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Author Miquel Ferrer; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Ernest Valveny; I. Bardaji; Horst Bunke edit  openurl
  Title A Generic Framework for Median Graph Computation based on a Recursive Embedding Approach Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Computer Vision and Image Understanding Abbreviated Journal CVIU  
  Volume 115 Issue 7 Pages 919-928  
  Keywords Median Graph, Graph Embedding, Graph Matching, Structural Pattern Recognition  
  Abstract The median graph has been shown to be a good choice to obtain a represen- tative of a set of graphs. However, its computation is a complex problem. Recently, graph embedding into vector spaces has been proposed to obtain approximations of the median graph. The problem with such an approach is how to go from a point in the vector space back to a graph in the graph space. The main contribution of this paper is the generalization of this previ- ous method, proposing a generic recursive procedure that permits to recover the graph corresponding to a point in the vector space, introducing only the amount of approximation inherent to the use of graph matching algorithms. In order to evaluate the proposed method, we compare it with the set me- dian and with the other state-of-the-art embedding-based methods for the median graph computation. The experiments are carried out using four dif- ferent databases (one semi-artificial and three containing real-world data). Results show that with the proposed approach we can obtain better medi- ans, in terms of the sum of distances to the training graphs, than with the previous existing methods.  
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  Notes DAG Approved no  
  Call Number IAM @ iam @ FKV2011 Serial 1831  
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Author M. Visani; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Salvatore Tabbone edit  doi
openurl 
  Title A Protocol to Characterize the Descriptive Power and the Complementarity of Shape Descriptors Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition Abbreviated Journal IJDAR  
  Volume 14 Issue 1 Pages 87-100  
  Keywords Document analysis; Shape descriptors; Symbol description; Performance characterization; Complementarity analysis  
  Abstract Most document analysis applications rely on the extraction of shape descriptors, which may be grouped into different categories, each category having its own advantages and drawbacks (O.R. Terrades et al. in Proceedings of ICDAR’07, pp. 227–231, 2007). In order to improve the richness of their description, many authors choose to combine multiple descriptors. Yet, most of the authors who propose a new descriptor content themselves with comparing its performance to the performance of a set of single state-of-the-art descriptors in a specific applicative context (e.g. symbol recognition, symbol spotting...). This results in a proliferation of the shape descriptors proposed in the literature. In this article, we propose an innovative protocol, the originality of which is to be as independent of the final application as possible and which relies on new quantitative and qualitative measures. We introduce two types of measures: while the measures of the first type are intended to characterize the descriptive power (in terms of uniqueness, distinctiveness and robustness towards noise) of a descriptor, the second type of measures characterizes the complementarity between multiple descriptors. Characterizing upstream the complementarity of shape descriptors is an alternative to the usual approach where the descriptors to be combined are selected by trial and error, considering the performance characteristics of the overall system. To illustrate the contribution of this protocol, we performed experimental studies using a set of descriptors and a set of symbols which are widely used by the community namely ART and SC descriptors and the GREC 2003 database.  
