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	Author	Razieh Rastgoo; Kourosh Kiani; Sergio Escalera
	Title	Sign Language Recognition: A Deep Survey			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Expert Systems With Applications	Abbreviated Journal	ESWA
	Volume	164	Issue		Pages	113794
	Keywords
	Abstract	Sign language, as a different form of the communication language, is important to large groups of people in society. There are different signs in each sign language with variability in hand shape, motion profile, and position of the hand, face, and body parts contributing to each sign. So, visual sign language recognition is a complex research area in computer vision. Many models have been proposed by different researchers with significant improvement by deep learning approaches in recent years. In this survey, we review the vision-based proposed models of sign language recognition using deep learning approaches from the last five years. While the overall trend of the proposed models indicates a significant improvement in recognition accuracy in sign language recognition, there are some challenges yet that need to be solved. We present a taxonomy to categorize the proposed models for isolated and continuous sign language recognition, discussing applications, datasets, hybrid models, complexity, and future lines of research in the field.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	HUPBA; no proj			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RKE2021a			Serial	3521
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	Author	Giuseppe Pezzano; Vicent Ribas Ripoll; Petia Radeva
	Title	CoLe-CNN: Context-learning convolutional neural network with adaptive loss function for lung nodule segmentation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine	Abbreviated Journal	CMPB
	Volume	198	Issue		Pages	105792
	Keywords
	Abstract	Background and objective:An accurate segmentation of lung nodules in computed tomography images is a crucial step for the physical characterization of the tumour. Being often completely manually accomplished, nodule segmentation turns to be a tedious and time-consuming procedure and this represents a high obstacle in clinical practice. In this paper, we propose a novel Convolutional Neural Network for nodule segmentation that combines a light and efficient architecture with innovative loss function and segmentation strategy. Methods:In contrast to most of the standard end-to-end architectures for nodule segmentation, our network learns the context of the nodules by producing two masks representing all the background and secondary-important elements in the Computed Tomography scan. The nodule is detected by subtracting the context from the original scan image. Additionally, we introduce an asymmetric loss function that automatically compensates for potential errors in the nodule annotations. We trained and tested our Neural Network on the public LIDC-IDRI database, compared it with the state of the art and run a pseudo-Turing test between four radiologists and the network. Results:The results proved that the behaviour of the algorithm is very near to the human performance and its segmentation masks are almost indistinguishable from the ones made by the radiologists. Our method clearly outperforms the state of the art on CT nodule segmentation in terms of F1 score and IoU of and respectively. Conclusions: The main structure of the network ensures all the properties of the UNet architecture, while the Multi Convolutional Layers give a more accurate pattern recognition. The newly adopted solutions also increase the details on the border of the nodule, even under the noisiest conditions. This method can be applied now for single CT slice nodule segmentation and it represents a starting point for the future development of a fully automatic 3D segmentation software.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MILAB; no proj			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ PRR2021			Serial	3530
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	Author	Sudeep Katakol; Basem Elbarashy; Luis Herranz; Joost Van de Weijer; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Distributed Learning and Inference with Compressed Images			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Image Processing	Abbreviated Journal	TIP
	Volume	30	Issue		Pages	3069 - 3083
	Keywords
