatio-chromatic representations. In convolutional layers the activation of a neuron is related to a spatial filter, that combines spatio-chromatic representations. We use an inverted version of it to explore the properties. Using a series of unsupervised methods we classify different type of neurons depending on the color axes they define and we propose an index of color-selectivity of a neuron. We estimate the main color axes that emerge from this trained net and we prove that colorselectivity of neurons decreases from early to deeper layers.
 
Address San Diego; USA; November 2016  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference CIC  
Notes CIC Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ RaV2016a Serial 2894  
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Author Ivet Rafegas; Maria Vanrell edit  openurl
Title Colour Visual Coding in trained Deep Neural Networks Type Abstract
Year 2016 Publication European Conference on Visual Perception Abbreviated Journal  
Volume Issue Pages  
Keywords  
Abstract  
Address Barcelona; Spain; August 2016  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference ECVP  
Notes CIC Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ RaV2016b Serial 2895  
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Author Ivet Rafegas; Maria Vanrell edit   pdf
openurl 
Title Color representation in CNNs: parallelisms with biological vision Type Conference Article
Year 2017 Publication ICCV Workshop on Mutual Benefits ofr Cognitive and Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal  
Volume Issue Pages  
Keywords  
Abstract Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) trained for object recognition tasks present representational capabilities approaching to primate visual systems [1]. This provides a computational framework to explore how image features
are efficiently represented. Here, we dissect a trained CNN
[2] to study how color is represented. We use a classical methodology used in physiology that is measuring index of selectivity of individual neurons to specific features. We use ImageNet Dataset [20] images and synthetic versions
of them to quantify color tuning properties of artificial neurons to provide a classification of the network population.
We conclude three main levels of color representation showing some parallelisms with biological visual systems: (a) a decomposition in a circular hue space to represent single color regions with a wider hue sampling beyond the first
layer (V2), (b) the emergence of opponent low-dimensional spaces in early stages to represent color edges (V1); and (c) a strong entanglement between color and shape patterns representing object-parts (e.g. wheel of a car), objectshapes (e.g. faces) or object-surrounds configurations (e.g. blue sky surrounding an object) in deeper layers (V4 or IT).
 
Address Venice; Italy; October 2017  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference ICCV-MBCC  
Notes CIC; 600.087; 600.051 Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ RaV2017 Serial 2984  
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Author Ivet Rafegas; Maria Vanrell edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
Title Color encoding in biologically-inspired convolutional neural networks Type Journal Article
Year 2018 Publication Vision Research Abbreviated Journal VR  
Volume 151 Issue Pages 7-17  
Keywords Color coding; Computer vision; Deep learning; Convolutional neural networks  
Abstract Convolutional Neural Networks have been proposed as suitable frameworks to model biological vision. Some of these artificial networks showed representational properties that rival primate performances in object recognition. In this paper we explore how color is encoded in a trained artificial network. It is performed by estimating a color selectivity index for each neuron, which allows us to describe the neuron activity to a color input stimuli. The index allows us to classify whether they are color selective or not and if they are of a single or double color. We have determined that all five convolutional layers of the network have a large number of color selective neurons. Color opponency clearly emerges in the first layer, presenting 4 main axes (Black-White, Red-Cyan, Blue-Yellow and Magenta-Green), but this is reduced and rotated as we go deeper into the network. In layer 2 we find a denser hue sampling of color neurons and opponency is reduced almost to one new main axis, the Bluish-Orangish coinciding with the dataset bias. In layers 3, 4 and 5 color neurons are similar amongst themselves, presenting different type of neurons that detect specific colored objects (e.g., orangish faces), specific surrounds (e.g., blue sky) or specific colored or contrasted object-surround configurations (e.g. blue blob in a green surround). Overall, our work concludes that color and shape representation are successively entangled through all the layers of the studied network, revealing certain parallelisms with the reported evidences in primate brains that can provide useful insight into intermediate hierarchical spatio-chromatic representations.  
