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	Author	Alicia Fornes; Xavier Otazu; Josep Llados
	Title	Show through cancellation and image enhancement by multiresolution contrast processing			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	200-204
	Keywords
	Abstract	Historical documents suffer from different types of degradation and noise such as background variation, uneven illumination or dark spots. In case of double-sided documents, another common problem is that the back side of the document usually interferes with the front side because of the transparency of the document or ink bleeding. This effect is called the show through phenomenon. Many methods are developed to solve these problems, and in the case of show-through, by scanning and matching both the front and back sides of the document. In contrast, our approach is designed to use only one side of the scanned document. We hypothesize that show-trough are low contrast components, while foreground components are high contrast ones. A Multiresolution Contrast (MC) decomposition is presented in order to estimate the contrast of features at different spatial scales. We cancel the show-through phenomenon by thresholding these low contrast components. This decomposition is also able to enhance the image removing shadowed areas by weighting spatial scales. Results show that the enhanced images improve the readability of the documents, allowing scholars both to recover unreadable words and to solve ambiguities.
	Address	Washington; USA; August 2013
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1520-5363	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICDAR
	Notes	DAG; 602.006; 600.045; 600.061; 600.052;CIC			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ FOL2013			Serial	2241
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	Author	Nuria Cirera; Alicia Fornes; Volkmar Frinken; Josep Llados
	Title	Hybrid grammar language model for handwritten historical documents recognition			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	6th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7887	Issue		Pages	117-124
	Keywords
	Abstract	In this paper we present a hybrid language model for the recognition of handwritten historical documents with a structured syntactical layout. Using a hidden Markov model-based recognition framework, a word-based grammar with a closed dictionary is enhanced by a character sequence recognition method. This allows to recognize out-of-dictionary words in controlled parts of the recognition, while keeping a closed vocabulary restriction for other parts. While the current status is work in progress, we can report an improvement in terms of character error rate.
	Address	Madeira; Portugal; June 2013
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-642-38627-5	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IbPRIA
	Notes	DAG; 602.006; 600.045; 600.061			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ CFF2013			Serial	2292
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	Author	Marçal Rusiñol; J. Chazalon; Jean-Marc Ogier
	Title	Combining Focus Measure Operators to Predict OCR Accuracy in Mobile-Captured Document Images			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	11th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis and Systems	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	181 - 185
	Keywords
	Abstract	Mobile document image acquisition is a new trend raising serious issues in business document processing workflows. Such digitization procedure is unreliable, and integrates many distortions which must be detected as soon as possible, on the mobile, to avoid paying data transmission fees, and losing information due to the inability to re-capture later a document with temporary availability. In this context, out-of-focus blur is major issue: users have no direct control over it, and it seriously degrades OCR recognition. In this paper, we concentrate on the estimation of focus quality, to ensure a sufficient legibility of a document image for OCR processing. We propose two contributions to improve OCR accuracy prediction for mobile-captured document images. First, we present 24 focus measures, never tested on document images, which are fast to compute and require no training. Second, we show that a combination of those measures enables state-of-the art performance regarding the correlation with OCR accuracy. The resulting approach is fast, robust, and easy to implement in a mobile device. Experiments are performed on a public dataset, and precise details about image processing are given.
	Address	Tours; France; April 2014
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1-4799-3243-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	DAS
	Notes	DAG; 601.223; 600.077			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RCO2014a			Serial	2545
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	Author	Marçal Rusiñol; J. Chazalon; Jean-Marc Ogier
	Title	Normalisation et validation d'images de documents capturées en mobilité			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Colloque International Francophone sur l'Écrit et le Document	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	109-124
	Keywords	mobile document image acquisition; perspective correction; illumination correction; quality assessment; focus measure; OCR accuracy prediction
	Abstract	Mobile document image acquisition integrates many distortions which must be corrected or detected on the device, before the document becomes unavailable or paying data transmission fees. In this paper, we propose a system to correct perspective and illumination issues, and estimate the sharpness of the image for OCR recognition. The correction step relies on fast and accurate border detection followed by illumination normalization. Its evaluation on a private dataset shows a clear improvement on OCR accuracy. The quality assessment step relies on a combination of focus measures. Its evaluation on a public dataset shows that this simple method compares well to state of the art, learning-based methods which cannot be embedded on a mobile, and outperforms metric-based methods.