	Abstract	Modern computer vision requires processing large amounts of data, both while training the model and/or during inference, once the model is deployed. Scenarios where images are captured and processed in physically separated locations are increasingly common (e.g. autonomous vehicles, cloud computing). In addition, many devices suffer from limited resources to store or transmit data (e.g. storage space, channel capacity). In these scenarios, lossy image compression plays a crucial role to effectively increase the number of images collected under such constraints. However, lossy compression entails some undesired degradation of the data that may harm the performance of the downstream analysis task at hand, since important semantic information may be lost in the process. Moreover, we may only have compressed images at training time but are able to use original images at inference time, or vice versa, and in such a case, the downstream model suffers from covariate shift. In this paper, we analyze this phenomenon, with a special focus on vision-based perception for autonomous driving as a paradigmatic scenario. We see that loss of semantic information and covariate shift do indeed exist, resulting in a drop in performance that depends on the compression rate. In order to address the problem, we propose dataset restoration, based on image restoration with generative adversarial networks (GANs). Our method is agnostic to both the particular image compression method and the downstream task; and has the advantage of not adding additional cost to the deployed models, which is particularly important in resource-limited devices. The presented experiments focus on semantic segmentation as a challenging use case, cover a broad range of compression rates and diverse datasets, and show how our method is able to significantly alleviate the negative effects of compression on the downstream visual task.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	LAMP; ADAS; 600.120; 600.118			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ KEH2021			Serial	3543
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	Author	Carola Figueroa Flores; David Berga; Joost Van de Weijer; Bogdan Raducanu
	Title	Saliency for free: Saliency prediction as a side-effect of object recognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Pattern Recognition Letters	Abbreviated Journal	PRL
	Volume	150	Issue		Pages	1-7
	Keywords	Saliency maps; Unsupervised learning; Object recognition
	Abstract	Saliency is the perceptual capacity of our visual system to focus our attention (i.e. gaze) on relevant objects instead of the background. So far, computational methods for saliency estimation required the explicit generation of a saliency map, process which is usually achieved via eyetracking experiments on still images. This is a tedious process that needs to be repeated for each new dataset. In the current paper, we demonstrate that is possible to automatically generate saliency maps without ground-truth. In our approach, saliency maps are learned as a side effect of object recognition. Extensive experiments carried out on both real and synthetic datasets demonstrated that our approach is able to generate accurate saliency maps, achieving competitive results when compared with supervised methods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	LAMP; 600.147; 600.120			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ FBW2021			Serial	3559
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	Author	Henry Velesaca; Patricia Suarez; Raul Mira; Angel Sappa
	Title	Computer Vision based Food Grain Classification: a Comprehensive Survey			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Computers and Electronics in Agriculture	Abbreviated Journal	CEA
	Volume	187	Issue		Pages	106287
	Keywords
	Abstract	This manuscript presents a comprehensive survey on recent computer vision based food grain classification techniques. It includes state-of-the-art approaches intended for different grain varieties. The approaches proposed in the literature are analyzed according to the processing stages considered in the classification pipeline, making it easier to identify common techniques and comparisons. Additionally, the type of images considered by each approach (i.e., images from the: visible, infrared, multispectral, hyperspectral bands) together with the strategy used to generate ground truth data (i.e., real and synthetic images) are reviewed. Finally, conclusions highlighting future needs and challenges are presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MSIAU; 600.130; 600.122			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ VSM2021			Serial	3576
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	Author	Daniel Hernandez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Juan C. Moure
	Title	3D Perception With Slanted Stixels on GPU			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems	Abbreviated Journal	TPDS
	Volume	32	Issue	10	Pages	2434-2447
	Keywords	Daniel Hernandez-Juarez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio M. Lopez; Juan C. Moure
