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Author Oriol Pujol; David Masip edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Geometry-Based Ensembles: Toward a Structural Characterization of the Classification Boundary Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 31 Issue 6 Pages 1140–1146  
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  Abstract This article introduces a novel binary discriminative learning technique based on the approximation of the non-linear decision boundary by a piece-wise linear smooth additive model. The decision border is geometrically defined by means of the characterizing boundary points – points that belong to the optimal boundary under a certain notion of robustness. Based on these points, a set of locally robust linear classifiers is defined and assembled by means of a Tikhonov regularized optimization procedure in an additive model to create a final lambda-smooth decision rule. As a result, a very simple and robust classifier with a strong geometrical meaning and non-linear behavior is obtained. The simplicity of the method allows its extension to cope with some of nowadays machine learning challenges, such as online learning, large scale learning or parallelization, with linear computational complexity. We validate our approach on the UCI database. Finally, we apply our technique in online and large scale scenarios, and in six real life computer vision and pattern recognition problems: gender recognition, intravascular ultrasound tissue classification, speed traffic sign detection, Chagas' disease severity detection, clef classification and action recognition using a 3D accelerometer data. The results are promising and this paper opens a line of research that deserves further attention  
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  Notes (down) OR;HuPBA;MV Approved no  
  Call Number BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ PuM2009 Serial 1252  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Arash Akbarinia; C. Alejandro Parraga edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Colour Constancy Beyond the Classical Receptive Field Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 40 Issue 9 Pages 2081 - 2094  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The problem of removing illuminant variations to preserve the colours of objects (colour constancy) has already been solved by the human brain using mechanisms that rely largely on centre-surround computations of local contrast. In this paper we adopt some of these biological solutions described by long known physiological findings into a simple, fully automatic, functional model (termed Adaptive Surround Modulation or ASM). In ASM, the size of a visual neuron's receptive field (RF) as well as the relationship with its surround varies according to the local contrast within the stimulus, which in turn determines the nature of the centre-surround normalisation of cortical neurons higher up in the processing chain. We modelled colour constancy by means of two overlapping asymmetric Gaussian kernels whose sizes are adapted based on the contrast of the surround pixels, resembling the change of RF size. We simulated the contrast-dependent surround modulation by weighting the contribution of each Gaussian according to the centre-surround contrast. In the end, we obtained an estimation of the illuminant from the set of the most activated RFs' outputs. Our results on three single-illuminant and one multi-illuminant benchmark datasets show that ASM is highly competitive against the state-of-the-art and it even outperforms learning-based algorithms in one case. Moreover, the robustness of our model is more tangible if we consider that our results were obtained using the same parameters for all datasets, that is, mimicking how the human visual system operates. These results might provide an insight on how dynamical adaptation mechanisms contribute to make object's colours appear constant to us.  
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  Notes (down) NEUROBIT; 600.068; 600.072 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ AkP2018a Serial 2990  
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Author Adriana Romero; Petia Radeva; Carlo Gatta edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Meta-parameter free unsupervised sparse feature learning Type Journal Article
  Year 2015 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 37 Issue 8 Pages 1716-1722  
  Keywords  
  Abstract We propose a meta-parameter free, off-the-shelf, simple and fast unsupervised feature learning algorithm, which exploits a new way of optimizing for sparsity. Experiments on CIFAR-10, STL- 10 and UCMerced show that the method achieves the state-of-theart performance, providing discriminative features that generalize well.  
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  Notes (down) MILAB; 600.068; 600.079; 601.160 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ RRG2014b Serial 2594  
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Author E. Provenzi; Carlo Gatta; M. Fierro; A. Rizzi edit  openurl
  Title A Spatially Variant White-Patch and Gray-World Method for Color Image Enhancement Driven by Local Constant Type Journal
  Year 2008 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 1757–1770  
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  Notes (down) MILAB Approved no  
  Call Number BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ PGF2008 Serial 1001  
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Author Akshita Gupta; Sanath Narayan; Salman Khan; Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Ling Shao; Joost Van de Weijer edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Generative Multi-Label Zero-Shot Learning Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 45 Issue 12 Pages 14611-14624  
  Keywords Generalized zero-shot learning; Multi-label classification; Zero-shot object detection; Feature synthesis  
  Abstract Multi-label zero-shot learning strives to classify images into multiple unseen categories for which no data is available during training. The test samples can additionally contain seen categories in the generalized variant. Existing approaches rely on learning either shared or label-specific attention from the seen classes. Nevertheless, computing reliable attention maps for unseen classes during inference in a multi-label setting is still a challenge. In contrast, state-of-the-art single-label generative adversarial network (GAN) based approaches learn to directly synthesize the class-specific visual features from the corresponding class attribute embeddings. However, synthesizing multi-label features from GANs is still unexplored in the context of zero-shot setting. When multiple objects occur jointly in a single image, a critical question is how to effectively fuse multi-class information. In this work, we introduce different fusion approaches at the attribute-level, feature-level and cross-level (across attribute and feature-levels) for synthesizing multi-label features from their corresponding multi-label class embeddings. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to tackle the problem of multi-label feature synthesis in the (generalized) zero-shot setting. Our cross-level fusion-based generative approach outperforms the state-of-the-art on three zero-shot benchmarks: NUS-WIDE, Open Images and MS COCO. Furthermore, we show the generalization capabilities of our fusion approach in the zero-shot detection task on MS COCO, achieving favorable performance against existing methods.  
