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Author |
Pau Riba; Anjan Dutta; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes |
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Title |
Graph-based deep learning for graphics classification |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
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12th IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition |
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29-30 |
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Graph-based representations are a common way to deal with graphics recognition problems. However, previous works were mainly focused on developing learning-free techniques. The success of deep learning frameworks have proved that learning is a powerful tool to solve many problems, however it is not straightforward to extend these methodologies to non euclidean data such as graphs. On the other hand, graphs are a good representational structure for graphical entities. In this work, we present some deep learning techniques that have been proposed in the literature for graph-based representations and
we show how they can be used in graphics recognition problems |
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GREC |
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DAG; 600.097; 601.302; 600.121 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ RDL2017b |
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3058 |
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Pau Riba; Anjan Dutta; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes; Sounak Dey |
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Title |
Improving Information Retrieval in Multiwriter Scenario by Exploiting the Similarity Graph of Document Terms |
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Conference Article |
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2017 |
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14th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition |
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475-480 |
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document terms; information retrieval; affinity graph; graph of document terms; multiwriter; graph diffusion |
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Information Retrieval (IR) is the activity of obtaining information resources relevant to a questioned information. It usually retrieves a set of objects ranked according to the relevancy to the needed fact. In document analysis, information retrieval receives a lot of attention in terms of symbol and word spotting. However, through decades the community mostly focused either on printed or on single writer scenario, where the
state-of-the-art results have achieved reasonable performance on the available datasets. Nevertheless, the existing algorithms do not perform accordingly on multiwriter scenario. A graph representing relations between a set of objects is a structure where each node delineates an individual element and the similarity between them is represented as a weight on the connecting edge. In this paper, we explore different analytics of graphs constructed from words or graphical symbols, such as diffusion, shortest path, etc. to improve the performance of information retrieval methods in multiwriter scenario |
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DAG; 600.097; 601.302; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ RDL2017a |
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3053 |
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Author |
Pau Riba; Anjan Dutta; Lutz Goldmann; Alicia Fornes; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Josep Llados |
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Title |
Table Detection in Invoice Documents by Graph Neural Networks |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
15th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition |
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122-127 |
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Tabular structures in documents offer a complementary dimension to the raw textual data, representing logical or quantitative relationships among pieces of information. In digital mail room applications, where a large amount of
administrative documents must be processed with reasonable accuracy, the detection and interpretation of tables is crucial. Table recognition has gained interest in document image analysis, in particular in unconstrained formats (absence of rule lines, unknown information of rows and columns). In this work, we propose a graph-based approach for detecting tables in document images. Instead of using the raw content (recognized text), we make use of the location, context and content type, thus it is purely a structure perception approach, not dependent on the language and the quality of the text
reading. Our framework makes use of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in order to describe the local repetitive structural information of tables in invoice documents. Our proposed model has been experimentally validated in two invoice datasets and achieved encouraging results. Additionally, due to the scarcity
of benchmark datasets for this task, we have contributed to the community a novel dataset derived from the RVL-CDIP invoice data. It will be publicly released to facilitate future research. |
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Sydney; Australia; September 2019 |
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DAG; 600.140; 601.302; 602.167; 600.121; 600.141 |
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Admin @ si @ RDG2019 |
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3355 |
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Author |
Pau Riba; Jon Almazan; Alicia Fornes; David Fernandez; Ernest Valveny; Josep Llados |
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Title |
e-Crowds: a mobile platform for browsing and searching in historical demographyrelated manuscripts |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2014 |
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14th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition |
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228 - 233 |
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This paper presents a prototype system running on portable devices for browsing and word searching through historical handwritten document collections. The platform adapts the paradigm of eBook reading, where the narrative is not necessarily sequential, but centered on the user actions. The novelty is to replace digitally born books by digitized historical manuscripts of marriage licenses, so document analysis tasks are required in the browser. With an active reading paradigm, the user can cast queries of people names, so he/she can implicitly follow genealogical links. In addition, the system allows combined searches: the user can refine a search by adding more words to search. As a second contribution, the retrieval functionality involves as a core technology a word spotting module with an unified approach, which allows combined query searches, and also two input modalities: query-by-example, and query-by-string. |
