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	Author	Gabriel Villalonga; Sebastian Ramos; German Ros; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
	Title	3d Pedestrian Detection via Random Forest			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2014	Publication	European Conference on Computer Vision	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	231-238
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection
	Abstract	Our demo focuses on showing the extraordinary performance of our novel 3D pedestrian detector along with its simplicity and real-time capabilities. This detector has been designed for autonomous driving applications, but it can also be applied in other scenarios that cover both outdoor and indoor applications. Our pedestrian detector is based on the combination of a random forest classifier with HOG-LBP features and the inclusion of a preprocessing stage based on 3D scene information in order to precisely determinate the image regions where the detector should search for pedestrians. This approach ends up in a high accurate system that runs real-time as it is required by many computer vision and robotics applications.
	Address	Zurich; suiza; September 2014
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ECCV-Demo
	Notes	ADAS; 600.076			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ VRR2014			Serial	2570
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	Author	Alejandro Gonzalez Alzate; Gabriel Villalonga; German Ros; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
	Title	3D-Guided Multiscale Sliding Window for Pedestrian Detection			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Proceedings of 7th Iberian Conference , ibPRIA 2015	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9117	Issue		Pages	560-568
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection
	Abstract	The most relevant modules of a pedestrian detector are the candidate generation and the candidate classification. The former aims at presenting image windows to the latter so that they are classified as containing a pedestrian or not. Much attention has being paid to the classification module, while candidate generation has mainly relied on (multiscale) sliding window pyramid. However, candidate generation is critical for achieving real-time. In this paper we assume a context of autonomous driving based on stereo vision. Accordingly, we evaluate the effect of taking into account the 3D information (derived from the stereo) in order to prune the hundred of thousands windows per image generated by classical pyramidal sliding window. For our study we use a multimodal (RGB, disparity) and multi-descriptor (HOG, LBP, HOG+LBP) holistic ensemble based on linear SVM. Evaluation on data from the challenging KITTI benchmark suite shows the effectiveness of using 3D information to dramatically reduce the number of candidate windows, even improving the overall pedestrian detection accuracy.
	Address	Santiago de Compostela; España; June 2015
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area	ACDC	Expedition		Conference	IbPRIA
	Notes	ADAS; 600.076; 600.057; 600.054			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ GVR2015			Serial	2585
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	Author	David Geronimo; Angel Sappa; Daniel Ponsa; Antonio Lopez
	Title	2D-3D based on-board pedestrian detection system			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Computer Vision and Image Understanding	Abbreviated Journal	CVIU
	Volume	114	Issue	5	Pages	583–595
	Keywords	Pedestrian detection; Advanced Driver Assistance Systems; Horizon line; Haar wavelets; Edge orientation histograms
	Abstract	During the next decade, on-board pedestrian detection systems will play a key role in the challenge of increasing traffic safety. The main target of these systems, to detect pedestrians in urban scenarios, implies overcoming difficulties like processing outdoor scenes from a mobile platform and searching for aspect-changing objects in cluttered environments. This makes such systems combine techniques in the state-of-the-art Computer Vision. In this paper we present a three module system based on both 2D and 3D cues. The first module uses 3D information to estimate the road plane parameters and thus select a coherent set of regions of interest (ROIs) to be further analyzed. The second module uses Real AdaBoost and a combined set of Haar wavelets and edge orientation histograms to classify the incoming ROIs as pedestrian or non-pedestrian. The final module loops again with the 3D cue in order to verify the classified ROIs and with the 2D in order to refine the final results. According to the results, the integration of the proposed techniques gives rise to a promising system.
	Address	Computer Vision and Image Understanding (Special Issue on Intelligent Vision Systems), Vol. 114(5):583-595
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1077-3142	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ GSP2010			Serial	1341
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	Author	Victor Campmany; Sergio Silva; Antonio Espinosa; Juan Carlos Moure; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
	Title	GPU-based pedestrian detection for autonomous driving			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2016	Publication	16th International Conference on Computational Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	80	Issue		Pages	2377-2381
	Keywords	Pedestrian detection; Autonomous Driving; CUDA
	Abstract	We propose a real-time pedestrian detection system for the embedded Nvidia Tegra X1 GPU-CPU hybrid platform. The pipeline is composed by the following state-of-the-art algorithms: Histogram of Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features extracted from the input image; Pyramidal Sliding Window technique for foreground segmentation; and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification. Results show a 8x speedup in the target Tegra X1 platform and a better performance/watt ratio than desktop CUDA platforms in study.