  Address December 2023  
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  Notes (down) LAMP; PID2021-128178OB-I00 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ Serial 3853  
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Author Carlo Gatta; Francesco Ciompi edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Stacked Sequential Scale-Space Taylor Context Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 36 Issue 8 Pages 1694-1700  
  Keywords  
  Abstract We analyze sequential image labeling methods that sample the posterior label field in order to gather contextual information. We propose an effective method that extracts local Taylor coefficients from the posterior at different scales. Results show that our proposal outperforms state-of-the-art methods on MSRC-21, CAMVID, eTRIMS8 and KAIST2 data sets.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0162-8828 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) LAMP; MILAB; 601.160; 600.079 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ GaC2014 Serial 2466  
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Author Shiqi Yang; Yaxing Wang; Joost Van de Weijer; Luis Herranz; Shangling Jui; Jian Yang edit  url
doi  openurl
  Title Trust Your Good Friends: Source-Free Domain Adaptation by Reciprocal Neighborhood Clustering Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 45 Issue 12 Pages 15883-15895  
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  Abstract Domain adaptation (DA) aims to alleviate the domain shift between source domain and target domain. Most DA methods require access to the source data, but often that is not possible (e.g., due to data privacy or intellectual property). In this paper, we address the challenging source-free domain adaptation (SFDA) problem, where the source pretrained model is adapted to the target domain in the absence of source data. Our method is based on the observation that target data, which might not align with the source domain classifier, still forms clear clusters. We capture this intrinsic structure by defining local affinity of the target data, and encourage label consistency among data with high local affinity. We observe that higher affinity should be assigned to reciprocal neighbors. To aggregate information with more context, we consider expanded neighborhoods with small affinity values. Furthermore, we consider the density around each target sample, which can alleviate the negative impact of potential outliers. In the experimental results we verify that the inherent structure of the target features is an important source of information for domain adaptation. We demonstrate that this local structure can be efficiently captured by considering the local neighbors, the reciprocal neighbors, and the expanded neighborhood. Finally, we achieve state-of-the-art performance on several 2D image and 3D point cloud recognition datasets.  
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  Notes (down) LAMP; MACO Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ YWW2023 Serial 3889  
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Author G. Lisanti; I. Masi; Andrew Bagdanov; Alberto del Bimbo edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Person Re-identification by Iterative Re-weighted Sparse Ranking Type Journal Article
  Year 2015 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 37 Issue 8 Pages 1629 - 1642  
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  Abstract In this paper we introduce a method for person re-identification based on discriminative, sparse basis expansions of targets in terms of a labeled gallery of known individuals. We propose an iterative extension to sparse discriminative classifiers capable of ranking many candidate targets. The approach makes use of soft- and hard- re-weighting to redistribute energy among the most relevant contributing elements and to ensure that the best candidates are ranked at each iteration. Our approach also leverages a novel visual descriptor which we show to be discriminative while remaining robust to pose and illumination variations. An extensive comparative evaluation is given demonstrating that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on single- and multi-shot person re-identification scenarios on the VIPeR, i-LIDS, ETHZ, and CAVIAR4REID datasets. The combination of our descriptor and iterative sparse basis expansion improves state-of-the-art rank-1 performance by six percentage points on VIPeR and by 20 on CAVIAR4REID compared to other methods with a single gallery image per person. With multiple gallery and probe images per person our approach improves by 17 percentage points the state-of-the-art on i-LIDS and by 72 on CAVIAR4REID at rank-1. The approach is also quite efficient, capable of single-shot person re-identification over galleries containing hundreds of individuals at about 30 re-identifications per second.  