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Creete Island; Grecia; September 2014 |
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2167-6445 |
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978-1-4799-4335-7 |
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ICFHR |
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Notes |
DAG; 600.056; 600.045; 600.061; 602.006; 600.077 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ RAF2014 |
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2463 |
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Author |
Pau Riba; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes |
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Title |
Handwritten Word Spotting by Inexact Matching of Grapheme Graphs |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition ICDAR2015 |
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781 - 785 |
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This paper presents a graph-based word spotting for handwritten documents. Contrary to most word spotting techniques, which use statistical representations, we propose a structural representation suitable to be robust to the inherent deformations of handwriting. Attributed graphs are constructed using a part-based approach. Graphemes extracted from shape convexities are used as stable units of handwriting, and are associated to graph nodes. Then, spatial relations between them determine graph edges. Spotting is defined in terms of an error-tolerant graph matching using bipartite-graph matching algorithm. To make the method usable in large datasets, a graph indexing approach that makes use of binary embeddings is used as preprocessing. Historical documents are used as experimental framework. The approach is comparable to statistical ones in terms of time and memory requirements, especially when dealing with large document collections. |
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DAG; 600.077; 600.061; 602.006 |
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Admin @ si @ RLF2015b |
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2642 |
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Author |
Pau Riba; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes |
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Title |
Error-tolerant coarse-to-fine matching model for hierarchical graphs |
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Conference Article |
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2017 |
Publication |
11th IAPR-TC-15 International Workshop on Graph-Based Representations in Pattern Recognition |
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10310 |
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107-117 |
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Graph matching; Hierarchical graph; Graph-based representation; Coarse-to-fine matching |
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Graph-based representations are effective tools to capture structural information from visual elements. However, retrieving a query graph from a large database of graphs implies a high computational complexity. Moreover, these representations are very sensitive to noise or small changes. In this work, a novel hierarchical graph representation is designed. Using graph clustering techniques adapted from graph-based social media analysis, we propose to generate a hierarchy able to deal with different levels of abstraction while keeping information about the topology. For the proposed representations, a coarse-to-fine matching method is defined. These approaches are validated using real scenarios such as classification of colour images and handwritten word spotting. |
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Anacapri; Italy; May 2017 |
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Springer International Publishing |
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Pasquale Foggia; Cheng-Lin Liu; Mario Vento |
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GbRPR |
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DAG; 600.097; 601.302; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ RLF2017a |
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2951 |
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Author |
Pau Riba; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes |
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Title |
Hierarchical graphs for coarse-to-fine error tolerant matching |
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Journal Article |
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2020 |
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Pattern Recognition Letters |
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PRL |
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134 |
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116-124 |
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Hierarchical graph representation; Coarse-to-fine graph matching; Graph-based retrieval |
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During the last years, graph-based representations are experiencing a growing usage in visual recognition and retrieval due to their ability to capture both structural and appearance-based information. Thus, they provide a greater representational power than classical statistical frameworks. However, graph-based representations leads to high computational complexities usually dealt by graph embeddings or approximated matching techniques. Despite their representational power, they are very sensitive to noise and small variations of the input image. With the aim to cope with the time complexity and the variability present in the generated graphs, in this paper we propose to construct a novel hierarchical graph representation. Graph clustering techniques adapted from social media analysis have been used in order to contract a graph at different abstraction levels while keeping information about the topology. Abstract nodes attributes summarise information about the contracted graph partition. For the proposed representations, a coarse-to-fine matching technique is defined. Hence, small graphs are used as a filtering before more accurate matching methods are applied. This approach has been validated in real scenarios such as classification of colour images or retrieval of handwritten words (i.e. word spotting). |