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  Notes DAG; IF 1.091 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @VRT2011 Serial 1856  
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Author Marcel P. Lucassen; Theo Gevers; Arjan Gijsenij edit  url
openurl 
  Title Texture Affects Color Emotion Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Color Research & Applications Abbreviated Journal CRA  
  Volume 36 Issue 6 Pages 426–436  
  Keywords color;texture;color emotion;observer variability;ranking  
  Abstract Several studies have recorded color emotions in subjects viewing uniform color (UC) samples. We conduct an experiment to measure and model how these color emotions change when texture is added to the color samples. Using a computer monitor, our subjects arrange samples along four scales: warm–cool, masculine–feminine, hard–soft, and heavy–light. Three sample types of increasing visual complexity are used: UC, grayscale textures, and color textures (CTs). To assess the intraobserver variability, the experiment is repeated after 1 week. Our results show that texture fully determines the responses on the Hard-Soft scale, and plays a role of decreasing weight for the masculine–feminine, heavy–light, and warm–cool scales. Using some 25,000 observer responses, we derive color emotion functions that predict the group-averaged scale responses from the samples' color and texture parameters. For UC samples, the accuracy of our functions is significantly higher (average R2 = 0.88) than that of previously reported functions applied to our data. The functions derived for CT samples have an accuracy of R2 = 0.80. We conclude that when textured samples are used in color emotion studies, the psychological responses may be strongly affected by texture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010  
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  Notes ALTRES;ISE Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ LGG2011 Serial 1844  
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Author Albert Ali Salah; E. Pauwels; R. Tavenard; Theo Gevers edit  doi
openurl 
  Title T-Patterns Revisited: Mining for Temporal Patterns in Sensor Data Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Sensors Abbreviated Journal SENS  
  Volume 10 Issue 8 Pages 7496-7513  
  Keywords sensor networks; temporal pattern extraction; T-patterns; Lempel-Ziv; Gaussian mixture model; MERL motion data  
  Abstract The trend to use large amounts of simple sensors as opposed to a few complex sensors to monitor places and systems creates a need for temporal pattern mining algorithms to work on such data. The methods that try to discover re-usable and interpretable patterns in temporal event data have several shortcomings. We contrast several recent approaches to the problem, and extend the T-Pattern algorithm, which was previously applied for detection of sequential patterns in behavioural sciences. The temporal complexity of the T-pattern approach is prohibitive in the scenarios we consider. We remedy this with a statistical model to obtain a fast and robust algorithm to find patterns in temporal data. We test our algorithm on a recent database collected with passive infrared sensors with millions of events.  
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  Notes ALTRES;ISE Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ SPT2010 Serial 1845  
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Author Antonio Hernandez; Miguel Angel Bautista; Xavier Perez Sala; Victor Ponce; Sergio Escalera; Xavier Baro; Oriol Pujol; Cecilio Angulo edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Probability-based Dynamic Time Warping and Bag-of-Visual-and-Depth-Words for Human Gesture Recognition in RGB-D Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication Pattern Recognition Letters Abbreviated Journal PRL  
  Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 112-121  
  Keywords RGB-D; Bag-of-Words; Dynamic Time Warping; Human Gesture Recognition  
  Abstract PATREC5825
We present a methodology to address the problem of human gesture segmentation and recognition in video and depth image sequences. A Bag-of-Visual-and-Depth-Words (BoVDW) model is introduced as an extension of the Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW) model. State-of-the-art RGB and depth features, including a newly proposed depth descriptor, are analysed and combined in a late fusion form. The method is integrated in a Human Gesture Recognition pipeline, together with a novel probability-based Dynamic Time Warping (PDTW) algorithm which is used to perform prior segmentation of idle gestures. The proposed DTW variant uses samples of the same gesture category to build a Gaussian Mixture Model driven probabilistic model of that gesture class. Results of the whole Human Gesture Recognition pipeline in a public data set show better performance in comparison to both standard BoVW model and DTW approach.
 
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  Notes HuPBA;MV; 605.203 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ HBP2014 Serial 2353  
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Author Sergio Escalera; Ana Puig; Oscar Amoros; Maria Salamo edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Intelligent GPGPU Classification in Volume Visualization: a framework based on Error-Correcting Output Codes Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Computer Graphics Forum Abbreviated Journal CGF  
  Volume 30 Issue 7 Pages 2107-2115  
  Keywords  
  Abstract IF JCR 1.455 2010 25/99
In volume visualization, the definition of the regions of interest is inherently an iterative trial-and-error process finding out the best parameters to classify and render the final image. Generally, the user requires a lot of expertise to analyze and edit these parameters through multi-dimensional transfer functions. In this paper, we present a framework of intelligent methods to label on-demand multiple regions of interest. These methods can be split into a two-level GPU-based labelling algorithm that computes in time of rendering a set of labelled structures using the Machine Learning Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) framework. In a pre-processing step, ECOC trains a set of Adaboost binary classifiers from a reduced pre-labelled data set. Then, at the testing stage, each classifier is independently applied on the features of a set of unlabelled samples and combined to perform multi-class labelling. We also propose an alternative representation of these classifiers that allows to highly parallelize the testing stage. To exploit that parallelism we implemented the testing stage in GPU-OpenCL. The empirical results on different data sets for several volume structures shows high computational performance and classification accuracy.