	Address	Nancy; France; March 2014
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CIFED
	Notes	DAG; 601.223; 600.077			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RCO2014b			Serial	2546
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	Author	Lluis Gomez; Dimosthenis Karatzas
	Title	A fine-grained approach to scene text script identification			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2016	Publication	12th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	192-197
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper focuses on the problem of script identification in unconstrained scenarios. Script identification is an important prerequisite to recognition, and an indispensable condition for automatic text understanding systems designed for multi-language environments. Although widely studied for document images and handwritten documents, it remains an almost unexplored territory for scene text images. We detail a novel method for script identification in natural images that combines convolutional features and the Naive-Bayes Nearest Neighbor classifier. The proposed framework efficiently exploits the discriminative power of small stroke-parts, in a fine-grained classification framework. In addition, we propose a new public benchmark dataset for the evaluation of joint text detection and script identification in natural scenes. Experiments done in this new dataset demonstrate that the proposed method yields state of the art results, while it generalizes well to different datasets and variable number of scripts. The evidence provided shows that multi-lingual scene text recognition in the wild is a viable proposition. Source code of the proposed method is made available online.
	Address	Santorini; Grecia; April 2016
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	DAS
	Notes	DAG; 601.197; 600.084			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ GoK2016b			Serial	2863
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	Author	Francisco Alvaro; Francisco Cruz; Joan Andreu Sanchez; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Jose Miguel Benedi
	Title	Structure Detection and Segmentation of Documents Using 2D Stochastic Context-Free Grammars			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Neurocomputing	Abbreviated Journal	NEUCOM
	Volume	150	Issue	A	Pages	147-154
	Keywords	document image analysis; stochastic context-free grammars; text classication features
	Abstract	In this paper we dene a bidimensional extension of Stochastic Context-Free Grammars for structure detection and segmentation of images of documents. Two sets of text classication features are used to perform an initial classication of each zone of the page. Then, the document segmentation is obtained as the most likely hypothesis according to a stochastic grammar. We used a dataset of historical marriage license books to validate this approach. We also tested several inference algorithms for Probabilistic Graphical Models and the results showed that the proposed grammatical model outperformed the other methods. Furthermore, grammars also provide the document structure along with its segmentation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; 601.158; 600.077; 600.061			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ ACS2015			Serial	2531
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	Author	Marçal Rusiñol; T.Benkhelfallah; V. Poulain d'Andecy
	Title	Field Extraction from Administrative Documents by Incremental Structural Templates			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1100 - 1104
	Keywords
	Abstract	In this paper we present an incremental framework aimed at extracting field information from administrative document images in the context of a Digital Mail-room scenario. Given a single training sample in which the user has marked which fields have to be extracted from a particular document class, a document model representing structural relationships among words is built. This model is incrementally refined as the system processes more and more documents from the same class. A reformulation of the tf-idf statistic scheme allows to adjust the importance weights of the structural relationships among words. We report in the experimental section our results obtained with a large dataset of real invoices.
	Address	Washington; USA; August 2013
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1520-5363	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICDAR
	Notes	DAG; 600.56; 600.045; 605.203; 602.101			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RBP2013			Serial	2346
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	Author	Arnau Baro; Pau Riba; Alicia Fornes
	Title	Musigraph: Optical Music Recognition Through Object Detection and Graph Neural Network			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR2022)	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13639	Issue		Pages	171-184
	Keywords	Object detection; Optical music recognition; Graph neural network
	Abstract	During the last decades, the performance of optical music recognition has been increasingly improving. However, and despite the 2-dimensional nature of music notation (e.g. notes have rhythm and pitch), most works treat musical scores as a sequence of symbols in one dimension, which make their recognition still a challenge. Thus, in this work we explore the use of graph neural networks for musical score recognition. First, because graphs are suited for n-dimensional representations, and second, because the combination of graphs with deep learning has shown a great performance in similar applications. Our methodology consists of: First, we will detect each isolated/atomic symbols (those that can not be decomposed in more graphical primitives) and the primitives that form a musical symbol. Then, we will build the graph taking as root node the notehead and as leaves those primitives or symbols that modify the note’s rhythm (stem, beam, flag) or pitch (flat, sharp, natural). Finally, the graph is translated into a human-readable character sequence for a final transcription and evaluation. Our method has been tested on more than five thousand measures, showing promising results.
