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Antonio Lopez; Gabriel Villalonga; Laura Sellart; German Ros; David Vazquez; Jiaolong Xu; Javier Marin; Azadeh S. Mozafari |
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Title |
Training my car to see using virtual worlds |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Image and Vision Computing |
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IMAVIS |
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38 |
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102-118 |
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Computer vision technologies are at the core of different advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and will play a key role in oncoming autonomous vehicles too. One of the main challenges for such technologies is to perceive the driving environment, i.e. to detect and track relevant driving information in a reliable manner (e.g. pedestrians in the vehicle route, free space to drive through). Nowadays it is clear that machine learning techniques are essential for developing such a visual perception for driving. In particular, the standard working pipeline consists of collecting data (i.e. on-board images), manually annotating the data (e.g. drawing bounding boxes around pedestrians), learning a discriminative data representation taking advantage of such annotations (e.g. a deformable part-based model, a deep convolutional neural network), and then assessing the reliability of such representation with the acquired data. In the last two decades most of the research efforts focused on representation learning (first, designing descriptors and learning classifiers; later doing it end-to-end). Hence, collecting data and, especially, annotating it, is essential for learning good representations. While this has been the case from the very beginning, only after the disruptive appearance of deep convolutional neural networks that it became a serious issue due to their data hungry nature. In this context, the problem is that manual data annotation is a tiresome work prone to errors. Accordingly, in the late 00’s we initiated a research line consisting of training visual models using photo-realistic computer graphics, especially focusing on assisted and autonomous driving. In this paper, we summarize such a work and show how it has become a new tendency with increasing acceptance. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ LVS2017 |
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2985 |
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Arash Akbarinia; C. Alejandro Parraga |
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Title |
Colour Constancy Beyond the Classical Receptive Field |
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2018 |
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IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence |
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TPAMI |
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40 |
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9 |
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2081 - 2094 |
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The problem of removing illuminant variations to preserve the colours of objects (colour constancy) has already been solved by the human brain using mechanisms that rely largely on centre-surround computations of local contrast. In this paper we adopt some of these biological solutions described by long known physiological findings into a simple, fully automatic, functional model (termed Adaptive Surround Modulation or ASM). In ASM, the size of a visual neuron's receptive field (RF) as well as the relationship with its surround varies according to the local contrast within the stimulus, which in turn determines the nature of the centre-surround normalisation of cortical neurons higher up in the processing chain. We modelled colour constancy by means of two overlapping asymmetric Gaussian kernels whose sizes are adapted based on the contrast of the surround pixels, resembling the change of RF size. We simulated the contrast-dependent surround modulation by weighting the contribution of each Gaussian according to the centre-surround contrast. In the end, we obtained an estimation of the illuminant from the set of the most activated RFs' outputs. Our results on three single-illuminant and one multi-illuminant benchmark datasets show that ASM is highly competitive against the state-of-the-art and it even outperforms learning-based algorithms in one case. Moreover, the robustness of our model is more tangible if we consider that our results were obtained using the same parameters for all datasets, that is, mimicking how the human visual system operates. These results might provide an insight on how dynamical adaptation mechanisms contribute to make object's colours appear constant to us. |
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NEUROBIT; 600.068; 600.072 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ AkP2018a |
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2990 |
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Arash Akbarinia; C. Alejandro Parraga |
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Title |
Feedback and Surround Modulated Boundary Detection |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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International Journal of Computer Vision |
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IJCV |
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126 |
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12 |
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1367–1380 |
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Boundary detection; Surround modulation; Biologically-inspired vision |
