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Author Katerine Diaz; Jesus Martinez del Rincon; Aura Hernandez-Sabate; Debora Gil edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Continuous head pose estimation using manifold subspace embedding and multivariate regression Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication IEEE Access Abbreviated Journal ACCESS  
  Volume 6 Issue (down) Pages 18325 - 18334  
  Keywords Head Pose estimation; HOG features; Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors; B-splines; Multiple linear regression  
  Abstract In this paper, a continuous head pose estimation system is proposed to estimate yaw and pitch head angles from raw facial images. Our approach is based on manifold learningbased methods, due to their promising generalization properties shown for face modelling from images. The method combines histograms of oriented gradients, generalized discriminative common vectors and continuous local regression to achieve successful performance. Our proposal was tested on multiple standard face datasets, as well as in a realistic scenario. Results show a considerable performance improvement and a higher consistence of our model in comparison with other state-of-art methods, with angular errors varying between 9 and 17 degrees.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2169-3536 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes ADAS; 600.118;IAM Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ DMH2018b Serial 3091  
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Author Joan Serrat; Felipe Lumbreras; Idoia Ruiz edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title Learning to measure for preshipment garment sizing Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Measurement Abbreviated Journal MEASURE  
  Volume 130 Issue (down) Pages 327-339  
  Keywords Apparel; Computer vision; Structured prediction; Regression  
  Abstract Clothing is still manually manufactured for the most part nowadays, resulting in discrepancies between nominal and real dimensions, and potentially ill-fitting garments. Hence, it is common in the apparel industry to manually perform measures at preshipment time. We present an automatic method to obtain such measures from a single image of a garment that speeds up this task. It is generic and extensible in the sense that it does not depend explicitly on the garment shape or type. Instead, it learns through a probabilistic graphical model to identify the different contour parts. Subsequently, a set of Lasso regressors, one per desired measure, can predict the actual values of the measures. We present results on a dataset of 130 images of jackets and 98 of pants, of varying sizes and styles, obtaining 1.17 and 1.22 cm of mean absolute error, respectively.  
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  Notes ADAS; MSIAU; 600.122; 600.118 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ SLR2018 Serial 3128  
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Author Oscar Argudo; Marc Comino; Antonio Chica; Carlos Andujar; Felipe Lumbreras edit  url
openurl 
  Title Segmentation of aerial images for plausible detail synthesis Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Computers & Graphics Abbreviated Journal CG  
  Volume 71 Issue (down) Pages 23-34  
  Keywords Terrain editing; Detail synthesis; Vegetation synthesis; Terrain rendering; Image segmentation  
  Abstract The visual enrichment of digital terrain models with plausible synthetic detail requires the segmentation of aerial images into a suitable collection of categories. In this paper we present a complete pipeline for segmenting high-resolution aerial images into a user-defined set of categories distinguishing e.g. terrain, sand, snow, water, and different types of vegetation. This segmentation-for-synthesis problem implies that per-pixel categories must be established according to the algorithms chosen for rendering the synthetic detail. This precludes the definition of a universal set of labels and hinders the construction of large training sets. Since artists might choose to add new categories on the fly, the whole pipeline must be robust against unbalanced datasets, and fast on both training and inference. Under these constraints, we analyze the contribution of common per-pixel descriptors, and compare the performance of state-of-the-art supervised learning algorithms. We report the findings of two user studies. The first one was conducted to analyze human accuracy when manually labeling aerial images. The second user study compares detailed terrains built using different segmentation strategies, including official land cover maps. These studies demonstrate that our approach can be used to turn digital elevation models into fully-featured, detailed terrains with minimal authoring efforts.  