 
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  Notes MILAB; HuPBA Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ EPA2011 Serial 1881  
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Author Mario Rojas; David Masip; A. Todorov; Jordi Vitria edit  url
doi  openurl
  Title Automatic Prediction of Facial Trait Judgments: Appearance vs. Structural Models Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication PloS one Abbreviated Journal Plos  
  Volume 6 Issue 8 Pages e23323  
  Keywords  
  Abstract JCR Impact Factor 2010: 4.411
Evaluating other individuals with respect to personality characteristics plays a crucial role in human relations and it is the focus of attention for research in diverse fields such as psychology and interactive computer systems. In psychology, face perception has been recognized as a key component of this evaluation system. Multiple studies suggest that observers use face information to infer personality characteristics. Interactive computer systems are trying to take advantage of these findings and apply them to increase the natural aspect of interaction and to improve the performance of interactive computer systems. Here, we experimentally test whether the automatic prediction of facial trait judgments (e.g. dominance) can be made by using the full appearance information of the face and whether a reduced representation of its structure is sufficient. We evaluate two separate approaches: a holistic representation model using the facial appearance information and a structural model constructed from the relations among facial salient points. State of the art machine learning methods are applied to a) derive a facial trait judgment model from training data and b) predict a facial trait value for any face. Furthermore, we address the issue of whether there are specific structural relations among facial points that predict perception of facial traits. Experimental results over a set of labeled data (9 different trait evaluations) and classification rules (4 rules) suggest that a) prediction of perception of facial traits is learnable by both holistic and structural approaches; b) the most reliable prediction of facial trait judgments is obtained by certain type of holistic descriptions of the face appearance; and c) for some traits such as attractiveness and extroversion, there are relationships between specific structural features and social perceptions
 
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  Publisher Public Library of Science Place of Publication Editor  
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  Notes OR;MV Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ RMT2011 Serial 1883  
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Author Sergio Escalera; Xavier Baro; Jordi Vitria; Petia Radeva; Bogdan Raducanu edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Social Network Extraction and Analysis Based on Multimodal Dyadic Interaction Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Sensors Abbreviated Journal SENS  
  Volume 12 Issue 2 Pages 1702-1719  
  Keywords  
  Abstract IF=1.77 (2010)
Social interactions are a very important component in peopleís lives. Social network analysis has become a common technique used to model and quantify the properties of social interactions. In this paper, we propose an integrated framework to explore the characteristics of a social network extracted from multimodal dyadic interactions. For our study, we used a set of videos belonging to New York Timesí Blogging Heads opinion blog.
The Social Network is represented as an oriented graph, whose directed links are determined by the Influence Model. The linksí weights are a measure of the ìinfluenceî a person has over the other. The states of the Influence Model encode automatically extracted audio/visual features from our videos using state-of-the art algorithms. Our results are reported in terms of accuracy of audio/visual data fusion for speaker segmentation and centrality measures used to characterize the extracted social network.
 
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  Publisher Molecular Diversity Preservation International Place of Publication Editor  
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  Notes MILAB; OR;HuPBA;MV Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ EBV2012 Serial 1885  
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Author Laura Igual; Xavier Perez Sala; Sergio Escalera; Cecilio Angulo; Fernando De la Torre edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
  Title Continuous Generalized Procrustes Analysis Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication Pattern Recognition Abbreviated Journal PR  
  Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 659–671  
  Keywords Procrustes analysis; 2D shape model; Continuous approach  
  Abstract PR4883, PII: S0031-3203(13)00327-0
Two-dimensional shape models have been successfully applied to solve many problems in computer vision, such as object tracking, recognition, and segmentation. Typically, 2D shape models are learned from a discrete set of image landmarks (corresponding to projection of 3D points of an object), after applying Generalized Procustes Analysis (GPA) to remove 2D rigid transformations. However, the
standard GPA process suffers from three main limitations. Firstly, the 2D training samples do not necessarily cover a uniform sampling of all the 3D transformations of an object. This can bias the estimate of the shape model. Secondly, it can be computationally expensive to learn the shape model by sampling 3D transformations. Thirdly, standard GPA methods use only one reference shape, which can might be insufficient to capture large structural variability of some objects.
