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Author |
Felipe Codevilla; Eder Santana; Antonio Lopez; Adrien Gaidon |
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Title |
Exploring the Limitations of Behavior Cloning for Autonomous Driving |
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Conference Article |
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2019 |
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18th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision |
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9328-9337 |
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Driving requires reacting to a wide variety of complex environment conditions and agent behaviors. Explicitly modeling each possible scenario is unrealistic. In contrast, imitation learning can, in theory, leverage data from large fleets of human-driven cars. Behavior cloning in particular has been successfully used to learn simple visuomotor policies end-to-end, but scaling to the full spectrum of driving behaviors remains an unsolved problem. In this paper, we propose a new benchmark to experimentally investigate the scalability and limitations of behavior cloning. We show that behavior cloning leads to state-of-the-art results, executing complex lateral and longitudinal maneuvers, even in unseen environments, without being explicitly programmed to do so. However, we confirm some limitations of the behavior cloning approach: some well-known limitations (eg, dataset bias and overfitting), new generalization issues (eg, dynamic objects and the lack of a causal modeling), and training instabilities, all requiring further research before behavior cloning can graduate to real-world driving. The code, dataset, benchmark, and agent studied in this paper can be found at github. |
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Seul; Korea; October 2019 |
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ICCV |
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ADAS; 600.124; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ CSL2019 |
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3322 |
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Author |
Idoia Ruiz; Joan Serrat |
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Title |
Rank-based ordinal classification |
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Conference Article |
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2020 |
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25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition |
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8069-8076 |
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Differently from the regular classification task, in ordinal classification there is an order in the classes. As a consequence not all classification errors matter the same: a predicted class close to the groundtruth one is better than predicting a farther away class. To account for this, most previous works employ loss functions based on the absolute difference between the predicted and groundtruth class labels. We argue that there are many cases in ordinal classification where label values are arbitrary (for instance 1. . . C, being C the number of classes) and thus such loss functions may not be the best choice. We instead propose a network architecture that produces not a single class prediction but an ordered vector, or ranking, of all the possible classes from most to least likely. This is thanks to a loss function that compares groundtruth and predicted rankings of these class labels, not the labels themselves. Another advantage of this new formulation is that we can enforce consistency in the predictions, namely, predicted rankings come from some unimodal vector of scores with mode at the groundtruth class. We compare with the state of the art ordinal classification methods, showing
that ours attains equal or better performance, as measured by common ordinal classification metrics, on three benchmark datasets. Furthermore, it is also suitable for a new task on image aesthetics assessment, i.e. most voted score prediction. Finally, we also apply it to building damage assessment from satellite images, providing an analysis of its performance depending on the degree of imbalance of the dataset. |
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Virtual; January 2021 |
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ADAS; 600.118; 600.124 |
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Admin @ si @ RuS2020 |
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3549 |
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Lorenzo Porzi; Markus Hofinger; Idoia Ruiz; Joan Serrat; Samuel Rota Bulo; Peter Kontschieder |
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Title |
Learning Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation from Automatic Annotations |
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Conference Article |
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2020 |
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33rd IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition |
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6845-6854 |
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In this work we contribute a novel pipeline to automatically generate training data, and to improve over state-of-the-art multi-object tracking and segmentation (MOTS) methods. Our proposed track mining algorithm turns raw street-level videos into high-fidelity MOTS training data, is scalable and overcomes the need of expensive and time-consuming manual annotation approaches. We leverage state-of-the-art instance segmentation results in combination with optical flow predictions, also trained on automatically harvested training data. Our second major contribution is MOTSNet – a deep learning, tracking-by-detection architecture for MOTS – deploying a novel mask-pooling layer for improved object association over time. Training MOTSNet with our automatically extracted data leads to significantly improved sMOTSA scores on the novel KITTI MOTS dataset (+1.9%/+7.5% on cars/pedestrians), and MOTSNet improves by +4.1% over previously best methods on the MOTSChallenge dataset. Our most impressive finding is that we can improve over previous best-performing works, even in complete absence of manually annotated MOTS training data. |
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virtual; June 2020 |
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CVPR |
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ADAS; 600.124; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ PHR2020 |
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3402 |
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Author |
German Ros; J. Guerrero; Angel Sappa; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
VSLAM pose initialization via Lie groups and Lie algebras optimization |
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Conference Article |
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2013 |
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Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation |