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  ISSN 0097-8493 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes MSIAU; 600.086; 600.118;ADAS Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ ACC2018 Serial 3147  
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Author Muhammad Anwer Rao; Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Joost Van de Weijer; Matthieu Molinier; Jorma Laaksonen edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title Binary patterns encoded convolutional neural networks for texture recognition and remote sensing scene classification Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Abbreviated Journal ISPRS J  
  Volume 138 Issue (down) Pages 74-85  
  Keywords Remote sensing; Deep learning; Scene classification; Local Binary Patterns; Texture analysis  
  Abstract Designing discriminative powerful texture features robust to realistic imaging conditions is a challenging computer vision problem with many applications, including material recognition and analysis of satellite or aerial imagery. In the past, most texture description approaches were based on dense orderless statistical distribution of local features. However, most recent approaches to texture recognition and remote sensing scene classification are based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The de facto practice when learning these CNN models is to use RGB patches as input with training performed on large amounts of labeled data (ImageNet). In this paper, we show that Local Binary Patterns (LBP) encoded CNN models, codenamed TEX-Nets, trained using mapped coded images with explicit LBP based texture information provide complementary information to the standard RGB deep models. Additionally, two deep architectures, namely early and late fusion, are investigated to combine the texture and color information. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to investigate Binary Patterns encoded CNNs and different deep network fusion architectures for texture recognition and remote sensing scene classification. We perform comprehensive experiments on four texture recognition datasets and four remote sensing scene classification benchmarks: UC-Merced with 21 scene categories, WHU-RS19 with 19 scene classes, RSSCN7 with 7 categories and the recently introduced large scale aerial image dataset (AID) with 30 aerial scene types. We demonstrate that TEX-Nets provide complementary information to standard RGB deep model of the same network architecture. Our late fusion TEX-Net architecture always improves the overall performance compared to the standard RGB network on both recognition problems. Furthermore, our final combination leads to consistent improvement over the state-of-the-art for remote sensing scene  
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  Notes LAMP; 600.109; 600.106; 600.120;CIC;ADAS Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ RKW2018 Serial 3158  
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Author Jiaolong Xu; Liang Xiao; Antonio Lopez edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Self-supervised Domain Adaptation for Computer Vision Tasks Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication IEEE Access Abbreviated Journal ACCESS  
  Volume 7 Issue (down) Pages 156694 - 156706  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Recent progress of self-supervised visual representation learning has achieved remarkable success on many challenging computer vision benchmarks. However, whether these techniques can be used for domain adaptation has not been explored. In this work, we propose a generic method for self-supervised domain adaptation, using object recognition and semantic segmentation of urban scenes as use cases. Focusing on simple pretext/auxiliary tasks (e.g. image rotation prediction), we assess different learning strategies to improve domain adaptation effectiveness by self-supervision. Additionally, we propose two complementary strategies to further boost the domain adaptation accuracy on semantic segmentation within our method, consisting of prediction layer alignment and batch normalization calibration. The experimental results show adaptation levels comparable to most studied domain adaptation methods, thus, bringing self-supervision as a new alternative for reaching domain adaptation. The code is available at this link. https://github.com/Jiaolong/self-supervised-da.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.118 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ XXL2019 Serial 3302  
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Author Cesar de Souza; Adrien Gaidon; Yohann Cabon; Naila Murray; Antonio Lopez edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Generating Human Action Videos by Coupling 3D Game Engines and Probabilistic Graphical Models Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication International Journal of Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal IJCV  
  Volume 128 Issue (down) Pages 1505–1536  
  Keywords Procedural generation; Human action recognition; Synthetic data; Physics  
  Abstract Deep video action recognition models have been highly successful in recent years but require large quantities of manually-annotated data, which are expensive and laborious to obtain. In this work, we investigate the generation of synthetic training data for video action recognition, as synthetic data have been successfully used to supervise models for a variety of other computer vision tasks. We propose an interpretable parametric generative model of human action videos that relies on procedural generation, physics models and other components of modern game engines. With this model we generate a diverse, realistic, and physically plausible dataset of human action videos, called PHAV for “Procedural Human Action Videos”. PHAV contains a total of 39,982 videos, with more than 1000 examples for each of 35 action categories. Our video generation approach is not limited to existing motion capture sequences: 14 of these 35 categories are procedurally-defined synthetic actions. In addition, each video is represented with 6 different data modalities, including RGB, optical flow and pixel-level semantic labels. These modalities are generated almost simultaneously using the Multiple Render Targets feature of modern GPUs. In order to leverage PHAV, we introduce a deep multi-task (i.e. that considers action classes from multiple datasets) representation learning architecture that is able to simultaneously learn from synthetic and real video datasets, even when their action categories differ. Our experiments on the UCF-101 and HMDB-51 benchmarks suggest that combining our large set of synthetic videos with small real-world datasets can boost recognition performance. Our approach also significantly outperforms video representations produced by fine-tuning state-of-the-art unsupervised generative models of videos.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.124; 600.118;CIC Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ SGC2019 Serial 3303  
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Author Daniel Hernandez; Lukas Schneider; P. Cebrian; A. Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Uwe Franke; Marc Pollefeys; Juan Carlos Moure edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title Slanted Stixels: A way to represent steep streets Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication International Journal of Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal IJCV  
