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Author |
Zhijie Fang; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Intention Recognition of Pedestrians and Cyclists by 2D Pose Estimation |
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2019 |
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IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems |
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TITS |
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21 |
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11 |
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4773 - 4783 |
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Anticipating the intentions of vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians and cyclists is critical for performing safe and comfortable driving maneuvers. This is the case for human driving and, thus, should be taken into account by systems providing any level of driving assistance, from advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) to fully autonomous vehicles (AVs). In this paper, we show how the latest advances on monocular vision-based human pose estimation, i.e. those relying on deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), enable to recognize the intentions of such VRUs. In the case of cyclists, we assume that they follow traffic rules to indicate future maneuvers with arm signals. In the case of pedestrians, no indications can be assumed. Instead, we hypothesize that the walking pattern of a pedestrian allows to determine if he/she has the intention of crossing the road in the path of the ego-vehicle, so that the ego-vehicle must maneuver accordingly (e.g. slowing down or stopping). In this paper, we show how the same methodology can be used for recognizing pedestrians and cyclists' intentions. For pedestrians, we perform experiments on the JAAD dataset. For cyclists, we did not found an analogous dataset, thus, we created our own one by acquiring and annotating videos which we share with the research community. Overall, the proposed pipeline provides new state-of-the-art results on the intention recognition of VRUs. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ FaL2019 |
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3305 |
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Author |
Zhijie Fang; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
On-Board Detection of Pedestrian Intentions |
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2017 |
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Sensors |
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SENS |
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17 |
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10 |
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2193 |
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pedestrian intention; ADAS; self-driving |
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Avoiding vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes is a critical requirement for nowadays advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) and future self-driving vehicles. Accordingly, detecting pedestrians from raw sensor data has a history of more than 15 years of research, with vision playing a central role.
During the last years, deep learning has boosted the accuracy of image-based pedestrian detectors.
However, detection is just the first step towards answering the core question, namely is the vehicle going to crash with a pedestrian provided preventive actions are not taken? Therefore, knowing as soon as possible if a detected pedestrian has the intention of crossing the road ahead of the vehicle is
essential for performing safe and comfortable maneuvers that prevent a crash. However, compared to pedestrian detection, there is relatively little literature on detecting pedestrian intentions. This paper aims to contribute along this line by presenting a new vision-based approach which analyzes the
pose of a pedestrian along several frames to determine if he or she is going to enter the road or not. We present experiments showing 750 ms of anticipation for pedestrians crossing the road, which at a typical urban driving speed of 50 km/h can provide 15 additional meters (compared to a pure pedestrian detector) for vehicle automatic reactions or to warn the driver. Moreover, in contrast with state-of-the-art methods, our approach is monocular, neither requiring stereo nor optical flow information. |
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ADAS; 600.085; 600.076; 601.223; 600.116; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ FVL2017 |
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2983 |
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Adrien Gaidon; Antonio Lopez; Florent Perronnin |
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Title |
The Reasonable Effectiveness of Synthetic Visual Data |
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2018 |
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International Journal of Computer Vision |
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IJCV |
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126 |
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9 |
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899–901 |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ GLP2018 |
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3180 |
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David Geronimo; Joan Serrat; Antonio Lopez; Ramon Baldrich |
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Traffic sign recognition for computer vision project-based learning |
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2013 |
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IEEE Transactions on Education |
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T-EDUC |
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56 |
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3 |
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364-371 |
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traffic signs |
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This paper presents a graduate course project on computer vision. The aim of the project is to detect and recognize traffic signs in video sequences recorded by an on-board vehicle camera. This is a demanding problem, given that traffic sign recognition is one of the most challenging problems for driving assistance systems. Equally, it is motivating for the students given that it is a real-life problem. Furthermore, it gives them the opportunity to appreciate the difficulty of real-world vision problems and to assess the extent to which this problem can be solved by modern computer vision and pattern classification techniques taught in the classroom. The learning objectives of the course are introduced, as are the constraints imposed on its design, such as the diversity of students' background and the amount of time they and their instructors dedicate to the course. The paper also describes the course contents, schedule, and how the project-based learning approach is applied. The outcomes of the course are discussed, including both the students' marks and their personal feedback. |
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0018-9359 |
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ADAS; CIC |
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Admin @ si @ GSL2013; ADAS @ adas @ |
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2160 |
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Akhil Gurram; Ahmet Faruk Tuna; Fengyi Shen; Onay Urfalioglu; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Monocular Depth Estimation through Virtual-world Supervision and Real-world SfM Self-Supervision |
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2021 |
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IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems |
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TITS |
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23 |
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8 |
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12738-12751 |
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Depth information is essential for on-board perception in autonomous driving and driver assistance. Monocular depth estimation (MDE) is very appealing since it allows for appearance and depth being on direct pixelwise correspondence without further calibration. Best MDE models are based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) trained in a supervised manner, i.e., assuming pixelwise ground truth (GT). Usually, this GT is acquired at training time through a calibrated multi-modal suite of sensors. However, also using only a monocular system at training time is cheaper and more scalable. This is possible by relying on structure-from-motion (SfM) principles to generate self-supervision. Nevertheless, problems of camouflaged objects, visibility changes, static-camera intervals, textureless areas, and scale ambiguity, diminish the usefulness of such self-supervision. In this paper, we perform monocular depth estimation by virtual-world supervision (MonoDEVS) and real-world SfM self-supervision. We compensate the SfM self-supervision limitations by leveraging virtual-world images with accurate semantic and depth supervision and addressing the virtual-to-real domain gap. Our MonoDEVSNet outperforms previous MDE CNNs trained on monocular and even stereo sequences. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ GTS2021 |
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3598 |
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Akhil Gurram; Onay Urfalioglu; Ibrahim Halfaoui; Fahd Bouzaraa; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Semantic Monocular Depth Estimation Based on Artificial Intelligence |
