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	Author	Xialei Liu; Joost Van de Weijer; Andrew Bagdanov
	Title	Exploiting Unlabeled Data in CNNs by Self-Supervised Learning to Rank			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence	Abbreviated Journal	TPAMI
	Volume	41	Issue	8	Pages	1862-1878
	Keywords	Task analysis;Training;Image quality;Visualization;Uncertainty;Labeling;Neural networks;Learning from rankings;image quality assessment;crowd counting;active learning
	Abstract	For many applications the collection of labeled data is expensive laborious. Exploitation of unlabeled data during training is thus a long pursued objective of machine learning. Self-supervised learning addresses this by positing an auxiliary task (different, but related to the supervised task) for which data is abundantly available. In this paper, we show how ranking can be used as a proxy task for some regression problems. As another contribution, we propose an efficient backpropagation technique for Siamese networks which prevents the redundant computation introduced by the multi-branch network architecture. We apply our framework to two regression problems: Image Quality Assessment (IQA) and Crowd Counting. For both we show how to automatically generate ranked image sets from unlabeled data. Our results show that networks trained to regress to the ground truth targets for labeled data and to simultaneously learn to rank unlabeled data obtain significantly better, state-of-the-art results for both IQA and crowd counting. In addition, we show that measuring network uncertainty on the self-supervised proxy task is a good measure of informativeness of unlabeled data. This can be used to drive an algorithm for active learning and we show that this reduces labeling effort by up to 50 percent.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	LAMP; 600.109; 600.106; 600.120			Approved	no
	Call Number	LWB2019			Serial	3267
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