  Volume 127 Issue (down) Pages 1643–1658  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This work presents and evaluates a novel compact scene representation based on Stixels that infers geometric and semantic information. Our approach overcomes the previous rather restrictive geometric assumptions for Stixels by introducing a novel depth model to account for non-flat roads and slanted objects. Both semantic and depth cues are used jointly to infer the scene representation in a sound global energy minimization formulation. Furthermore, a novel approximation scheme is introduced in order to significantly reduce the computational complexity of the Stixel algorithm, and then achieve real-time computation capabilities. The idea is to first perform an over-segmentation of the image, discarding the unlikely Stixel cuts, and apply the algorithm only on the remaining Stixel cuts. This work presents a novel over-segmentation strategy based on a fully convolutional network, which outperforms an approach based on using local extrema of the disparity map. We evaluate the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time on four publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach maintains accuracy on flat road scene datasets while improving substantially on a novel non-flat road dataset.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.118; 600.124 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ HSC2019 Serial 3304  
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Author Juan Jose Rubio; Takahiro Kashiwa; Teera Laiteerapong; Wenlong Deng; Kohei Nagai; Sergio Escalera; Kotaro Nakayama; Yutaka Matsuo; Helmut Prendinger edit  url
doi  openurl
  Title Multi-class structural damage segmentation using fully convolutional networks Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Computers in Industry Abbreviated Journal COMPUTIND  
  Volume 112 Issue (down) Pages 103121  
  Keywords Bridge damage detection; Deep learning; Semantic segmentation  
  Abstract Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has benefited from computer vision and more recently, Deep Learning approaches, to accurately estimate the state of deterioration of infrastructure. In our work, we test Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) with a dataset of deck areas of bridges for damage segmentation. We create a dataset for delamination and rebar exposure that has been collected from inspection records of bridges in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The dataset consists of 734 images with three labels per image, which makes it the largest dataset of images of bridge deck damage. This data allows us to estimate the performance of our method based on regions of agreement, which emulates the uncertainty of in-field inspections. We demonstrate the practicality of FCNs to perform automated semantic segmentation of surface damages. Our model achieves a mean accuracy of 89.7% for delamination and 78.4% for rebar exposure, and a weighted F1 score of 81.9%.  
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  Notes HuPBA; no proj;MILAB;ADAS Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ RKL2019 Serial 3315  
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Author Fei Yang; Luis Herranz; Joost Van de Weijer; Jose Antonio Iglesias; Antonio Lopez; Mikhail Mozerov edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
  Title Variable Rate Deep Image Compression with Modulated Autoencoder Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication IEEE Signal Processing Letters Abbreviated Journal SPL  
  Volume 27 Issue (down) Pages 331-335  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Variable rate is a requirement for flexible and adaptable image and video compression. However, deep image compression methods (DIC) are optimized for a single fixed rate-distortion (R-D) tradeoff. While this can be addressed by training multiple models for different tradeoffs, the memory requirements increase proportionally to the number of models. Scaling the bottleneck representation of a shared autoencoder can provide variable rate compression with a single shared autoencoder. However, the R-D performance using this simple mechanism degrades in low bitrates, and also shrinks the effective range of bitrates. To address these limitations, we formulate the problem of variable R-D optimization for DIC, and propose modulated autoencoders (MAEs), where the representations of a shared autoencoder are adapted to the specific R-D tradeoff via a modulation network. Jointly training this modulated autoencoder and the modulation network provides an effective way to navigate the R-D operational curve. Our experiments show that the proposed method can achieve almost the same R-D performance of independent models with significantly fewer parameters.  
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  Notes LAMP; ADAS; 600.141; 600.120; 600.118;ISE;CIC Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ YHW2020 Serial 3346  
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Author Gabriel Villalonga; Antonio Lopez edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Co-Training for On-Board Deep Object Detection Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication IEEE Access Abbreviated Journal ACCESS  
  Volume Issue (down) Pages 194441 - 194456  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Providing ground truth supervision to train visual models has been a bottleneck over the years, exacerbated by domain shifts which degenerate the performance of such models. This was the case when visual tasks relied on handcrafted features and shallow machine learning and, despite its unprecedented performance gains, the problem remains open within the deep learning paradigm due to its data-hungry nature. Best performing deep vision-based object detectors are trained in a supervised manner by relying on human-labeled bounding boxes which localize class instances (i.e. objects) within the training images. Thus, object detection is one of such tasks for which human labeling is a major bottleneck. In this article, we assess co-training as a semi-supervised learning method for self-labeling objects in unlabeled images, so reducing the human-labeling effort for developing deep object detectors. Our study pays special attention to a scenario involving domain shift; in particular, when we have automatically generated virtual-world images with object bounding boxes and we have real-world images which are unlabeled. Moreover, we are particularly interested in using co-training for deep object detection in the context of driver assistance systems and/or self-driving vehicles. Thus, using well-established datasets and protocols for object detection in these application contexts, we will show how co-training is a paradigm worth to pursue for alleviating object labeling, working both alone and together with task-agnostic domain adaptation.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.118 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ ViL2020 Serial 3488  
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