	Address	San Diego; CA; USA; June 2016
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICCS
	Notes	ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ CSE2016			Serial	2741
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	Author	Muhammad Anwer Rao; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Color Contribution to Part-Based Person Detection in Different Types of Scenarios			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2011	Publication	14th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	6855	Issue	II	Pages	463-470
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; Color
	Abstract	Camera-based person detection is of paramount interest due to its potential applications. The task is diffcult because the great variety of backgrounds (scenarios, illumination) in which persons are present, as well as their intra-class variability (pose, clothe, occlusion). In fact, the class person is one of the included in the popular PASCAL visual object classes (VOC) challenge. A breakthrough for this challenge, regarding person detection, is due to Felzenszwalb et al. These authors proposed a part-based detector that relies on histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) and latent support vector machines (LatSVM) to learn a model of the whole human body and its constitutive parts, as well as their relative position. Since the approach of Felzenszwalb et al. appeared new variants have been proposed, usually giving rise to more complex models. In this paper, we focus on an issue that has not attracted suficient interest up to now. In particular, we refer to the fact that HOG is usually computed from RGB color space, but other possibilities exist and deserve the corresponding investigation. In this paper we challenge RGB space with the opponent color space (OPP), which is inspired in the human vision system.We will compute the HOG on top of OPP, then we train and test the part-based human classifer by Felzenszwalb et al. using PASCAL VOC challenge protocols and person database. Our experiments demonstrate that OPP outperforms RGB. We also investigate possible differences among types of scenarios: indoor, urban and countryside. Interestingly, our experiments suggest that the beneficts of OPP with respect to RGB mainly come for indoor and countryside scenarios, those in which the human visual system was designed by evolution.
	Address	Seville, Spain
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer	Place of Publication	Berlin Heidelberg	Editor	P. Real, D. Diaz, H. Molina, A. Berciano, W. Kropatsch
	Language	English	Summary Language	english	Original Title	Color Contribution to Part-Based Person Detection in Different Types of Scenarios
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-642-23677-8	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CAIP
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ RVL2011b			Serial	1665
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	Author	Muhammad Anwer Rao; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Opponent Colors for Human Detection			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2011	Publication	5th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	6669	Issue		Pages	363-370
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; Color; Part Based Models
	Abstract	Human detection is a key component in fields such as advanced driving assistance and video surveillance. However, even detecting non-occluded standing humans remains a challenge of intensive research. Finding good features to build human models for further detection is probably one of the most important issues to face. Currently, shape, texture and motion features have deserve extensive attention in the literature. However, color-based features, which are important in other domains (e.g., image categorization), have received much less attention. In fact, the use of RGB color space has become a kind of choice by default. The focus has been put in developing first and second order features on top of RGB space (e.g., HOG and co-occurrence matrices, resp.). In this paper we evaluate the opponent colors (OPP) space as a biologically inspired alternative for human detection. In particular, by feeding OPP space in the baseline framework of Dalal et al. for human detection (based on RGB, HOG and linear SVM), we will obtain better detection performance than by using RGB space. This is a relevant result since, up to the best of our knowledge, OPP space has not been previously used for human detection. This suggests that in the future it could be worth to compute co-occurrence matrices, self-similarity features, etc., also on top of OPP space, i.e., as we have done with HOG in this paper.
	Address	Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Spain
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer	Place of Publication	Berlin Heidelberg	Editor	J. Vitria; J.M. Sanches; M. Hernandez
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title	Opponent Colors for Human Detection
	Series Editor		Series Title	Lecture Notes on Computer Science	Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-642-21256-7	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IbPRIA
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ RVL2011a			Serial	1666
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	Author	Javier Marin; David Vazquez; David Geronimo; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Learning Appearance in Virtual Scenarios for Pedestrian Detection			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2010	Publication	23rd IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	137–144
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; Domain Adaptation
	Abstract	Detecting pedestrians in images is a key functionality to avoid vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions. The most promising detectors rely on appearance-based pedestrian classifiers trained with labelled samples. This paper addresses the following question: can a pedestrian appearance model learnt in virtual scenarios work successfully for pedestrian detection in real images? (Fig. 1). Our experiments suggest a positive answer, which is a new and relevant conclusion for research in pedestrian detection. More specifically, we record training sequences in virtual scenarios and then appearance-based pedestrian classifiers are learnt using HOG and linear SVM. We test such classifiers in a publicly available dataset provided by Daimler AG for pedestrian detection benchmarking. This dataset contains real world images acquired from a moving car. The obtained result is compared with the one given by a classifier learnt using samples coming from real images. The comparison reveals that, although virtual samples were not specially selected, both virtual and real based training give rise to classifiers of similar performance.