To address these drawbacks, this paper proposes continuous generalized Procrustes analysis (CGPA).
CGPA uses a continuous formulation that avoids the need to generate 2D projections from all the rigid 3D transformations. It builds an efficient (in space and time) non-biased 2D shape model from a set of 3D model of objects. A major challenge in CGPA is the need to integrate over the space of 3D rotations, especially when the rotations are parameterized with Euler angles. To address this problem, we introduce the use of the Haar measure. Finally, we extended CGPA to incorporate several reference shapes. Experimental results on synthetic and real experiments show the benefits of CGPA over GPA.
 
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  Notes OR; HuPBA; 605.203; 600.046;MILAB Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ IPE2014 Serial 2352  
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Author Bogdan Raducanu; Fadi Dornaika edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Embedding new observations via sparse-coding for non-linear manifold learning Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication Pattern Recognition Abbreviated Journal PR  
  Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 480-492  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques are affected by two critical aspects: (i) the design of the adjacency graphs, and (ii) the embedding of new test data-the out-of-sample problem. For the first aspect, the proposed solutions, in general, were heuristically driven. For the second aspect, the difficulty resides in finding an accurate mapping that transfers unseen data samples into an existing manifold. Past works addressing these two aspects were heavily parametric in the sense that the optimal performance is only achieved for a suitable parameter choice that should be known in advance. In this paper, we demonstrate that the sparse representation theory not only serves for automatic graph construction as shown in recent works, but also represents an accurate alternative for out-of-sample embedding. Considering for a case study the Laplacian Eigenmaps, we applied our method to the face recognition problem. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed out-of-sample embedding, experiments are conducted using the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and Kernel Support Vector Machines (KSVM) classifiers on six public face datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed model is able to achieve high categorization effectiveness as well as high consistency with non-linear embeddings/manifolds obtained in batch modes.  
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  Notes LAMP; Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ RaD2013b Serial 2316  
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Author Volkmar Frinken; Andreas Fischer; Markus Baumgartner; Horst Bunke edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Keyword spotting for self-training of BLSTM NN based handwriting recognition systems Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication Pattern Recognition Abbreviated Journal PR  
  Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 1073-1082  
  Keywords Document retrieval; Keyword spotting; Handwriting recognition; Neural networks; Semi-supervised learning  
  Abstract The automatic transcription of unconstrained continuous handwritten text requires well trained recognition systems. The semi-supervised paradigm introduces the concept of not only using labeled data but also unlabeled data in the learning process. Unlabeled data can be gathered at little or not cost. Hence it has the potential to reduce the need for labeling training data, a tedious and costly process. Given a weak initial recognizer trained on labeled data, self-training can be used to recognize unlabeled data and add words that were recognized with high confidence to the training set for re-training. This process is not trivial and requires great care as far as selecting the elements that are to be added to the training set is concerned. In this paper, we propose to use a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network handwritten recognition system for keyword spotting in order to select new elements. A set of experiments shows the high potential of self-training for bootstrapping handwriting recognition systems, both for modern and historical handwritings, and demonstrate the benefits of using keyword spotting over previously published self-training schemes.  
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  Notes DAG; 600.077; 602.101 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ FFB2014 Serial 2297  
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Author Jordi Roca; C. Alejandro Parraga; Maria Vanrell edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Chromatic settings and the structural color constancy index Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Journal of Vision Abbreviated Journal JV  
  Volume 13 Issue 4-3 Pages 1-26  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Color constancy is usually measured by achromatic setting, asymmetric matching, or color naming paradigms, whose results are interpreted in terms of indexes and models that arguably do not capture the full complexity of the phenomenon. Here we propose a new paradigm, chromatic setting, which allows a more comprehensive characterization of color constancy through the measurement of multiple points in color space under immersive adaptation. We demonstrated its feasibility by assessing the consistency of subjects' responses over time. The paradigm was applied to two-dimensional (2-D) Mondrian stimuli under three different illuminants, and the results were used to fit a set of linear color constancy models. The use of multiple colors improved the precision of more complex linear models compared to the popular diagonal model computed from gray. Our results show that a diagonal plus translation matrix that models mechanisms other than cone gain might be best suited to explain the phenomenon. Additionally, we calculated a number of color constancy indices for several points in color space, and our results suggest that interrelations among colors are not as uniform as previously believed. To account for this variability, we developed a new structural color constancy index that takes into account the magnitude and orientation of the chromatic shift in addition to the interrelations among colors and memory effects.  