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DAG; 600.097; 601.302; 603.057; 600.140; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ RLF2020 |
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3349 |
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Pau Riba; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes; Anjan Dutta |
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Title |
Large-scale Graph Indexing using Binary Embeddings of Node Contexts |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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10th IAPR-TC15 Workshop on Graph-based Representations in Pattern Recognition |
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9069 |
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208-217 |
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Graph matching; Graph indexing; Application in document analysis; Word spotting; Binary embedding |
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Graph-based representations are experiencing a growing usage in visual recognition and retrieval due to their representational power in front of classical appearance-based representations in terms of feature vectors. Retrieving a query graph from a large dataset of graphs has the drawback of the high computational complexity required to compare the query and the target graphs. The most important property for a large-scale retrieval is the search time complexity to be sub-linear in the number of database examples. In this paper we propose a fast indexation formalism for graph retrieval. A binary embedding is defined as hashing keys for graph nodes. Given a database of labeled graphs, graph nodes are complemented with vectors of attributes representing their local context. Hence, each attribute counts the length of a walk of order k originated in a vertex with label l. Each attribute vector is converted to a binary code applying a binary-valued hash function. Therefore, graph retrieval is formulated in terms of finding target graphs in the database whose nodes have a small Hamming distance from the query nodes, easily computed with bitwise logical operators. As an application example, we validate the performance of the proposed methods in a handwritten word spotting scenario in images of historical documents. |
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Beijing; China; May 2015 |
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Springer International Publishing |
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C.-L.Liu; B.Luo; W.G.Kropatsch; J.Cheng |
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0302-9743 |
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978-3-319-18223-0 |
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GbRPR |
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DAG; 600.061; 602.006; 600.077 |
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Admin @ si @ RLF2015a |
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2618 |
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Pau Riba; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes; Anjan Dutta |
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Large-scale graph indexing using binary embeddings of node contexts for information spotting in document image databases |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Pattern Recognition Letters |
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PRL |
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87 |
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203-211 |
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Graph-based representations are experiencing a growing usage in visual recognition and retrieval due to their representational power in front of classical appearance-based representations. However, retrieving a query graph from a large dataset of graphs implies a high computational complexity. The most important property for a large-scale retrieval is the search time complexity to be sub-linear in the number of database examples. With this aim, in this paper we propose a graph indexation formalism applied to visual retrieval. A binary embedding is defined as hashing keys for graph nodes. Given a database of labeled graphs, graph nodes are complemented with vectors of attributes representing their local context. Then, each attribute vector is converted to a binary code applying a binary-valued hash function. Therefore, graph retrieval is formulated in terms of finding target graphs in the database whose nodes have a small Hamming distance from the query nodes, easily computed with bitwise logical operators. As an application example, we validate the performance of the proposed methods in different real scenarios such as handwritten word spotting in images of historical documents or symbol spotting in architectural floor plans. |
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DAG; 600.097; 602.006; 603.053; 600.121 |
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RLF2017b |
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2873 |
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Author |
Pau Riba; Lutz Goldmann; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Diede Rusticus; Alicia Fornes; Josep Llados |
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Title |
Table detection in business document images by message passing networks |
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2022 |
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Pattern Recognition |
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PR |
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127 |
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108641 |
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Tabular structures in business documents offer a complementary dimension to the raw textual data. For instance, there is information about the relationships among pieces of information. Nowadays, digital mailroom applications have become a key service for workflow automation. Therefore, the detection and interpretation of tables is crucial. With the recent advances in information extraction, table detection and recognition has gained interest in document image analysis, in particular, with the absence of rule lines and unknown information about rows and columns. However, business documents usually contain sensitive contents limiting the amount of public benchmarking datasets. In this paper, we propose a graph-based approach for detecting tables in document images which do not require the raw content of the document. Hence, the sensitive content can be previously removed and, instead of using the raw image or textual content, we propose a purely structural approach to keep sensitive data anonymous. Our framework uses graph neural networks (GNNs) to describe the local repetitive structures that constitute a table. In particular, our main application domain are business documents. We have carefully validated our approach in two invoice datasets and a modern document benchmark. Our experiments demonstrate that tables can be detected by purely structural approaches. |