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  ISSN 0162-8828 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes (down) LAMP; 601.240; 600.079 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ LMB2015 Serial 2557  
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Author Marc Masana; Xialei Liu; Bartlomiej Twardowski; Mikel Menta; Andrew Bagdanov; Joost Van de Weijer edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
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  Abstract For future learning systems incremental learning is desirable, because it allows for: efficient resource usage by eliminating the need to retrain from scratch at the arrival of new data; reduced memory usage by preventing or limiting the amount of data required to be stored -- also important when privacy limitations are imposed; and learning that more closely resembles human learning. The main challenge for incremental learning is catastrophic forgetting, which refers to the precipitous drop in performance on previously learned tasks after learning a new one. Incremental learning of deep neural networks has seen explosive growth in recent years. Initial work focused on task incremental learning, where a task-ID is provided at inference time. Recently we have seen a shift towards class-incremental learning where the learner must classify at inference time between all classes seen in previous tasks without recourse to a task-ID. In this paper, we provide a complete survey of existing methods for incremental learning, and in particular we perform an extensive experimental evaluation on twelve class-incremental methods. We consider several new experimental scenarios, including a comparison of class-incremental methods on multiple large-scale datasets, investigation into small and large domain shifts, and comparison on various network architectures.  
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  Notes (down) LAMP; 600.120 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ MLT2022 Serial 3538  
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Author Xialei Liu; Joost Van de Weijer; Andrew Bagdanov edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
  Title Exploiting Unlabeled Data in CNNs by Self-Supervised Learning to Rank Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 41 Issue 8 Pages 1862-1878  
  Keywords Task analysis;Training;Image quality;Visualization;Uncertainty;Labeling;Neural networks;Learning from rankings;image quality assessment;crowd counting;active learning  
  Abstract For many applications the collection of labeled data is expensive laborious. Exploitation of unlabeled data during training is thus a long pursued objective of machine learning. Self-supervised learning addresses this by positing an auxiliary task (different, but related to the supervised task) for which data is abundantly available. In this paper, we show how ranking can be used as a proxy task for some regression problems. As another contribution, we propose an efficient backpropagation technique for Siamese networks which prevents the redundant computation introduced by the multi-branch network architecture. We apply our framework to two regression problems: Image Quality Assessment (IQA) and Crowd Counting. For both we show how to automatically generate ranked image sets from unlabeled data. Our results show that networks trained to regress to the ground truth targets for labeled data and to simultaneously learn to rank unlabeled data obtain significantly better, state-of-the-art results for both IQA and crowd counting. In addition, we show that measuring network uncertainty on the self-supervised proxy task is a good measure of informativeness of unlabeled data. This can be used to drive an algorithm for active learning and we show that this reduces labeling effort by up to 50 percent.  
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  Notes (down) LAMP; 600.109; 600.106; 600.120 Approved no  
  Call Number LWB2019 Serial 3267  
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Author Lorenzo Seidenari; Giuseppe Serra; Andrew Bagdanov; Alberto del Bimbo edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Local pyramidal descriptors for image recognition Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 36 Issue 5 Pages 1033 - 1040  
  Keywords Object categorization; local features; kernel methods  
  Abstract In this paper we present a novel method to improve the flexibility of descriptor matching for image recognition by using local multiresolution
pyramids in feature space. We propose that image patches be represented at multiple levels of descriptor detail and that these levels be defined in terms of local spatial pooling resolution. Preserving multiple levels of detail in local descriptors is a way of hedging one’s bets on which levels will most relevant for matching during learning and recognition. We introduce the Pyramid SIFT (P-SIFT) descriptor and show that its use in four state-of-the-art image recognition pipelines improves accuracy and yields state-of-the-art results. Our technique is applicable independently of spatial pyramid matching and we show that spatial pyramids can be combined with local pyramids to obtain
further improvement.We achieve state-of-the-art results on Caltech-101
(80.1%) and Caltech-256 (52.6%) when compared to other approaches based on SIFT features over intensity images. Our technique is efficient and is extremely easy to integrate into image recognition pipelines.
 
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0162-8828 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) LAMP; 600.079 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ SSB2014 Serial 2524  
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Author Arjan Gijsenij; Theo Gevers edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Color Constancy Using Natural Image Statistics and Scene Semantics Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 687-698  
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  Abstract Existing color constancy methods are all based on specific assumptions such as the spatial and spectral characteristics of images. As a consequence, no algorithm can be considered as universal. However, with the large variety of available methods, the question is how to select the method that performs best for a specific image. To achieve selection and combining of color constancy algorithms, in this paper natural image statistics are used to identify the most important characteristics of color images. Then, based on these image characteristics, the proper color constancy algorithm (or best combination of algorithms) is selected for a specific image. To capture the image characteristics, the Weibull parameterization (e.g., grain size and contrast) is used. It is shown that the Weibull parameterization is related to the image attributes to which the used color constancy methods are sensitive. An MoG-classifier is used to learn the correlation and weighting between the Weibull-parameters and the image attributes (number of edges, amount of texture, and SNR). The output of the classifier is the selection of the best performing color constancy method for a certain image. Experimental results show a large improvement over state-of-the-art single algorithms. On a data set consisting of more than 11,000 images, an increase in color constancy performance up to 20 percent (median angular error) can be obtained compared to the best-performing single algorithm. Further, it is shown that for certain scene categories, one specific color constancy algorithm can be used instead of the classifier considering several algorithms.  