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Edges are key components of any visual scene to the extent that we can recognise objects merely by their silhouettes. The human visual system captures edge information through neurons in the visual cortex that are sensitive to both intensity discontinuities and particular orientations. The “classical approach” assumes that these cells are only responsive to the stimulus present within their receptive fields, however, recent studies demonstrate that surrounding regions and inter-areal feedback connections influence their responses significantly. In this work we propose a biologically-inspired edge detection model in which orientation selective neurons are represented through the first derivative of a Gaussian function resembling double-opponent cells in the primary visual cortex (V1). In our model we account for four kinds of receptive field surround, i.e. full, far, iso- and orthogonal-orientation, whose contributions are contrast-dependant. The output signal from V1 is pooled in its perpendicular direction by larger V2 neurons employing a contrast-variant centre-surround kernel. We further introduce a feedback connection from higher-level visual areas to the lower ones. The results of our model on three benchmark datasets show a big improvement compared to the current non-learning and biologically-inspired state-of-the-art algorithms while being competitive to the learning-based methods. |
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NEUROBIT; 600.068; 600.072 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ AkP2018b |
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2991 |
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Author |
Marçal Rusiñol; J. Chazalon; Katerine Diaz |
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Title |
Augmented Songbook: an Augmented Reality Educational Application for Raising Music Awareness |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
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Multimedia Tools and Applications |
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MTAP |
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77 |
Issue |
11 |
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13773-13798 |
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Augmented reality; Document image matching; Educational applications |
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This paper presents the development of an Augmented Reality mobile application which aims at sensibilizing young children to abstract concepts of music. Such concepts are, for instance, the musical notation or the idea of rhythm. Recent studies in Augmented Reality for education suggest that such technologies have multiple benefits for students, including younger ones. As mobile document image acquisition and processing gains maturity on mobile platforms, we explore how it is possible to build a markerless and real-time application to augment the physical documents with didactic animations and interactive virtual content. Given a standard image processing pipeline, we compare the performance of different local descriptors at two key stages of the process. Results suggest alternatives to the SIFT local descriptors, regarding result quality and computational efficiency, both for document model identification and perspective transform estimation. All experiments are performed on an original and public dataset we introduce here. |
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DAG; ADAS; 600.084; 600.121; 600.118; 600.129 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ RCD2018 |
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2996 |
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Author |
Laura Lopez-Fuentes; Joost Van de Weijer; Manuel Gonzalez-Hidalgo; Harald Skinnemoen; Andrew Bagdanov |
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Title |
Review on computer vision techniques in emergency situations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Multimedia Tools and Applications |
Abbreviated Journal |
MTAP |
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77 |
Issue |
13 |
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17069–17107 |
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Emergency management; Computer vision; Decision makers; Situational awareness; Critical situation |
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In emergency situations, actions that save lives and limit the impact of hazards are crucial. In order to act, situational awareness is needed to decide what to do. Geolocalized photos and video of the situations as they evolve can be crucial in better understanding them and making decisions faster. Cameras are almost everywhere these days, either in terms of smartphones, installed CCTV cameras, UAVs or others. However, this poses challenges in big data and information overflow. Moreover, most of the time there are no disasters at any given location, so humans aiming to detect sudden situations may not be as alert as needed at any point in time. Consequently, computer vision tools can be an excellent decision support. The number of emergencies where computer vision tools has been considered or used is very wide, and there is a great overlap across related emergency research. Researchers tend to focus on state-of-the-art systems that cover the same emergency as they are studying, obviating important research in other fields. In order to unveil this overlap, the survey is divided along four main axes: the types of emergencies that have been studied in computer vision, the objective that the algorithms can address, the type of hardware needed and the algorithms used. Therefore, this review provides a broad overview of the progress of computer vision covering all sorts of emergencies. |
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LAMP; 600.068; 600.120 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ LWG2018 |
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3041 |
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Author |
Katerine Diaz; Konstantia Georgouli; Anastasios Koidis; Jesus Martinez del Rincon |
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Title |
Incremental model learning for spectroscopy-based food analysis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems |
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CILS |
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167 |
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123-131 |
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Incremental model learning; IGDCV technique; Subspace based learning; IdentificationVegetable oils; FT-IR spectroscopy |