	Abstract	This article presents a GPU-accelerated software design of the recently proposed model of Slanted Stixels, which represents the geometric and semantic information of a scene in a compact and accurate way. We reformulate the measurement depth model to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm, relying on the confidence of the depth estimation and the identification of invalid values to handle outliers. The proposed massively parallel scheme and data layout for the irregular computation pattern that corresponds to a Dynamic Programming paradigm is described and carefully analyzed in performance terms. Performance is shown to scale gracefully on current generation embedded GPUs. We assess the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time performance on three publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach achieves real-time performance with high accuracy for 2048 × 1024 image sizes and 4 × 4 Stixel resolution on the low-power embedded GPU of an NVIDIA Tegra Xavier.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS; 600.124; 600.118			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ HEV2021			Serial	3561
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	Author	Jose Luis Gomez; Gabriel Villalonga; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Co-Training for Deep Object Detection: Comparing Single-Modal and Multi-Modal Approaches			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	21	Issue	9	Pages	3185
	Keywords	co-training; multi-modality; vision-based object detection; ADAS; self-driving
	Abstract	Top-performing computer vision models are powered by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Training an accurate CNN highly depends on both the raw sensor data and their associated ground truth (GT). Collecting such GT is usually done through human labeling, which is time-consuming and does not scale as we wish. This data-labeling bottleneck may be intensified due to domain shifts among image sensors, which could force per-sensor data labeling. In this paper, we focus on the use of co-training, a semi-supervised learning (SSL) method, for obtaining self-labeled object bounding boxes (BBs), i.e., the GT to train deep object detectors. In particular, we assess the goodness of multi-modal co-training by relying on two different views of an image, namely, appearance (RGB) and estimated depth (D). Moreover, we compare appearance-based single-modal co-training with multi-modal. Our results suggest that in a standard SSL setting (no domain shift, a few human-labeled data) and under virtual-to-real domain shift (many virtual-world labeled data, no human-labeled data) multi-modal co-training outperforms single-modal. In the latter case, by performing GAN-based domain translation both co-training modalities are on par, at least when using an off-the-shelf depth estimation model not specifically trained on the translated images.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS; 600.118			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ GVL2021			Serial	3562
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	Author	Shiqi Yang; Kai Wang; Luis Herranz; Joost Van de Weijer
	Title	On Implicit Attribute Localization for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	IEEE Signal Processing Letters	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	28	Issue		Pages	872 - 876
	Keywords
	Abstract	Zero-shot learning (ZSL) aims to discriminate images from unseen classes by exploiting relations to seen classes via their attribute-based descriptions. Since attributes are often related to specific parts of objects, many recent works focus on discovering discriminative regions. However, these methods usually require additional complex part detection modules or attention mechanisms. In this paper, 1) we show that common ZSL backbones (without explicit attention nor part detection) can implicitly localize attributes, yet this property is not exploited. 2) Exploiting it, we then propose SELAR, a simple method that further encourages attribute localization, surprisingly achieving very competitive generalized ZSL (GZSL) performance when compared with more complex state-of-the-art methods. Our findings provide useful insight for designing future GZSL methods, and SELAR provides an easy to implement yet strong baseline.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	LAMP; 600.120			Approved	no
	Call Number	YWH2021			Serial	3563
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	Author	Domicele Jonauskaite; Lucia Camenzind; C. Alejandro Parraga; Cecile N Diouf; Mathieu Mercapide Ducommun; Lauriane Müller; Melanie Norberg; Christine Mohr
	Title	Colour-emotion associations in individuals with red-green colour blindness			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	PeerJ	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue		Pages	e11180
	Keywords	Affect; Chromotherapy; Colour cognition; Colour vision deficiency; Cross-modal correspondences; Daltonism; Deuteranopia; Dichromatic; Emotion; Protanopia.