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  ISSN 0162-8828 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes (down) ISE Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ GiG2011 Serial 1724  
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Author Ciprian Corneanu; Marc Oliu; Jeffrey F. Cohn; Sergio Escalera edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 28 Issue 8 Pages 1548-1568  
  Keywords Facial expression; affect; emotion recognition; RGB; 3D; thermal; multimodal  
  Abstract Facial expressions are an important way through which humans interact socially. Building a system capable of automatically recognizing facial expressions from images and video has been an intense field of study in recent years. Interpreting such expressions remains challenging and much research is needed about the way they relate to human affect. This paper presents a general overview of automatic RGB, 3D, thermal and multimodal facial expression analysis. We define a new taxonomy for the field, encompassing all steps from face detection to facial expression recognition, and describe and classify the state of the art methods accordingly. We also present the important datasets and the bench-marking of most influential methods. We conclude with a general discussion about trends, important questions and future lines of research.  
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  Notes (down) HuPBA;MILAB; Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ COC2016 Serial 2718  
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Author Zhengying Liu; Adrien Pavao; Zhen Xu; Sergio Escalera; Fabio Ferreira; Isabelle Guyon; Sirui Hong; Frank Hutter; Rongrong Ji; Julio C. S. Jacques Junior; Ge Li; Marius Lindauer; Zhipeng Luo; Meysam Madadi; Thomas Nierhoff; Kangning Niu; Chunguang Pan; Danny Stoll; Sebastien Treguer; Jin Wang; Peng Wang; Chenglin Wu; Youcheng Xiong; Arber Zela; Yang Zhang edit  url
doi  openurl
  Title Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analyses of the ChaLearn AutoDL Challenge 2019 Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
  Volume 43 Issue 9 Pages 3108 - 3125  
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  Abstract This paper reports the results and post-challenge analyses of ChaLearn's AutoDL challenge series, which helped sorting out a profusion of AutoML solutions for Deep Learning (DL) that had been introduced in a variety of settings, but lacked fair comparisons. All input data modalities (time series, images, videos, text, tabular) were formatted as tensors and all tasks were multi-label classification problems. Code submissions were executed on hidden tasks, with limited time and computational resources, pushing solutions that get results quickly. In this setting, DL methods dominated, though popular Neural Architecture Search (NAS) was impractical. Solutions relied on fine-tuned pre-trained networks, with architectures matching data modality. Post-challenge tests did not reveal improvements beyond the imposed time limit. While no component is particularly original or novel, a high level modular organization emerged featuring a “meta-learner”, “data ingestor”, “model selector”, “model/learner”, and “evaluator”. This modularity enabled ablation studies, which revealed the importance of (off-platform) meta-learning, ensembling, and efficient data management. Experiments on heterogeneous module combinations further confirm the (local) optimality of the winning solutions. Our challenge legacy includes an ever-lasting benchmark (http://autodl.chalearn.org), the open-sourced code of the winners, and a free “AutoDL self-service.”  
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  Notes (down) HUPBA; no proj Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ LPX2021 Serial 3587  
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Author Swathikiran Sudhakaran; Sergio Escalera;Oswald Lanz edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
  Title Learning to Recognize Actions on Objects in Egocentric Video with Attention Dictionaries Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Abbreviated Journal TPAMI  
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  Abstract We present EgoACO, a deep neural architecture for video action recognition that learns to pool action-context-object descriptors from frame level features by leveraging the verb-noun structure of action labels in egocentric video datasets. The core component of EgoACO is class activation pooling (CAP), a differentiable pooling operation that combines ideas from bilinear pooling for fine-grained recognition and from feature learning for discriminative localization. CAP uses self-attention with a dictionary of learnable weights to pool from the most relevant feature regions. Through CAP, EgoACO learns to decode object and scene context descriptors from video frame features. For temporal modeling in EgoACO, we design a recurrent version of class activation pooling termed Long Short-Term Attention (LSTA). LSTA extends convolutional gated LSTM with built-in spatial attention and a re-designed output gate. Action, object and context descriptors are fused by a multi-head prediction that accounts for the inter-dependencies between noun-verb-action structured labels in egocentric video datasets. EgoACO features built-in visual explanations, helping learning and interpretation. Results on the two largest egocentric action recognition datasets currently available, EPIC-KITCHENS and EGTEA, show that by explicitly decoding action-context-object descriptors, EgoACO achieves state-of-the-art recognition performance.  
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  Notes (down) HUPBA; no proj Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ SEL2021 Serial 3656  
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