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5740 - 5747 |
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SLAM |
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We present a novel technique for estimating initial 3D poses in the context of localization and Visual SLAM problems. The presented approach can deal with noise, outliers and a large amount of input data and still performs in real time in a standard CPU. Our method produces solutions with an accuracy comparable to those produced by RANSAC but can be much faster when the percentage of outliers is high or for large amounts of input data. On the current work we propose to formulate the pose estimation as an optimization problem on Lie groups, considering their manifold structure as well as their associated Lie algebras. This allows us to perform a fast and simple optimization at the same time that conserve all the constraints imposed by the Lie group SE(3). Additionally, we present several key design concepts related with the cost function and its Jacobian; aspects that are critical for the good performance of the algorithm. |
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Karlsruhe; Germany; May 2013 |
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1050-4729 |
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978-1-4673-5641-1 |
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ICRA |
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ADAS; 600.054; 600.055; 600.057 |
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Admin @ si @ RGS2013a; ADAS @ adas @ |
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2225 |
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Author |
Jiaolong Xu; David Vazquez; Krystian Mikolajczyk; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Hierarchical online domain adaptation of deformable part-based models |
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Conference Article |
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2016 |
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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation |
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5536-5541 |
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Domain Adaptation; Pedestrian Detection |
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We propose an online domain adaptation method for the deformable part-based model (DPM). The online domain adaptation is based on a two-level hierarchical adaptation tree, which consists of instance detectors in the leaf nodes and a category detector at the root node. Moreover, combined with a multiple object tracking procedure (MOT), our proposal neither requires target-domain annotated data nor revisiting the source-domain data for performing the source-to-target domain adaptation of the DPM. From a practical point of view this means that, given a source-domain DPM and new video for training on a new domain without object annotations, our procedure outputs a new DPM adapted to the domain represented by the video. As proof-of-concept we apply our proposal to the challenging task of pedestrian detection. In this case, each instance detector is an exemplar classifier trained online with only one pedestrian per frame. The pedestrian instances are collected by MOT and the hierarchical model is constructed dynamically according to the pedestrian trajectories. Our experimental results show that the adapted detector achieves the accuracy of recent supervised domain adaptation methods (i.e., requiring manually annotated targetdomain data), and improves the source detector more than 10 percentage points. |
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Stockholm; Sweden; May 2016 |
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ICRA |
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ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076 |
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Admin @ si @ XVM2016 |
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2728 |
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Author |
Felipe Codevilla; Matthias Muller; Antonio Lopez; Vladlen Koltun; Alexey Dosovitskiy |
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Title |
End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learning |
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Conference Article |
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2018 |
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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation |
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4693 - 4700 |
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Deep networks trained on demonstrations of human driving have learned to follow roads and avoid obstacles. However, driving policies trained via imitation learning cannot be controlled at test time. A vehicle trained end-to-end to imitate an expert cannot be guided to take a specific turn at an upcoming intersection. This limits the utility of such systems. We propose to condition imitation learning on high-level command input. At test time, the learned driving policy functions as a chauffeur that handles sensorimotor coordination but continues to respond to navigational commands. We evaluate different architectures for conditional imitation learning in vision-based driving. We conduct experiments in realistic three-dimensional simulations of urban driving and on a 1/5 scale robotic truck that is trained to drive in a residential area. Both systems drive based on visual input yet remain responsive to high-level navigational commands. The supplementary video can be viewed at this https URL |
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Brisbane; Australia; May 2018 |
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ICRA |
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ADAS; 600.116; 600.124; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ CML2018 |
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3108 |
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Author |
Jose Manuel Alvarez; Ferran Diego; Joan Serrat; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Automatic Ground-truthing using video registration for on-board detection algorithms |
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Conference Article |
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2009 |
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16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing |
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4389 - 4392 |
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Ground-truth data is essential for the objective evaluation of object detection methods in computer vision. Many works claim their method is robust but they support it with experiments which are not quantitatively assessed with regard some ground-truth. This is one of the main obstacles to properly evaluate and compare such methods. One of the main reasons is that creating an extensive and representative ground-truth is very time consuming, specially in the case of video sequences, where thousands of frames have to be labelled. Could such a ground-truth be generated, at least in part, automatically? Though it may seem a contradictory question, we show that this is possible for the case of video sequences recorded from a moving camera. The key idea is transferring existing frame segmentations from a reference sequence into another video sequence recorded at a different time on the same track, possibly under a different ambient lighting. We have carried out experiments on several video sequence pairs and quantitatively assessed the precision of the transformed ground-truth, which prove that our approach is not only feasible but also quite accurate. |