	Address	December 04 – 07, 2022; Hyderabad, India
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICFHR
	Notes	DAG; 600.162; 600.140; 602.230			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ BRF2022b			Serial	3740
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	Author	Andrea Gemelli; Sanket Biswas; Enrico Civitelli; Josep Llados; Simone Marinai
	Title	Doc2Graph: A Task Agnostic Document Understanding Framework Based on Graph Neural Networks			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2022	Publication	17th European Conference on Computer Vision Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13804	Issue		Pages	329–344
	Keywords
	Abstract	Geometric Deep Learning has recently attracted significant interest in a wide range of machine learning fields, including document analysis. The application of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has become crucial in various document-related tasks since they can unravel important structural patterns, fundamental in key information extraction processes. Previous works in the literature propose task-driven models and do not take into account the full power of graphs. We propose Doc2Graph, a task-agnostic document understanding framework based on a GNN model, to solve different tasks given different types of documents. We evaluated our approach on two challenging datasets for key information extraction in form understanding, invoice layout analysis and table detection.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-031-25068-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ECCV-TiE
	Notes	DAG; 600.162; 600.140; 110.312			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ GBC2022			Serial	3795
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	Author	Pau Riba; Lutz Goldmann; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Diede Rusticus; Alicia Fornes; Josep Llados
	Title	Table detection in business document images by message passing networks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal	PR
	Volume	127	Issue		Pages	108641
	Keywords
	Abstract	Tabular structures in business documents offer a complementary dimension to the raw textual data. For instance, there is information about the relationships among pieces of information. Nowadays, digital mailroom applications have become a key service for workflow automation. Therefore, the detection and interpretation of tables is crucial. With the recent advances in information extraction, table detection and recognition has gained interest in document image analysis, in particular, with the absence of rule lines and unknown information about rows and columns. However, business documents usually contain sensitive contents limiting the amount of public benchmarking datasets. In this paper, we propose a graph-based approach for detecting tables in document images which do not require the raw content of the document. Hence, the sensitive content can be previously removed and, instead of using the raw image or textual content, we propose a purely structural approach to keep sensitive data anonymous. Our framework uses graph neural networks (GNNs) to describe the local repetitive structures that constitute a table. In particular, our main application domain are business documents. We have carefully validated our approach in two invoice datasets and a modern document benchmark. Our experiments demonstrate that tables can be detected by purely structural approaches.
	Address	July 2022
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Elsevier	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; 600.162; 600.121			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RGR2022			Serial	3729
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	Author	Sergi Garcia Bordils; George Tom; Sangeeth Reddy; Minesh Mathew; Marçal Rusiñol; C.V. Jawahar; Dimosthenis Karatzas
	Title	Read While You Drive-Multilingual Text Tracking on the Road			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2022	Publication	15th IAPR International workshop on document analysis systems	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13237	Issue		Pages	756–770
	Keywords
	Abstract	Visual data obtained during driving scenarios usually contain large amounts of text that conveys semantic information necessary to analyse the urban environment and is integral to the traffic control plan. Yet, research on autonomous driving or driver assistance systems typically ignores this information. To advance research in this direction, we present RoadText-3K, a large driving video dataset with fully annotated text. RoadText-3K is three times bigger than its predecessor and contains data from varied geographical locations, unconstrained driving conditions and multiple languages and scripts. We offer a comprehensive analysis of tracking by detection and detection by tracking methods exploring the limits of state-of-the-art text detection. Finally, we propose a new end-to-end trainable tracking model that yields state-of-the-art results on this challenging dataset. Our experiments demonstrate the complexity and variability of RoadText-3K and establish a new, realistic benchmark for scene text tracking in the wild.
