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Juan Ignacio Toledo, Jordi Cucurull, Jordi Puiggali, Alicia Fornes and Josep Llados. 2015. Document Analysis Techniques for Automatic Electoral Document Processing: A Survey. E-Voting and Identity, Proceedings of 5th international conference, VoteID 2015.139–141. (LNCS.)
Abstract: In this paper, we will discuss the most common challenges in electoral document processing and study the different solutions from the document analysis community that can be applied in each case. We will cover Optical Mark Recognition techniques to detect voter selections in the Australian Ballot, handwritten number recognition for preferential elections and handwriting recognition for write-in areas. We will also propose some particular adjustments that can be made to those general techniques in the specific context of electoral documents.
Keywords: Document image analysis; Computer vision; Paper ballots; Paper based elections; Optical scan; Tally
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Pau Torras, Mohamed Ali Souibgui, Jialuo Chen and Alicia Fornes. 2021. A Transcription Is All You Need: Learning to Align through Attention. 14th IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition.141–146. (LNCS.)
Abstract: Historical ciphered manuscripts are a type of document where graphical symbols are used to encrypt their content instead of regular text. Nowadays, expert transcriptions can be found in libraries alongside the corresponding manuscript images. However, those transcriptions are not aligned, so these are barely usable for training deep learning-based recognition methods. To solve this issue, we propose a method to align each symbol in the transcript of an image with its visual representation by using an attention-based Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq) model. The core idea is that, by learning to recognise symbols sequence within a cipher line image, the model also identifies their position implicitly through an attention mechanism. Thus, the resulting symbol segmentation can be later used for training algorithms. The experimental evaluation shows that this method is promising, especially taking into account the small size of the cipher dataset.
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Francisco Alvaro, Francisco Cruz, Joan Andreu Sanchez, Oriol Ramos Terrades and Jose Miguel Benedi. 2015. Structure Detection and Segmentation of Documents Using 2D Stochastic Context-Free Grammars. NEUCOM, 150(A), 147–154.
Abstract: In this paper we dene a bidimensional extension of Stochastic Context-Free Grammars for structure detection and segmentation of images of documents.
Two sets of text classication features are used to perform an initial classication of each zone of the page. Then, the document segmentation is obtained as the most likely hypothesis according to a stochastic grammar. We used a dataset of historical marriage license books to validate this approach. We also tested several inference algorithms for Probabilistic Graphical Models
and the results showed that the proposed grammatical model outperformed
the other methods. Furthermore, grammars also provide the document structure
along with its segmentation.
Keywords: document image analysis; stochastic context-free grammars; text classication features
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Stepan Simsa and 10 others. 2023. DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extraction. 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition.147–166. (LNCS.)
Abstract: This paper introduces the DocILE benchmark with the largest dataset of business documents for the tasks of Key Information Localization and Extraction and Line Item Recognition. It contains 6.7k annotated business documents, 100k synthetically generated documents, and nearly 1M unlabeled documents for unsupervised pre-training. The dataset has been built with knowledge of domain- and task-specific aspects, resulting in the following key features: (i) annotations in 55 classes, which surpasses the granularity of previously published key information extraction datasets by a large margin; (ii) Line Item Recognition represents a highly practical information extraction task, where key information has to be assigned to items in a table; (iii) documents come from numerous layouts and the test set includes zero- and few-shot cases as well as layouts commonly seen in the training set. The benchmark comes with several baselines, including RoBERTa, LayoutLMv3 and DETR-based Table Transformer; applied to both tasks of the DocILE benchmark, with results shared in this paper, offering a quick starting point for future work. The dataset, baselines and supplementary material are available at https://github.com/rossumai/docile.