	Address	San Francisco; CA; USA; June 2010
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title	Learning Appearance in Virtual Scenarios for Pedestrian Detection
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-6919	ISBN	978-1-4244-6984-0	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CVPR
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ MVG2010			Serial	1304
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	Author	David Vazquez
	Title	Domain Adaptation of Virtual and Real Worlds for Pedestrian Detection			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2013	Publication	PhD Thesis, Universitat de Barcelona-CVC	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	1-105
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; Domain Adaptation
	Abstract	Pedestrian detection is of paramount interest for many applications, e.g. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, Intelligent Video Surveillance and Multimedia systems. Most promising pedestrian detectors rely on appearance-based classifiers trained with annotated data. However, the required annotation step represents an intensive and subjective task for humans, what makes worth to minimize their intervention in this process by using computational tools like realistic virtual worlds. The reason to use these kind of tools relies in the fact that they allow the automatic generation of precise and rich annotations of visual information. Nevertheless, the use of this kind of data comes with the following question: can a pedestrian appearance model learnt with virtual-world data work successfully for pedestrian detection in real-world scenarios?. To answer this question, we conduct different experiments that suggest a positive answer. However, the pedestrian classifiers trained with virtual-world data can suffer the so called dataset shift problem as real-world based classifiers does. Accordingly, we have designed different domain adaptation techniques to face this problem, all of them integrated in a same framework (V-AYLA). We have explored different methods to train a domain adapted pedestrian classifiers by collecting a few pedestrian samples from the target domain (real world) and combining them with many samples of the source domain (virtual world). The extensive experiments we present show that pedestrian detectors developed within the V-AYLA framework do achieve domain adaptation. Ideally, we would like to adapt our system without any human intervention. Therefore, as a first proof of concept we also propose an unsupervised domain adaptation technique that avoids human intervention during the adaptation process. To the best of our knowledge, this Thesis work is the first demonstrating adaptation of virtual and real worlds for developing an object detector. Last but not least, we also assessed a different strategy to avoid the dataset shift that consists in collecting real-world samples and retrain with them in such a way that no bounding boxes of real-world pedestrians have to be provided. We show that the generated classifier is competitive with respect to the counterpart trained with samples collected by manually annotating pedestrian bounding boxes. The results presented on this Thesis not only end with a proposal for adapting a virtual-world pedestrian detector to the real world, but also it goes further by pointing out a new methodology that would allow the system to adapt to different situations, which we hope will provide the foundations for future research in this unexplored area.
	Address	Barcelona
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher	Ediciones Graficas Rey	Place of Publication	Barcelona	Editor	Antonio Lopez;Daniel Ponsa
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-84-940530-1-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	adas			Approved	yes
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ Vaz2013			Serial	2276
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	Author	David Vazquez; Jiaolong Xu; Sebastian Ramos; Antonio Lopez; Daniel Ponsa
	Title	Weakly Supervised Automatic Annotation of Pedestrian Bounding Boxes			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	CVPR Workshop on Ground Truth – What is a good dataset?	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	706 - 711
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; Domain Adaptation
	Abstract	Among the components of a pedestrian detector, its trained pedestrian classifier is crucial for achieving the desired performance. The initial task of the training process consists in collecting samples of pedestrians and background, which involves tiresome manual annotation of pedestrian bounding boxes (BBs). Thus, recent works have assessed the use of automatically collected samples from photo-realistic virtual worlds. However, learning from virtual-world samples and testing in real-world images may suffer the dataset shift problem. Accordingly, in this paper we assess an strategy to collect samples from the real world and retrain with them, thus avoiding the dataset shift, but in such a way that no BBs of real-world pedestrians have to be provided. In particular, we train a pedestrian classifier based on virtual-world samples (no human annotation required). Then, using such a classifier we collect pedestrian samples from real-world images by detection. After, a human oracle rejects the false detections efficiently (weak annotation). Finally, a new classifier is trained with the accepted detections. We show that this classifier is competitive with respect to the counterpart trained with samples collected by manually annotating hundreds of pedestrian BBs.