Address  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference  
Notes CIC; 600.051; 600.087 Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @RaV2018 Serial 3114  
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Author Hassan Ahmed Sial; S. Sancho; Ramon Baldrich; Robert Benavente; Maria Vanrell edit   pdf
url  openurl
Title Color-based data augmentation for Reflectance Estimation Type Conference Article
Year 2018 Publication 26th Color Imaging Conference Abbreviated Journal  
Volume Issue Pages 284-289  
Keywords  
Abstract Deep convolutional architectures have shown to be successful frameworks to solve generic computer vision problems. The estimation of intrinsic reflectance from single image is not a solved problem yet. Encoder-Decoder architectures are a perfect approach for pixel-wise reflectance estimation, although it usually suffers from the lack of large datasets. Lack of data can be partially solved with data augmentation, however usual techniques focus on geometric changes which does not help for reflectance estimation. In this paper we propose a color-based data augmentation technique that extends the training data by increasing the variability of chromaticity. Rotation on the red-green blue-yellow plane of an opponent space enable to increase the training set in a coherent and sound way that improves network generalization capability for reflectance estimation. We perform some experiments on the Sintel dataset showing that our color-based augmentation increase performance and overcomes one of the state-of-the-art methods.  
Address Vancouver; November 2018  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference CIC  
Notes CIC Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ SSB2018a Serial 3129  
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Author Ivet Rafegas; Maria Vanrell; Luis A Alexandre; G. Arias edit   pdf
url  openurl
Title Understanding trained CNNs by indexing neuron selectivity Type Journal Article
Year 2020 Publication Pattern Recognition Letters Abbreviated Journal PRL  
Volume 136 Issue Pages 318-325  
Keywords  
Abstract The impressive performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) when solving different vision problems is shadowed by their black-box nature and our consequent lack of understanding of the representations they build and how these representations are organized. To help understanding these issues, we propose to describe the activity of individual neurons by their Neuron Feature visualization and quantify their inherent selectivity with two specific properties. We explore selectivity indexes for: an image feature (color); and an image label (class membership). Our contribution is a framework to seek or classify neurons by indexing on these selectivity properties. It helps to find color selective neurons, such as a red-mushroom neuron in layer Conv4 or class selective neurons such as dog-face neurons in layer Conv5 in VGG-M, and establishes a methodology to derive other selectivity properties. Indexing on neuron selectivity can statistically draw how features and classes are represented through layers in a moment when the size of trained nets is growing and automatic tools to index neurons can be helpful.  
Address  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference  
Notes CIC; 600.087; 600.140; 600.118 Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ RVL2019 Serial 3310  
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Author Hassan Ahmed Sial; Ramon Baldrich; Maria Vanrell edit   pdf
url  openurl
Title Deep intrinsic decomposition trained on surreal scenes yet with realistic light effects Type Journal Article
Year 2020 Publication Journal of the Optical Society of America A Abbreviated Journal JOSA A  
Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 1-15  
Keywords  
Abstract Estimation of intrinsic images still remains a challenging task due to weaknesses of ground-truth datasets, which either are too small or present non-realistic issues. On the other hand, end-to-end deep learning architectures start to achieve interesting results that we believe could be improved if important physical hints were not ignored. In this work, we present a twofold framework: (a) a flexible generation of images overcoming some classical dataset problems such as larger size jointly with coherent lighting appearance; and (b) a flexible architecture tying physical properties through intrinsic losses. Our proposal is versatile, presents low computation time, and achieves state-of-the-art results.  