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In this paper we propose the use of incremental learning for creating and improving multivariate analysis models in the field of chemometrics of spectral data. As main advantages, our proposed incremental subspace-based learning allows creating models faster, progressively improving previously created models and sharing them between laboratories and institutions without requiring transferring or disclosing individual spectra samples. In particular, our approach allows to improve the generalization and adaptability of previously generated models with a few new spectral samples to be applicable to real-world situations. The potential of our approach is demonstrated using vegetable oil type identification based on spectroscopic data as case study. Results show how incremental models maintain the accuracy of batch learning methodologies while reducing their computational cost and handicaps. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ DGK2017 |
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3002 |
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Author |
Katerine Diaz; Jesus Martinez del Rincon; Aura Hernandez-Sabate |
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Decremental generalized discriminative common vectors applied to images classification |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Knowledge-Based Systems |
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KBS |
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131 |
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46-57 |
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Decremental learning; Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors; Feature extraction; Linear subspace methods; Classification |
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In this paper, a novel decremental subspace-based learning method called Decremental Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors method (DGDCV) is presented. The method makes use of the concept of decremental learning, which we introduce in the field of supervised feature extraction and classification. By efficiently removing unnecessary data and/or classes for a knowledge base, our methodology is able to update the model without recalculating the full projection or accessing to the previously processed training data, while retaining the previously acquired knowledge. The proposed method has been validated in 6 standard face recognition datasets, showing a considerable computational gain without compromising the accuracy of the model. |
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ADAS; 600.118; 600.121 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ DMH2017a |
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3003 |
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Fatemeh Noroozi; Marina Marjanovic; Angelina Njegus; Sergio Escalera; Gholamreza Anbarjafari |
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Title |
Audio-Visual Emotion Recognition in Video Clips |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing |
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TAC |
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10 |
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1 |
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60-75 |
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This paper presents a multimodal emotion recognition system, which is based on the analysis of audio and visual cues. From the audio channel, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients, Filter Bank Energies and prosodic features are extracted. For the visual part, two strategies are considered. First, facial landmarks’ geometric relations, i.e. distances and angles, are computed. Second, we summarize each emotional video into a reduced set of key-frames, which are taught to visually discriminate between the emotions. In order to do so, a convolutional neural network is applied to key-frames summarizing videos. Finally, confidence outputs of all the classifiers from all the modalities are used to define a new feature space to be learned for final emotion label prediction, in a late fusion/stacking fashion. The experiments conducted on the SAVEE, eNTERFACE’05, and RML databases show significant performance improvements by our proposed system in comparison to current alternatives, defining the current state-of-the-art in all three databases. |
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1 Jan.-March 2019 |
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HUPBA; 602.143; 602.133 |
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Admin @ si @ NMN2017 |
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3011 |
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Mohammad Ali Bagheri; Qigang Gao; Sergio Escalera; Huamin Ren; Thomas B. Moeslund; Elham Etemad |
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Title |
Locality Regularized Group Sparse Coding for Action Recognition |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Computer Vision and Image Understanding |
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CVIU |
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158 |
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106-114 |
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Bag of words; Feature encoding; Locality constrained coding; Group sparse coding; Alternating direction method of multipliers; Action recognition |
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Bag of visual words (BoVW) models are widely utilized in image/ video representation and recognition. The cornerstone of these models is the encoding stage, in which local features are decomposed over a codebook in order to obtain a representation of features. In this paper, we propose a new encoding algorithm by jointly encoding the set of local descriptors of each sample and considering the locality structure of descriptors. The proposed method takes advantages of locality coding such as its stability and robustness to noise in descriptors, as well as the strengths of the group coding strategy by taking into account the potential relation among descriptors of a sample. To efficiently implement our proposed method, we consider the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) framework, which results in quadratic complexity in the problem size. The method is employed for a challenging classification problem: action recognition by depth cameras. Experimental results demonstrate the outperformance of our methodology compared to the state-of-the-art on the considered datasets. |
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HuPBA; no proj |
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Admin @ si @ BGE2017 |
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3014 |
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Miguel Angel Bautista; Oriol Pujol; Fernando De la Torre; Sergio Escalera |