	Address	Portland; Oregon; June 2013
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IEEE	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CVPRW
	Notes	ADAS; 600.054; 600.057; 601.217			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ VXR2013a			Serial	2219
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	Author	Jiaolong Xu; David Vazquez; Sebastian Ramos; Antonio Lopez; Daniel Ponsa
	Title	Adapting a Pedestrian Detector by Boosting LDA Exemplar Classifiers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	CVPR Workshop on Ground Truth – What is a good dataset?	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	688 - 693
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; Domain Adaptation
	Abstract	Training vision-based pedestrian detectors using synthetic datasets (virtual world) is a useful technique to collect automatically the training examples with their pixel-wise ground truth. However, as it is often the case, these detectors must operate in real-world images, experiencing a significant drop of their performance. In fact, this effect also occurs among different real-world datasets, i.e. detectors' accuracy drops when the training data (source domain) and the application scenario (target domain) have inherent differences. Therefore, in order to avoid this problem, it is required to adapt the detector trained with synthetic data to operate in the real-world scenario. In this paper, we propose a domain adaptation approach based on boosting LDA exemplar classifiers from both virtual and real worlds. We evaluate our proposal on multiple real-world pedestrian detection datasets. The results show that our method can efficiently adapt the exemplar classifiers from virtual to real world, avoiding drops in average precision over the 15%.
	Address	Portland; oregon; June 2013
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CVPRW
	Notes	ADAS; 600.054; 600.057; 601.217			Approved	yes
	Call Number	XVR2013; ADAS @ adas @ xvr2013a			Serial	2220
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	Author	David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Daniel Ponsa
	Title	Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Virtual and Real Worlds for Pedestrian Detection			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2012	Publication	21st International Conference on Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3492 - 3495
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; Domain Adaptation; Virtual worlds
	Abstract	Vision-based object detectors are crucial for different applications. They rely on learnt object models. Ideally, we would like to deploy our vision system in the scenario where it must operate, and lead it to self-learn how to distinguish the objects of interest, i.e., without human intervention. However, the learning of each object model requires labelled samples collected through a tiresome manual process. For instance, we are interested in exploring the self-training of a pedestrian detector for driver assistance systems. Our first approach to avoid manual labelling consisted in the use of samples coming from realistic computer graphics, so that their labels are automatically available [12]. This would make possible the desired self-training of our pedestrian detector. However, as we showed in [14], between virtual and real worlds it may be a dataset shift. In order to overcome it, we propose the use of unsupervised domain adaptation techniques that avoid human intervention during the adaptation process. In particular, this paper explores the use of the transductive SVM (T-SVM) learning algorithm in order to adapt virtual and real worlds for pedestrian detection (Fig. 1).
	Address	Tsukuba Science City, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IEEE	Place of Publication	Tsukuba Science City, JAPAN	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-4651	ISBN	978-1-4673-2216-4	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICPR
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ VLP2012			Serial	1981
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	Author	Alejandro Gonzalez Alzate; Zhijie Fang; Yainuvis Socarras; Joan Serrat; David Vazquez; Jiaolong Xu; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Pedestrian Detection at Day/Night Time with Visible and FIR Cameras: A Comparison			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	16	Issue	6	Pages	820
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; FIR
	Abstract	Despite all the significant advances in pedestrian detection brought by computer vision for driving assistance, it is still a challenging problem. One reason is the extremely varying lighting conditions under which such a detector should operate, namely day and night time. Recent research has shown that the combination of visible and non-visible imaging modalities may increase detection accuracy, where the infrared spectrum plays a critical role. The goal of this paper is to assess the accuracy gain of different pedestrian models (holistic, part-based, patch-based) when training with images in the far infrared spectrum. Specifically, we want to compare detection accuracy on test images recorded at day and nighttime if trained (and tested) using (a) plain color images, (b) just infrared images and (c) both of them. In order to obtain results for the last item we propose an early fusion approach to combine features from both modalities. We base the evaluation on a new dataset we have built for this purpose as well as on the publicly available KAIST multispectral dataset.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1424-8220	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS; 600.085; 600.076; 600.082; 601.281			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ GFS2016			Serial	2754
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	Author	Victor Campmany; Sergio Silva; Juan Carlos Moure; Toni Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
	Title	GPU-based pedestrian detection for autonomous driving			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2016	Publication	GPU Technology Conference	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; GPU
	Abstract	Pedestrian detection for autonomous driving is one of the hardest tasks within computer vision, and involves huge computational costs. Obtaining acceptable real-time performance, measured in frames per second (fps), for the most advanced algorithms is nowadays a hard challenge. Taking the work in [1] as our baseline, we propose a CUDA implementation of a pedestrian detection system that includes LBP and HOG as feature descriptors and SVM and Random forest as classifiers. We introduce significant algorithmic adjustments and optimizations to adapt the problem to the NVIDIA GPU architecture. The aim is to deploy a real-time system providing reliable results.