Address  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference  
Notes CIC; 600.140; 600.12; 600.118 Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ SBV2019 Serial 3311  
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Author Hassan Ahmed Sial; Ramon Baldrich; Maria Vanrell; Dimitris Samaras edit   pdf
openurl 
Title Light Direction and Color Estimation from Single Image with Deep Regression Type Conference Article
Year 2020 Publication London Imaging Conference Abbreviated Journal  
Volume Issue Pages  
Keywords  
Abstract We present a method to estimate the direction and color of the scene light source from a single image. Our method is based on two main ideas: (a) we use a new synthetic dataset with strong shadow effects with similar constraints to the SID dataset; (b) we define a deep architecture trained on the mentioned dataset to estimate the direction and color of the scene light source. Apart from showing good performance on synthetic images, we additionally propose a preliminary procedure to obtain light positions of the Multi-Illumination dataset, and, in this way, we also prove that our trained model achieves good performance when it is applied to real scenes.  
Address Virtual; September 2020  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference LIM  
Notes CIC; 600.118; 600.140; Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ SBV2020 Serial 3460  
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Author Sagnik Das; Hassan Ahmed Sial; Ke Ma; Ramon Baldrich; Maria Vanrell; Dimitris Samaras edit   pdf
openurl 
Title Intrinsic Decomposition of Document Images In-the-Wild Type Conference Article
Year 2020 Publication 31st British Machine Vision Conference Abbreviated Journal  
Volume Issue Pages  
Keywords  
Abstract Automatic document content processing is affected by artifacts caused by the shape
of the paper, non-uniform and diverse color of lighting conditions. Fully-supervised
methods on real data are impossible due to the large amount of data needed. Hence, the
current state of the art deep learning models are trained on fully or partially synthetic images. However, document shadow or shading removal results still suffer because: (a) prior methods rely on uniformity of local color statistics, which limit their application on real-scenarios with complex document shapes and textures and; (b) synthetic or hybrid datasets with non-realistic, simulated lighting conditions are used to train the models. In this paper we tackle these problems with our two main contributions. First, a physically constrained learning-based method that directly estimates document reflectance based on intrinsic image formation which generalizes to challenging illumination conditions. Second, a new dataset that clearly improves previous synthetic ones, by adding a large range of realistic shading and diverse multi-illuminant conditions, uniquely customized to deal with documents in-the-wild. The proposed architecture works in two steps. First, a white balancing module neutralizes the color of the illumination on the input image. Based on the proposed multi-illuminant dataset we achieve a good white-balancing in really difficult conditions. Second, the shading separation module accurately disentangles the shading and paper material in a self-supervised manner where only the synthetic texture is used as a weak training signal (obviating the need for very costly ground truth with disentangled versions of shading and reflectance). The proposed approach leads to significant generalization of document reflectance estimation in real scenes with challenging illumination. We extensively evaluate on the real benchmark datasets available for intrinsic image decomposition and document shadow removal tasks. Our reflectance estimation scheme, when used as a pre-processing step of an OCR pipeline, shows a 21% improvement of character error rate (CER), thus, proving the practical applicability. The data and code will be available at: https://github.com/cvlab-stonybrook/DocIIW.
 
Address Virtual; September 2020  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference BMVC  
Notes CIC; 600.087; 600.140; 600.118 Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ DSM2020 Serial 3461  
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Author Eduard Vazquez; Ramon Baldrich; Joost Van de Weijer; Maria Vanrell edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
Title Describing Reflectances for Colour Segmentation Robust to Shadows, Highlights and Textures Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 917-930  
Keywords  
Abstract The segmentation of a single material reflectance is a challenging problem due to the considerable variation in image measurements caused by the geometry of the object, shadows, and specularities. The combination of these effects has been modeled by the dichromatic reflection model. However, the application of the model to real-world images is limited due to unknown acquisition parameters and compression artifacts. In this paper, we present a robust model for the shape of a single material reflectance in histogram space. The method is based on a multilocal creaseness analysis of the histogram which results in a set of ridges representing the material reflectances. The segmentation method derived from these ridges is robust to both shadow, shading and specularities, and texture in real-world images. We further complete the method by incorporating prior knowledge from image statistics, and incorporate spatial coherence by using multiscale color contrast information. Results obtained show that our method clearly outperforms state-of-the-art segmentation methods on a widely used segmentation benchmark, having as a main characteristic its excellent performance in the presence of shadows and highlights at low computational cost.  