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Error-Correcting Factorization |
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2018 |
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IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence |
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TPAMI |
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40 |
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2388-2401 |
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Error Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) is a successful technique in multi-class classification, which is a core problem in Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. A major advantage of ECOC over other methods is that the multi- class problem is decoupled into a set of binary problems that are solved independently. However, literature defines a general error-correcting capability for ECOCs without analyzing how it distributes among classes, hindering a deeper analysis of pair-wise error-correction. To address these limitations this paper proposes an Error-Correcting Factorization (ECF) method, our contribution is three fold: (I) We propose a novel representation of the error-correction capability, called the design matrix, that enables us to build an ECOC on the basis of allocating correction to pairs of classes. (II) We derive the optimal code length of an ECOC using rank properties of the design matrix. (III) ECF is formulated as a discrete optimization problem, and a relaxed solution is found using an efficient constrained block coordinate descent approach. (IV) Enabled by the flexibility introduced with the design matrix we propose to allocate the error-correction on classes that are prone to confusion. Experimental results in several databases show that when allocating the error-correction to confusable classes ECF outperforms state-of-the-art approaches. |
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0162-8828 |
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HuPBA; no menciona |
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Admin @ si @ BPT2018 |
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3015 |
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I. Sorodoc; S. Pezzelle; A. Herbelot; Mariella Dimiccoli; R. Bernardi |
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Learning quantification from images: A structured neural architecture |
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2018 |
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Natural Language Engineering |
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NLE |
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24 |
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3 |
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363-392 |
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Major advances have recently been made in merging language and vision representations. Most tasks considered so far have confined themselves to the processing of objects and lexicalised relations amongst objects (content words). We know, however, that humans (even pre-school children) can abstract over raw multimodal data to perform certain types of higher level reasoning, expressed in natural language by function words. A case in point is given by their ability to learn quantifiers, i.e. expressions like few, some and all. From formal semantics and cognitive linguistics, we know that quantifiers are relations over sets which, as a simplification, we can see as proportions. For instance, in most fish are red, most encodes the proportion of fish which are red fish. In this paper, we study how well current neural network strategies model such relations. We propose a task where, given an image and a query expressed by an object–property pair, the system must return a quantifier expressing which proportions of the queried object have the queried property. Our contributions are twofold. First, we show that the best performance on this task involves coupling state-of-the-art attention mechanisms with a network architecture mirroring the logical structure assigned to quantifiers by classic linguistic formalisation. Second, we introduce a new balanced dataset of image scenarios associated with quantification queries, which we hope will foster further research in this area. |
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MILAB; no menciona |
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Admin @ si @ SPH2018 |
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3021 |
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Author |
Maedeh Aghaei; Mariella Dimiccoli; C. Canton-Ferrer; Petia Radeva |
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Title |
Towards social pattern characterization from egocentric photo-streams |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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Computer Vision and Image Understanding |
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CVIU |
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171 |
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104-117 |
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Social pattern characterization; Social signal extraction; Lifelogging; Convolutional and recurrent neural networks |
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Following the increasingly popular trend of social interaction analysis in egocentric vision, this article presents a comprehensive pipeline for automatic social pattern characterization of a wearable photo-camera user. The proposed framework relies merely on the visual analysis of egocentric photo-streams and consists of three major steps. The first step is to detect social interactions of the user where the impact of several social signals on the task is explored. The detected social events are inspected in the second step for categorization into different social meetings. These two steps act at event-level where each potential social event is modeled as a multi-dimensional time-series, whose dimensions correspond to a set of relevant features for each task; finally, LSTM is employed to classify the time-series. The last step of the framework is to characterize social patterns of the user. Our goal is to quantify the duration, the diversity and the frequency of the user social relations in various social situations. This goal is achieved by the discovery of recurrences of the same people across the whole set of social events related to the user. Experimental evaluation over EgoSocialStyle – the proposed dataset in this work, and EGO-GROUP demonstrates promising results on the task of social pattern characterization from egocentric photo-streams. |