	Abstract	Colours and emotions are associated in languages and traditions. Some of us may convey sadness by saying feeling blue or by wearing black clothes at funerals. The first example is a conceptual experience of colour and the second example is an immediate perceptual experience of colour. To investigate whether one or the other type of experience more strongly drives colour-emotion associations, we tested 64 congenitally red-green colour-blind men and 66 non-colour-blind men. All participants associated 12 colours, presented as terms or patches, with 20 emotion concepts, and rated intensities of the associated emotions. We found that colour-blind and non-colour-blind men associated similar emotions with colours, irrespective of whether colours were conveyed via terms (r = .82) or patches (r = .80). The colour-emotion associations and the emotion intensities were not modulated by participants' severity of colour blindness. Hinting at some additional, although minor, role of actual colour perception, the consistencies in associations for colour terms and patches were higher in non-colour-blind than colour-blind men. Together, these results suggest that colour-emotion associations in adults do not require immediate perceptual colour experiences, as conceptual experiences are sufficient.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	CIC; LAMP; 600.120; 600.128			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ JCP2021			Serial	3564
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	Author	Sanket Biswas; Pau Riba; Josep Llados; Umapada Pal
	Title	Beyond Document Object Detection: Instance-Level Segmentation of Complex Layouts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal	IJDAR
	Volume	24	Issue		Pages	269–281
	Keywords
	Abstract	Information extraction is a fundamental task of many business intelligence services that entail massive document processing. Understanding a document page structure in terms of its layout provides contextual support which is helpful in the semantic interpretation of the document terms. In this paper, inspired by the progress of deep learning methodologies applied to the task of object recognition, we transfer these models to the specific case of document object detection, reformulating the traditional problem of document layout analysis. Moreover, we importantly contribute to prior arts by defining the task of instance segmentation on the document image domain. An instance segmentation paradigm is especially important in complex layouts whose contents should interact for the proper rendering of the page, i.e., the proper text wrapping around an image. Finally, we provide an extensive evaluation, both qualitative and quantitative, that demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed methodology over the current state of the art.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; 600.121; 600.140; 110.312			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ BRL2021b			Serial	3574
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	Author	Kai Wang; Joost Van de Weijer; Luis Herranz
	Title	ACAE-REMIND for online continual learning with compressed feature replay			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Pattern Recognition Letters	Abbreviated Journal	PRL
	Volume	150	Issue		Pages	122-129
	Keywords	online continual learning; autoencoders; vector quantization
	Abstract	Online continual learning aims to learn from a non-IID stream of data from a number of different tasks, where the learner is only allowed to consider data once. Methods are typically allowed to use a limited buffer to store some of the images in the stream. Recently, it was found that feature replay, where an intermediate layer representation of the image is stored (or generated) leads to superior results than image replay, while requiring less memory. Quantized exemplars can further reduce the memory usage. However, a drawback of these methods is that they use a fixed (or very intransigent) backbone network. This significantly limits the learning of representations that can discriminate between all tasks. To address this problem, we propose an auxiliary classifier auto-encoder (ACAE) module for feature replay at intermediate layers with high compression rates. The reduced memory footprint per image allows us to save more exemplars for replay. In our experiments, we conduct task-agnostic evaluation under online continual learning setting and get state-of-the-art performance on ImageNet-Subset, CIFAR100 and CIFAR10 dataset.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	LAMP; 600.147; 601.379; 600.120; 600.141			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ WWH2021			Serial	3575
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	Author	Hannes Mueller; Andre Groeger; Jonathan Hersh; Andrea Matranga; Joan Serrat
	Title	Monitoring war destruction from space using machine learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	PNAS
	Volume	118	Issue	23	Pages	e2025400118
	Keywords
	Abstract	Existing data on building destruction in conflict zones rely on eyewitness reports or manual detection, which makes it generally scarce, incomplete, and potentially biased. This lack of reliable data imposes severe limitations for media reporting, humanitarian relief efforts, human-rights monitoring, reconstruction initiatives, and academic studies of violent conflict. This article introduces an automated method of measuring destruction in high-resolution satellite images using deep-learning techniques combined with label augmentation and spatial and temporal smoothing, which exploit the underlying spatial and temporal structure of destruction. As a proof of concept, we apply this method to the Syrian civil war and reconstruct the evolution of damage in major cities across the country. Our approach allows generating destruction data with unprecedented scope, resolution, and frequency—and makes use of the ever-higher frequency at which satellite imagery becomes available.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS; 600.118			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ MGH2021			Serial	3584