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July 2022 |
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Elsevier |
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DAG; 600.162; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ RGR2022 |
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3729 |
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Author |
Pau Riba; Sounak Dey; Ali Furkan Biten; Josep Llados |
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Localizing Infinity-shaped fishes: Sketch-guided object localization in the wild |
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Miscellaneous |
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2021 |
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Arxiv |
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This work investigates the problem of sketch-guided object localization (SGOL), where human sketches are used as queries to conduct the object localization in natural images. In this cross-modal setting, we first contribute with a tough-to-beat baseline that without any specific SGOL training is able to outperform the previous works on a fixed set of classes. The baseline is useful to analyze the performance of SGOL approaches based on available simple yet powerful methods. We advance prior arts by proposing a sketch-conditioned DETR (DEtection TRansformer) architecture which avoids a hard classification and alleviates the domain gap between sketches and images to localize object instances. Although the main goal of SGOL is focused on object detection, we explored its natural extension to sketch-guided instance segmentation. This novel task allows to move towards identifying the objects at pixel level, which is of key importance in several applications. We experimentally demonstrate that our model and its variants significantly advance over previous state-of-the-art results. All training and testing code of our model will be released to facilitate future researchhttps://github.com/priba/sgol_wild. |
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DAG; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ RDB2021 |
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3674 |
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Pau Rodriguez |
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Towards Robust Neural Models for Fine-Grained Image Recognition |
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2019 |
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PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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Fine-grained recognition, i.e. identifying similar subcategories of the same superclass, is central to human activity. Recognizing a friend, finding bacteria in microscopic imagery, or discovering a new kind of galaxy, are just but few examples. However, fine-grained image recognition is still a challenging computer vision task since the differences between two images of the same category can overwhelm the differences between two images of different fine-grained categories. In this regime, where the difference between two categories resides on subtle input changes, excessively invariant CNNs discard those details that help to discriminate between categories and focus on more obvious changes, yielding poor classification performance.
On the other hand, CNNs with too much capacity tend to memorize instance-specific details, thus causing overfitting. In this thesis,motivated by the
potential impact of automatic fine-grained image recognition, we tackle the previous challenges and demonstrate that proper alignment of the inputs, multiple levels of attention, regularization, and explicitmodeling of the output space, results inmore accurate fine-grained recognitionmodels, that generalize better, and are more robust to intra-class variation. Concretely, we study the different stages of the neural network pipeline: input pre-processing, attention to regions, feature activations, and the label space. In each stage, we address different issues that hinder the recognition performance on various fine-grained tasks, and devise solutions in each chapter: i)We deal with the sensitivity to input alignment on fine-grained human facial motion such as pain. ii) We introduce an attention mechanism to allow CNNs to choose and process in detail the most discriminate regions of the image. iii)We further extend attention mechanisms to act on the network activations,
thus allowing them to correct their predictions by looking back at certain
regions, at different levels of abstraction. iv) We propose a regularization loss to prevent high-capacity neural networks to memorize instance details by means of almost-identical feature detectors. v)We finally study the advantages of explicitly modeling the output space within the error-correcting framework. As a result, in this thesis we demonstrate that attention and regularization seem promising directions to overcome the problems of fine-grained image recognition, as well as proper treatment of the input and the output space. |
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March 2019 |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Ediciones Graficas Rey |
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Jordi Gonzalez;Josep M. Gonfaus;Xavier Roca |
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978-84-948531-3-5 |
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Notes |
ISE; 600.119 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Rod2019 |
Serial |
3258 |
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Author |
Pau Rodriguez; Diego Velazquez; Guillem Cucurull; Josep M. Gonfaus; Xavier Roca; Jordi Gonzalez |
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Title |
Pay attention to the activations: a modular attention mechanism for fine-grained image recognition |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia |
Abbreviated Journal |
TMM |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
2 |
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502-514 |
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Abstract |