Keywords: Document AI; Information Extraction; Line Item Recognition; Business Documents; Intelligent Document Processing
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Muhammad Muzzamil Luqman, Thierry Brouard, Jean-Yves Ramel and Josep Llados. 2012. Recherche de sous-graphes par encapsulation floue des cliques d'ordre 2: Application à la localisation de contenu dans les images de documents graphiques. Colloque International Francophone sur l'Écrit et le Document.149–162.
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Josep Llados, Jaime Lopez-Krahe and Enric Marti. 1997. A system to understand hand-drawn floor plans using subgraph isomorphism and Hough transform. Machine Vision and Applications.150–158.
Abstract: Presently, man-machine interface development is a widespread research activity. A system to understand hand drawn architectural drawings in a CAD environment is presented in this paper. To understand a document, we have to identify its building elements and their structural properties. An attributed graph structure is chosen as a symbolic representation of the input document and the patterns to recognize in it. An inexact subgraph isomorphism procedure using relaxation labeling techniques is performed. In this paper we focus on how to speed up the matching. There is a building element, the walls, characterized by a hatching pattern. Using a straight line Hough transform (SLHT)-based method, we recognize this pattern, characterized by parallel straight lines, and remove from the input graph the edges belonging to this pattern. The isomorphism is then applied to the remainder of the input graph. When all the building elements have been recognized, the document is redrawn, correcting the inaccurate strokes obtained from a hand-drawn input.
Keywords: Line drawings – Hough transform – Graph matching – CAD systems – Graphics recognition
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Anders Hast and Alicia Fornes. 2016. A Segmentation-free Handwritten Word Spotting Approach by Relaxed Feature Matching. 12th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems.150–155.
Abstract: The automatic recognition of historical handwritten documents is still considered challenging task. For this reason, word spotting emerges as a good alternative for making the information contained in these documents available to the user. Word spotting is defined as the task of retrieving all instances of the query word in a document collection, becoming a useful tool for information retrieval. In this paper we propose a segmentation-free word spotting approach able to deal with large document collections. Our method is inspired on feature matching algorithms that have been applied to image matching and retrieval. Since handwritten words have different shape, there is no exact transformation to be obtained. However, the sufficient degree of relaxation is achieved by using a Fourier based descriptor and an alternative approach to RANSAC called PUMA. The proposed approach is evaluated on historical marriage records, achieving promising results.
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Josep Llados, Ernest Valveny and Enric Marti. 2000. Symbol Recognition in Document Image Analysis: Methods and Challenges. Recent Research Developments in Pattern Recognition, Transworld Research Network,.151–178.
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Giacomo Magnifico, Beata Megyesi, Mohamed Ali Souibgui, Jialuo Chen and Alicia Fornes. 2022. Lost in Transcription of Graphic Signs in Ciphers. International Conference on Historical Cryptology (HistoCrypt 2022).153–158.
Abstract: Hand-written Text Recognition techniques with the aim to automatically identify and transcribe hand-written text have been applied to historical sources including ciphers. In this paper, we compare the performance of two machine learning architectures, an unsupervised method based on clustering and a deep learning method with few-shot learning. Both models are tested on seen and unseen data from historical ciphers with different symbol sets consisting of various types of graphic signs. We compare the models and highlight their differences in performance, with their advantages and shortcomings.
Keywords: transcription of ciphers; hand-written text recognition of symbols; graphic signs
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Thanh Ha Do, Salvatore Tabbone and Oriol Ramos Terrades. 2014. Spotting Symbol Using Sparsity over Learned Dictionary of Local Descriptors. 11th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis and Systems.156–160.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new approach to spot symbols into graphical documents using sparse representations. More specifically, a dictionary is learned from a training database of local descriptors defined over the documents. Following their sparse representations, interest points sharing similar properties are used to define interest regions. Using an original adaptation of information retrieval techniques, a vector model for interest regions and for a query symbol is built based on its sparsity in a visual vocabulary where the visual words are columns in the learned dictionary. The matching process is performed comparing the similarity between vector models. Evaluation on SESYD datasets demonstrates that our method is promising.
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