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	Author	Zhengying Liu; Adrien Pavao; Zhen Xu; Sergio Escalera; Fabio Ferreira; Isabelle Guyon; Sirui Hong; Frank Hutter; Rongrong Ji; Julio C. S. Jacques Junior; Ge Li; Marius Lindauer; Zhipeng Luo; Meysam Madadi; Thomas Nierhoff; Kangning Niu; Chunguang Pan; Danny Stoll; Sebastien Treguer; Jin Wang; Peng Wang; Chenglin Wu; Youcheng Xiong; Arber Zela; Yang Zhang
	Title	Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analyses of the ChaLearn AutoDL Challenge 2019			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence	Abbreviated Journal	TPAMI
	Volume	43	Issue	9	Pages	3108 - 3125
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper reports the results and post-challenge analyses of ChaLearn's AutoDL challenge series, which helped sorting out a profusion of AutoML solutions for Deep Learning (DL) that had been introduced in a variety of settings, but lacked fair comparisons. All input data modalities (time series, images, videos, text, tabular) were formatted as tensors and all tasks were multi-label classification problems. Code submissions were executed on hidden tasks, with limited time and computational resources, pushing solutions that get results quickly. In this setting, DL methods dominated, though popular Neural Architecture Search (NAS) was impractical. Solutions relied on fine-tuned pre-trained networks, with architectures matching data modality. Post-challenge tests did not reveal improvements beyond the imposed time limit. While no component is particularly original or novel, a high level modular organization emerged featuring a “meta-learner”, “data ingestor”, “model selector”, “model/learner”, and “evaluator”. This modularity enabled ablation studies, which revealed the importance of (off-platform) meta-learning, ensembling, and efficient data management. Experiments on heterogeneous module combinations further confirm the (local) optimality of the winning solutions. Our challenge legacy includes an ever-lasting benchmark (http://autodl.chalearn.org), the open-sourced code of the winners, and a free “AutoDL self-service.”
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	HUPBA; no proj			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ LPX2021			Serial	3587
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	Author	Sonia Baeza; R.Domingo; M.Salcedo; G.Moragas; J.Deportos; I.Garcia Olive; Carles Sanchez; Debora Gil; Antoni Rosell
	Title	Artificial Intelligence to Optimize Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis During Covid-19 Pandemic by Perfusion SPECT/CT, a Pilot Study			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	IAM; 600.145			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ BDS2021			Serial	3591
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	Author	Mireia Sole; Joan Blanco; Debora Gil; Oliver Valero; Alvaro Pascual; B. Cardenas; G. Fonseka; E. Anton; Richard Frodsham; Francesca Vidal; Zaida Sarrate
	Title	Chromosomal positioning in spermatogenic cells is influenced by chromosomal factors associated with gene activity, bouquet formation, and meiotic sex-chromosome inactivation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Chromosoma	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	130	Issue		Pages	163-175
	Keywords
	Abstract	Chromosome territoriality is not random along the cell cycle and it is mainly governed by intrinsic chromosome factors and gene expression patterns. Conversely, very few studies have explored the factors that determine chromosome territoriality and its influencing factors during meiosis. In this study, we analysed chromosome positioning in murine spermatogenic cells using three-dimensionally fluorescence in situ hybridization-based methodology, which allows the analysis of the entire karyotype. The main objective of the study was to decipher chromosome positioning in a radial axis (all analysed germ-cell nuclei) and longitudinal axis (only spermatozoa) and to identify the chromosomal factors that regulate such an arrangement. Results demonstrated that the radial positioning of chromosomes during spermatogenesis was cell-type specific and influenced by chromosomal factors associated to gene activity. Chromosomes with specific features that enhance transcription (high GC content, high gene density and high numbers of predicted expressed genes) were preferentially observed in the inner part of the nucleus in virtually all cell types. Moreover, the position of the sex chromosomes was influenced by their transcriptional status, from the periphery of the nucleus when its activity was repressed (pachytene) to a more internal position when it is partially activated (spermatid). At pachytene, chromosome positioning was also influenced by chromosome size due to the bouquet formation. Longitudinal chromosome positioning in the sperm nucleus was not random either, suggesting the importance of ordered longitudinal positioning for the release and activation of the paternal genome after fertilisation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	IAM; 600.145			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ SBG2021			Serial	3592
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