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  Notes CIC; 600.052; 600.051; 605.203 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ RPV2013 Serial 2288  
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Author Jaume Gibert; Ernest Valveny; Horst Bunke edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Embedding of Graphs with Discrete Attributes Via Label Frequencies Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Abbreviated Journal IJPRAI  
  Volume 27 Issue 3 Pages 1360002-1360029  
  Keywords Discrete attributed graphs; graph embedding; graph classification  
  Abstract Graph-based representations of patterns are very flexible and powerful, but they are not easily processed due to the lack of learning algorithms in the domain of graphs. Embedding a graph into a vector space solves this problem since graphs are turned into feature vectors and thus all the statistical learning machinery becomes available for graph input patterns. In this work we present a new way of embedding discrete attributed graphs into vector spaces using node and edge label frequencies. The methodology is experimentally tested on graph classification problems, using patterns of different nature, and it is shown to be competitive to state-of-the-art classification algorithms for graphs, while being computationally much more efficient.  
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  Notes DAG Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ GVB2013 Serial 2305  
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Author Jaume Gibert; Ernest Valveny; Horst Bunke edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Feature Selection on Node Statistics Based Embedding of Graphs Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Pattern Recognition Letters Abbreviated Journal PRL  
  Volume 33 Issue 15 Pages 1980–1990  
  Keywords Structural pattern recognition; Graph embedding; Feature ranking; PCA; Graph classification  
  Abstract Representing a graph with a feature vector is a common way of making statistical machine learning algorithms applicable to the domain of graphs. Such a transition from graphs to vectors is known as graphembedding. A key issue in graphembedding is to select a proper set of features in order to make the vectorial representation of graphs as strong and discriminative as possible. In this article, we propose features that are constructed out of frequencies of node label representatives. We first build a large set of features and then select the most discriminative ones according to different ranking criteria and feature transformation algorithms. On different classification tasks, we experimentally show that only a small significant subset of these features is needed to achieve the same classification rates as competing to state-of-the-art methods.  
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  Notes DAG Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ GVB2012b Serial 1993  
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Author Francesco Ciompi; Oriol Pujol; Carlo Gatta; Marina Alberti; Simone Balocco; Xavier Carrillo; J. Mauri; Petia Radeva edit  url
doi  openurl
  Title HoliMab: A Holistic Approach for Media-Adventitia Border Detection in Intravascular Ultrasound Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Medical Image Analysis Abbreviated Journal MIA  
  Volume 16 Issue 6 Pages 1085-1100  
  Keywords Media–Adventitia border detection; Intravascular ultrasound; Multi-Scale Stacked Sequential Learning; Error-correcting output codes; Holistic segmentation  
  Abstract We present a fully automatic methodology for the detection of the Media-Adventitia border (MAb) in human coronary artery in Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) images. A robust border detection is achieved by means of a holistic interpretation of the detection problem where the target object, i.e. the media layer, is considered as part of the whole vessel in the image and all the relationships between tissues are learnt. A fairly general framework exploiting multi-class tissue characterization as well as contextual information on the morphology and the appearance of the tissues is presented. The methodology is (i) validated through an exhaustive comparison with both Inter-observer variability on two challenging databases and (ii) compared with state-of-the-art methods for the detection of the MAb in IVUS. The obtained averaged values for the mean radial distance and the percentage of area difference are 0.211 mm and 10.1%, respectively. The applicability of the proposed methodology to clinical practice is also discussed.  
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  Notes MILAB;HuPBA Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ CPG2012 Serial 1995  
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