Fine-grained image recognition is central to many multimedia tasks such as search, retrieval, and captioning. Unfortunately, these tasks are still challenging since the appearance of samples of the same class can be more different than those from different classes. This issue is mainly due to changes in deformation, pose, and the presence of clutter. In the literature, attention has been one of the most successful strategies to handle the aforementioned problems. Attention has been typically implemented in neural networks by selecting the most informative regions of the image that improve classification. In contrast, in this paper, attention is not applied at the image level but to the convolutional feature activations. In essence, with our approach, the neural model learns to attend to lower-level feature activations without requiring part annotations and uses those activations to update and rectify the output likelihood distribution. The proposed mechanism is modular, architecture-independent, and efficient in terms of both parameters and computation required. Experiments demonstrate that well-known networks such as wide residual networks and ResNeXt, when augmented with our approach, systematically improve their classification accuracy and become more robust to changes in deformation and pose and to the presence of clutter. As a result, our proposal reaches state-of-the-art classification accuracies in CIFAR-10, the Adience gender recognition task, Stanford Dogs, and UEC-Food100 while obtaining competitive performance in ImageNet, CIFAR-100, CUB200 Birds, and Stanford Cars. In addition, we analyze the different components of our model, showing that the proposed attention modules succeed in finding the most discriminative regions of the image. Finally, as a proof of concept, we demonstrate that with only local predictions, an augmented neural network can successfully classify an image before reaching any fully connected layer, thus reducing the computational amount up to 10%. |
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Notes |
ISE; 600.119; 600.098 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ RVC2020a |
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3417 |
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Author |
Pau Rodriguez; Diego Velazquez; Guillem Cucurull; Josep M. Gonfaus; Xavier Roca; Seiichi Ozawa; Jordi Gonzalez |
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Title |
Personality Trait Analysis in Social Networks Based on Weakly Supervised Learning of Shared Images |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Applied Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
APPLSCI |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
22 |
Pages |
8170 |
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Keywords |
sentiment analysis, personality trait analysis; weakly-supervised learning; visual classification; OCEAN model; social networks |
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Abstract |
Social networks have attracted the attention of psychologists, as the behavior of users can be used to assess personality traits, and to detect sentiments and critical mental situations such as depression or suicidal tendencies. Recently, the increasing amount of image uploads to social networks has shifted the focus from text to image-based personality assessment. However, obtaining the ground-truth requires giving personality questionnaires to the users, making the process very costly and slow, and hindering research on large populations. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to predict which images are most associated with each personality trait of the OCEAN personality model, without requiring ground-truth personality labels. Namely, we present a weakly supervised framework which shows that the personality scores obtained using specific images textually associated with particular personality traits are highly correlated with scores obtained using standard text-based personality questionnaires. We trained an OCEAN trait model based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), learned from 120K pictures posted with specific textual hashtags, to infer whether the personality scores from the images uploaded by users are consistent with those scores obtained from text. In order to validate our claims, we performed a personality test on a heterogeneous group of 280 human subjects, showing that our model successfully predicts which kind of image will match a person with a given level of a trait. Looking at the results, we obtained evidence that personality is not only correlated with text, but with image content too. Interestingly, different visual patterns emerged from those images most liked by persons with a particular personality trait: for instance, pictures most associated with high conscientiousness usually contained healthy food, while low conscientiousness pictures contained injuries, guns, and alcohol. These findings could pave the way to complement text-based personality questionnaires with image-based questions. |
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ISE; 600.119 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ RVC2020b |
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3553 |
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Author |
Pau Rodriguez; Guillem Cucurull; Jordi Gonzalez; Josep M. Gonfaus; Kamal Nasrollahi; Thomas B. Moeslund; Xavier Roca |
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Title |
Deep Pain: Exploiting Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Facial Expression Classification |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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IEEE Transactions on cybernetics |
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Cyber |
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1-11 |
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Pain is an unpleasant feeling that has been shown to be an important factor for the recovery of patients. Since this is costly in human resources and difficult to do objectively, there is the need for automatic systems to measure it. In this paper, contrary to current state-of-the-art techniques in pain assessment, which are based on facial features only, we suggest that the performance can be enhanced by feeding the raw frames to deep learning models, outperforming the latest state-of-the-art results while also directly facing the problem of imbalanced data. As a baseline, our approach first uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to learn facial features from VGG_Faces, which are then linked to a long short-term memory to exploit the temporal relation between video frames. We further compare the performances of using the so popular schema based on the canonically normalized appearance versus taking into account the whole image. As a result, we outperform current state-of-the-art area under the curve performance in the UNBC-McMaster Shoulder Pain Expression Archive Database. In addition, to evaluate the generalization properties of our proposed methodology on facial motion recognition, we also report competitive results in the Cohn Kanade+ facial expression database. |
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ISE; 600.119; 600.098 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ RCG2017a |
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2926 |
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