	Address	Silicon Valley; San Francisco; USA; April 2016
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	GTC
	Notes	ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ CSM2016			Serial	2737
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	Author	David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Daniel Ponsa; Javier Marin
	Title	Virtual Worlds and Active Learning for Human Detection			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2011	Publication	13th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	393-400
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; Human detection; Virtual; Domain Adaptation; Active Learning
	Abstract	Image based human detection is of paramount interest due to its potential applications in fields such as advanced driving assistance, surveillance and media analysis. However, even detecting non-occluded standing humans remains a challenge of intensive research. The most promising human detectors rely on classifiers developed in the discriminative paradigm, i.e., trained with labelled samples. However, labeling is a manual intensive step, especially in cases like human detection where it is necessary to provide at least bounding boxes framing the humans for training. To overcome such problem, some authors have proposed the use of a virtual world where the labels of the different objects are obtained automatically. This means that the human models (classifiers) are learnt using the appearance of rendered images, i.e., using realistic computer graphics. Later, these models are used for human detection in images of the real world. The results of this technique are surprisingly good. However, these are not always as good as the classical approach of training and testing with data coming from the same camera, or similar ones. Accordingly, in this paper we address the challenge of using a virtual world for gathering (while playing a videogame) a large amount of automatically labelled samples (virtual humans and background) and then training a classifier that performs equal, in real-world images, than the one obtained by equally training from manually labelled real-world samples. For doing that, we cast the problem as one of domain adaptation. In doing so, we assume that a small amount of manually labelled samples from real-world images is required. To collect these labelled samples we propose a non-standard active learning technique. Therefore, ultimately our human model is learnt by the combination of virtual and real world labelled samples (Fig. 1), which has not been done before. We present quantitative results showing that this approach is valid.
	Address	Alicante, Spain
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	ACM DL	Place of Publication	New York, NY, USA, USA	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title	Virtual Worlds and Active Learning for Human Detection
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1-4503-0641-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICMI
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	yes
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ VLP2011a			Serial	1683
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	Author	Jiaolong Xu; Sebastian Ramos; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Incremental Domain Adaptation of Deformable Part-based Models			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	25th British Machine Vision Conference	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Pedestrian Detection; Part-based models; Domain Adaptation
	Abstract	Nowadays, classifiers play a core role in many computer vision tasks. The underlying assumption for learning classifiers is that the training set and the deployment environment (testing) follow the same probability distribution regarding the features used by the classifiers. However, in practice, there are different reasons that can break this constancy assumption. Accordingly, reusing existing classifiers by adapting them from the previous training environment (source domain) to the new testing one (target domain) is an approach with increasing acceptance in the computer vision community. In this paper we focus on the domain adaptation of deformable part-based models (DPMs) for object detection. In particular, we focus on a relatively unexplored scenario, i.e. incremental domain adaptation for object detection assuming weak-labeling. Therefore, our algorithm is ready to improve existing source-oriented DPM-based detectors as soon as a little amount of labeled target-domain training data is available, and keeps improving as more of such data arrives in a continuous fashion. For achieving this, we follow a multiple instance learning (MIL) paradigm that operates in an incremental per-image basis. As proof of concept, we address the challenging scenario of adapting a DPM-based pedestrian detector trained with synthetic pedestrians to operate in real-world scenarios. The obtained results show that our incremental adaptive models obtain equally good accuracy results as the batch learned models, while being more flexible for handling continuously arriving target-domain data.
	Address	Nottingham; uk; September 2014
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	BMVA Press	Place of Publication		Editor	Valstar, Michel and French, Andrew and Pridmore, Tony
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	BMVC
	Notes	ADAS; 600.057; 600.054; 600.076			Approved	no
	Call Number	XRV2014c; ADAS @ adas @ xrv2014c			Serial	2455
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