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2020 |
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IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine |
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ITSM |
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13 |
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4 |
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99-103 |
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Depth estimation provides essential information to perform autonomous driving and driver assistance. A promising line of work consists of introducing additional semantic information about the traffic scene when training CNNs for depth estimation. In practice, this means that the depth data used for CNN training is complemented with images having pixel-wise semantic labels where the same raw training data is associated with both types of ground truth, i.e., depth and semantic labels. The main contribution of this paper is to show that this hard constraint can be circumvented, i.e., that we can train CNNs for depth estimation by leveraging the depth and semantic information coming from heterogeneous datasets. In order to illustrate the benefits of our approach, we combine KITTI depth and Cityscapes semantic segmentation datasets, outperforming state-of-the-art results on monocular depth estimation. |
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ADAS; 600.124; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ GUH2019 |
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3306 |
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Author |
Jose Luis Gomez; Gabriel Villalonga; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Co-Training for Deep Object Detection: Comparing Single-Modal and Multi-Modal Approaches |
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2021 |
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Sensors |
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SENS |
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21 |
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9 |
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3185 |
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co-training; multi-modality; vision-based object detection; ADAS; self-driving |
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Top-performing computer vision models are powered by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Training an accurate CNN highly depends on both the raw sensor data and their associated ground truth (GT). Collecting such GT is usually done through human labeling, which is time-consuming and does not scale as we wish. This data-labeling bottleneck may be intensified due to domain shifts among image sensors, which could force per-sensor data labeling. In this paper, we focus on the use of co-training, a semi-supervised learning (SSL) method, for obtaining self-labeled object bounding boxes (BBs), i.e., the GT to train deep object detectors. In particular, we assess the goodness of multi-modal co-training by relying on two different views of an image, namely, appearance (RGB) and estimated depth (D). Moreover, we compare appearance-based single-modal co-training with multi-modal. Our results suggest that in a standard SSL setting (no domain shift, a few human-labeled data) and under virtual-to-real domain shift (many virtual-world labeled data, no human-labeled data) multi-modal co-training outperforms single-modal. In the latter case, by performing GAN-based domain translation both co-training modalities are on par, at least when using an off-the-shelf depth estimation model not specifically trained on the translated images. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ GVL2021 |
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3562 |
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Jose Luis Gomez; Gabriel Villalonga; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Co-Training for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Semantic Segmentation Models |
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2023 |
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Sensors – Special Issue on “Machine Learning for Autonomous Driving Perception and Prediction” |
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SENS |
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23 |
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2 |
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621 |
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Domain adaptation; semi-supervised learning; Semantic segmentation; Autonomous driving |
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Semantic image segmentation is a central and challenging task in autonomous driving, addressed by training deep models. Since this training draws to a curse of human-based image labeling, using synthetic images with automatically generated labels together with unlabeled real-world images is a promising alternative. This implies to address an unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) problem. In this paper, we propose a new co-training procedure for synth-to-real UDA of semantic
segmentation models. It consists of a self-training stage, which provides two domain-adapted models, and a model collaboration loop for the mutual improvement of these two models. These models are then used to provide the final semantic segmentation labels (pseudo-labels) for the real-world images. The overall
procedure treats the deep models as black boxes and drives their collaboration at the level of pseudo-labeled target images, i.e., neither modifying loss functions is required, nor explicit feature alignment. We test our proposal on standard synthetic and real-world datasets for on-board semantic segmentation. Our
procedure shows improvements ranging from ∼13 to ∼26 mIoU points over baselines, so establishing new state-of-the-art results. |
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ADAS; no proj |
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Admin @ si @ GVL2023 |
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3705 |
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Daniel Hernandez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Juan C. Moure |
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3D Perception With Slanted Stixels on GPU |
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2021 |
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IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems |
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TPDS |
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32 |
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10 |
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2434-2447 |
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Daniel Hernandez-Juarez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio M. Lopez; Juan C. Moure |
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This article presents a GPU-accelerated software design of the recently proposed model of Slanted Stixels, which represents the geometric and semantic information of a scene in a compact and accurate way. We reformulate the measurement depth model to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm, relying on the confidence of the depth estimation and the identification of invalid values to handle outliers. The proposed massively parallel scheme and data layout for the irregular computation pattern that corresponds to a Dynamic Programming paradigm is described and carefully analyzed in performance terms. Performance is shown to scale gracefully on current generation embedded GPUs. We assess the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time performance on three publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach achieves real-time performance with high accuracy for 2048 × 1024 image sizes and 4 × 4 Stixel resolution on the low-power embedded GPU of an NVIDIA Tegra Xavier. |
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ADAS; 600.124; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ HEV2021 |
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3561 |
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Aura Hernandez-Sabate; Meritxell Joanpere; Nuria Gorgorio; Lluis Albarracin |
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Mathematics learning opportunities when playing a Tower Defense Game |
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2015 |
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International Journal of Serious Games |
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IJSG |
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57-71 |
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Tower Defense game; learning opportunities; mathematics; problem solving; game design |
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A qualitative research study is presented herein with the purpose of identifying mathematics learning opportunities in students between 10 and 12 years old while playing a commercial version of a Tower Defense game. These learning opportunities are understood as mathematicisable moments of the game and involve the establishment of relationships between the game and mathematical problem solving. Based on the analysis of these mathematicisable moments, we conclude that the game can promote problem-solving processes and learning opportunities that can be associated with different mathematical contents that appears in mathematics curricula, thought it seems that teacher or new game elements might be needed to facilitate the processes. |
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Admin @ si @ HJG2015 |
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