	Address	La Rochelle; France; May 2022
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-031-06554-5	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	DAS
	Notes	DAG; 600.155; 611.022; 611.004			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ GTR2022			Serial	3783
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	Author	Ruben Tito; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Ernest Valveny
	Title	Hierarchical multimodal transformers for Multi-Page DocVQA			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal	PR
	Volume	144	Issue		Pages	109834
	Keywords
	Abstract	Document Visual Question Answering (DocVQA) refers to the task of answering questions from document images. Existing work on DocVQA only considers single-page documents. However, in real scenarios documents are mostly composed of multiple pages that should be processed altogether. In this work we extend DocVQA to the multi-page scenario. For that, we first create a new dataset, MP-DocVQA, where questions are posed over multi-page documents instead of single pages. Second, we propose a new hierarchical method, Hi-VT5, based on the T5 architecture, that overcomes the limitations of current methods to process long multi-page documents. The proposed method is based on a hierarchical transformer architecture where the encoder summarizes the most relevant information of every page and then, the decoder takes this summarized information to generate the final answer. Through extensive experimentation, we demonstrate that our method is able, in a single stage, to answer the questions and provide the page that contains the relevant information to find the answer, which can be used as a kind of explainability measure.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	ISSN 0031-3203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; 600.155; 600.121			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ TKV2023			Serial	3825
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	Author	Sergi Garcia Bordils; Andres Mafla; Ali Furkan Biten; Oren Nuriel; Aviad Aberdam; Shai Mazor; Ron Litman; Dimosthenis Karatzas
	Title	Out-of-Vocabulary Challenge Report			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Proceedings European Conference on Computer Vision Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13804	Issue		Pages	359–375
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper presents final results of the Out-Of-Vocabulary 2022 (OOV) challenge. The OOV contest introduces an important aspect that is not commonly studied by Optical Character Recognition (OCR) models, namely, the recognition of unseen scene text instances at training time. The competition compiles a collection of public scene text datasets comprising of 326,385 images with 4,864,405 scene text instances, thus covering a wide range of data distributions. A new and independent validation and test set is formed with scene text instances that are out of vocabulary at training time. The competition was structured in two tasks, end-to-end and cropped scene text recognition respectively. A thorough analysis of results from baselines and different participants is presented. Interestingly, current state-of-the-art models show a significant performance gap under the newly studied setting. We conclude that the OOV dataset proposed in this challenge will be an essential area to be explored in order to develop scene text models that achieve more robust and generalized predictions.
	Address	Tel-Aviv; Israel; October 2022
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ECCVW
	Notes	DAG; 600.155; 302.105; 611.002			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ GMB2022			Serial	3771
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	Author	Ali Furkan Biten; Andres Mafla; Lluis Gomez; Dimosthenis Karatzas
	Title	Is An Image Worth Five Sentences? A New Look into Semantics for Image-Text Matching			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1391-1400
	Keywords	Measurement; Training; Integrated circuits; Annotations; Semantics; Training data; Semisupervised learning
	Abstract	The task of image-text matching aims to map representations from different modalities into a common joint visual-textual embedding. However, the most widely used datasets for this task, MSCOCO and Flickr30K, are actually image captioning datasets that offer a very limited set of relationships between images and sentences in their ground-truth annotations. This limited ground truth information forces us to use evaluation metrics based on binary relevance: given a sentence query we consider only one image as relevant. However, many other relevant images or captions may be present in the dataset. In this work, we propose two metrics that evaluate the degree of semantic relevance of retrieved items, independently of their annotated binary relevance. Additionally, we incorporate a novel strategy that uses an image captioning metric, CIDEr, to define a Semantic Adaptive Margin (SAM) to be optimized in a standard triplet loss. By incorporating our formulation to existing models, a large improvement is obtained in scenarios where available training data is limited. We also demonstrate that the performance on the annotated image-caption pairs is maintained while improving on other non-annotated relevant items when employing the full training set. The code for our new metric can be found at github. com/furkanbiten/ncsmetric and the model implementation at github. com/andrespmd/semanticadaptive_margin.
	Address	Virtual; Waikoloa; Hawai; USA; January 2022
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	WACV
	Notes	DAG; 600.155; 302.105;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ BMG2022			Serial	3663
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	Author	Ali Furkan Biten; Lluis Gomez; Dimosthenis Karatzas
	Title	Let there be a clock on the beach: Reducing Object Hallucination in Image Captioning			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1381-1390
	Keywords	Measurement; Training; Visualization; Analytical models; Computer vision; Computational modeling; Training data
	Abstract	Explaining an image with missing or non-existent objects is known as object bias (hallucination) in image captioning. This behaviour is quite common in the state-of-the-art captioning models which is not desirable by humans. To decrease the object hallucination in captioning, we propose three simple yet efficient training augmentation method for sentences which requires no new training data or increase in the model size. By extensive analysis, we show that the proposed methods can significantly diminish our models’ object bias on hallucination metrics. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate that our methods decrease the dependency on the visual features. All of our code, configuration files and model weights are available online.
	Address	Virtual; Waikoloa; Hawai; USA; January 2022
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	WACV
	Notes	DAG; 600.155; 302.105			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ BGK2022			Serial	3662
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