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MILAB; no proj |
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Admin @ si @ ADC2018 |
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3022 |
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Mireia Forns-Nadal; Federico Sem; Anna Mane; Laura Igual; Dani Guinart; Oscar Vilarroya |
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Increased Nucleus Accumbens Volume in First-Episode Psychosis |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging |
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263 |
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57-60 |
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Nucleus accumbens has been reported as a key structure in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Studies analyzing structural abnormalities have shown conflicting results, possibly related to confounding factors. We investigated the nucleus accumbens volume using manual delimitation in first-episode psychosis (FEP) controlling for age, cannabis use and medication. Thirty-one FEP subjects who were naive or minimally exposed to antipsychotics and a control group were MRI scanned and clinically assessed from baseline to 6 months of follow-up. FEP showed increased relative and total accumbens volumes. Clinical correlations with negative symptoms, duration of untreated psychosis and cannabis use were not significant. |
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MILAB; no menciona |
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Admin @ si @ FSM2017 |
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3028 |
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Debora Gil; Rosa Maria Ortiz; Carles Sanchez; Antoni Rosell |
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Objective endoscopic measurements of central airway stenosis. A pilot study |
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2018 |
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95 |
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63–69 |
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Bronchoscopy; Tracheal stenosis; Airway stenosis; Computer-assisted analysis |
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Endoscopic estimation of the degree of stenosis in central airway obstruction is subjective and highly variable. Objective: To determine the benefits of using SENSA (System for Endoscopic Stenosis Assessment), an image-based computational software, for obtaining objective stenosis index (SI) measurements among a group of expert bronchoscopists and general pulmonologists. Methods: A total of 7 expert bronchoscopists and 7 general pulmonologists were enrolled to validate SENSA usage. The SI obtained by the physicians and by SENSA were compared with a reference SI to set their precision in SI computation. We used SENSA to efficiently obtain this reference SI in 11 selected cases of benign stenosis. A Web platform with three user-friendly microtasks was designed to gather the data. The users had to visually estimate the SI from videos with and without contours of the normal and the obstructed area provided by SENSA. The users were able to modify the SENSA contours to define the reference SI using morphometric bronchoscopy. Results: Visual SI estimation accuracy was associated with neither bronchoscopic experience (p = 0.71) nor the contours of the normal and the obstructed area provided by the system (p = 0.13). The precision of the SI by SENSA was 97.7% (95% CI: 92.4-103.7), which is significantly better than the precision of the SI by visual estimation (p < 0.001), with an improvement by at least 15%. Conclusion: SENSA provides objective SI measurements with a precision of up to 99.5%, which can be calculated from any bronchoscope using an affordable scalable interface. Providing normal and obstructed contours on bronchoscopic videos does not improve physicians' visual estimation of the SI. |
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IAM; 600.075; 600.096; 600.145 |
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Admin @ si @ GOS2018 |
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3043 |
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Katerine Diaz; Jesus Martinez del Rincon; Aura Hernandez-Sabate; Marçal Rusiñol; Francesc J. Ferri |
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Fast Kernel Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors for Feature Extraction |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision |
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JMIV |
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60 |
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4 |
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512-524 |
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This paper presents a supervised subspace learning method called Kernel Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors (KGDCV), as a novel extension of the known Discriminative Common Vectors method with Kernels. Our method combines the advantages of kernel methods to model complex data and solve nonlinear
problems with moderate computational complexity, with the better generalization properties of generalized approaches for large dimensional data. These attractive combination makes KGDCV specially suited for feature extraction and classification in computer vision, image processing and pattern recognition applications. Two different approaches to this generalization are proposed, a first one based on the kernel trick (KT) and a second one based on the nonlinear projection trick (NPT) for even higher efficiency. Both methodologies
have been validated on four different image datasets containing faces, objects and handwritten digits, and compared against well known non-linear state-of-art methods. Results show better discriminant properties than other generalized approaches both linear or kernel. In addition, the KGDCV-NPT approach presents a considerable computational gain, without compromising the accuracy of the model. |
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DAG; ADAS; 600.086; 600.130; 600.121; 600.118; 600.129 |
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Admin @ si @ DMH2018a |
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3062 |
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