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Cairo, Egypt |
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1522-4880 |
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978-1-4244-5653-6 |
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ICIP |
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ADAS |
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ADAS @ adas @ ADS2009 |
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1201 |
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Author |
Jaume Amores |
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Title |
Vocabulary-based Approaches for Multiple-Instance Data: a Comparative Study |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
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20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition |
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4246–4250 |
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Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has become a hot topic and many different algorithms have been proposed in the last years. Despite this fact, there is a lack of comparative studies that shed light into the characteristics of the different methods and their behavior in different scenarios. In this paper we provide such an analysis. We include methods from different families, and pay special attention to vocabulary-based approaches, a new family of methods that has not received much attention in the MIL literature. The empirical comparison includes seven databases from four heterogeneous domains, implementations of eight popular MIL methods, and a study of the behavior under synthetic conditions. Based on this analysis, we show that, with an appropriate implementation, vocabulary-based approaches outperform other MIL methods in most of the cases, showing in general a more consistent performance. |
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Istanbul, Turkey |
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1051-4651 |
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978-1-4244-7542-1 |
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ADAS |
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ADAS @ adas @ Amo2010 |
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1295 |
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Author |
R. de Nijs; Sebastian Ramos; Gemma Roig; Xavier Boix; Luc Van Gool; K. Kühnlenz. |
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Title |
On-line Semantic Perception Using Uncertainty |
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Conference Article |
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2012 |
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International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems |
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IROS |
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4185-4191 |
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Semantic Segmentation |
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Visual perception capabilities are still highly unreliable in unconstrained settings, and solutions might not beaccurate in all regions of an image. Awareness of the uncertainty of perception is a fundamental requirement for proper high level decision making in a robotic system. Yet, the uncertainty measure is often sacrificed to account for dependencies between object/region classifiers. This is the case of Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), the success of which stems from their ability to infer the most likely world configuration, but they do not directly allow to estimate the uncertainty of the solution. In this paper, we consider the setting of assigning semantic labels to the pixels of an image sequence. Instead of using a CRF, we employ a Perturb-and-MAP Random Field, a recently introduced probabilistic model that allows performing fast approximate sampling from its probability density function. This allows to effectively compute the uncertainty of the solution, indicating the reliability of the most likely labeling in each region of the image. We report results on the CamVid dataset, a standard benchmark for semantic labeling of urban image sequences. In our experiments, we show the benefits of exploiting the uncertainty by putting more computational effort on the regions of the image that are less reliable, and use more efficient techniques for other regions, showing little decrease of performance |
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ADAS |
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ADAS @ adas @ NRR2012 |
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2378 |
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Author |
Jiaolong Xu; Sebastian Ramos;David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Cost-sensitive Structured SVM for Multi-category Domain Adaptation |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
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22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition |
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3886 - 3891 |
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Domain Adaptation; Pedestrian Detection |
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Domain adaptation addresses the problem of accuracy drop that a classifier may suffer when the training data (source domain) and the testing data (target domain) are drawn from different distributions. In this work, we focus on domain adaptation for structured SVM (SSVM). We propose a cost-sensitive domain adaptation method for SSVM, namely COSS-SSVM. In particular, during the re-training of an adapted classifier based on target and source data, the idea that we explore consists in introducing a non-zero cost even for correctly classified source domain samples. Eventually, we aim to learn a more targetoriented classifier by not rewarding (zero loss) properly classified source-domain training samples. We assess the effectiveness of COSS-SSVM on multi-category object recognition. |
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Stockholm; Sweden; August 2014 |
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IEEE |
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1051-4651 |
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ICPR |
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ADAS; 600.057; 600.054; 601.217; 600.076 |
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ADAS @ adas @ XRV2014a |
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2434 |
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