Address Los Alamitos; CA; USA;  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) IEEE Computer Society Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN 0162-8828 ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference  
Notes CIC Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ VBW2011 Serial 1715  
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Author Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Muhammad Anwer Rao; Joost Van de Weijer; Andrew Bagdanov; Maria Vanrell; Antonio Lopez edit   pdf
url  doi
isbn  openurl
Title Color Attributes for Object Detection Type Conference Article
Year 2012 Publication 25th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Abbreviated Journal  
Volume Issue Pages 3306-3313  
Keywords pedestrian detection  
Abstract State-of-the-art object detectors typically use shape information as a low level feature representation to capture the local structure of an object. This paper shows that early fusion of shape and color, as is popular in image classification,
leads to a significant drop in performance for object detection. Moreover, such approaches also yields suboptimal results for object categories with varying importance of color and shape.
In this paper we propose the use of color attributes as an explicit color representation for object detection. Color attributes are compact, computationally efficient, and when combined with traditional shape features provide state-ofthe-
art results for object detection. Our method is tested on the PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2009 datasets and results clearly show that our method improves over state-of-the-art techniques despite its simplicity. We also introduce a new dataset consisting of cartoon character images in which color plays a pivotal role. On this dataset, our approach yields a significant gain of 14% in mean AP over conventional state-of-the-art methods.
 
Address Providence; Rhode Island; USA;  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) IEEE Xplore Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN 1063-6919 ISBN 978-1-4673-1226-4 Medium  
Area Expedition Conference CVPR  
Notes ADAS; CIC; Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ KRW2012 Serial 1935  
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Author Marc Serra; Olivier Penacchio; Robert Benavente; Maria Vanrell edit   pdf
url  doi
isbn  openurl
Title Names and Shades of Color for Intrinsic Image Estimation Type Conference Article
Year 2012 Publication 25th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Abbreviated Journal  
Volume Issue Pages 278-285  
Keywords  
Abstract In the last years, intrinsic image decomposition has gained attention. Most of the state-of-the-art methods are based on the assumption that reflectance changes come along with strong image edges. Recently, user intervention in the recovery problem has proved to be a remarkable source of improvement. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that aims to overcome the shortcomings of pure edge-based methods by introducing strong surface descriptors, such as the color-name descriptor which introduces high-level considerations resembling top-down intervention. We also use a second surface descriptor, termed color-shade, which allows us to include physical considerations derived from the image formation model capturing gradual color surface variations. Both color cues are combined by means of a Markov Random Field. The method is quantitatively tested on the MIT ground truth dataset using different error metrics, achieving state-of-the-art performance.  
Address Providence, Rhode Island  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) IEEE Xplore Place of Publication Editor  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN 1063-6919 ISBN 978-1-4673-1226-4 Medium  
Area Expedition Conference CVPR  
Notes CIC Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ SPB2012 Serial 2026  
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Author Joost Van de Weijer; Robert Benavente; Maria Vanrell; Cordelia Schmid; Ramon Baldrich; Jacob Verbeek; Diane Larlus edit   pdf
openurl 
Title Color Naming Type Book Chapter
Year 2012 Publication Color in Computer Vision: Fundamentals and Applications Abbreviated Journal  
Volume Issue 17 Pages 287-317  
Keywords  
Abstract  
Address  
Corporate Author Thesis  
Publisher (up) John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Place of Publication Editor Theo Gevers;Arjan Gijsenij;Joost Van de Weijer;Jan-Mark Geusebroek  
Language Summary Language Original Title  
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
ISSN ISBN Medium  
Area Expedition Conference  
Notes CIC Approved no  
Call Number Admin @ si @ WBV2012 Serial 2063  
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