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Author Daniel Hernandez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Juan C. Moure edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
  Title 3D Perception With Slanted Stixels on GPU Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems Abbreviated Journal TPDS  
  Volume 32 Issue 10 Pages (up) 2434-2447  
  Keywords Daniel Hernandez-Juarez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio M. Lopez; Juan C. Moure  
  Abstract This article presents a GPU-accelerated software design of the recently proposed model of Slanted Stixels, which represents the geometric and semantic information of a scene in a compact and accurate way. We reformulate the measurement depth model to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm, relying on the confidence of the depth estimation and the identification of invalid values to handle outliers. The proposed massively parallel scheme and data layout for the irregular computation pattern that corresponds to a Dynamic Programming paradigm is described and carefully analyzed in performance terms. Performance is shown to scale gracefully on current generation embedded GPUs. We assess the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time performance on three publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach achieves real-time performance with high accuracy for 2048 × 1024 image sizes and 4 × 4 Stixel resolution on the low-power embedded GPU of an NVIDIA Tegra Xavier.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.124; 600.118 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ HEV2021 Serial 3561  
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Author Sudeep Katakol; Basem Elbarashy; Luis Herranz; Joost Van de Weijer; Antonio Lopez edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
  Title Distributed Learning and Inference with Compressed Images Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Abbreviated Journal TIP  
  Volume 30 Issue Pages (up) 3069 - 3083  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Modern computer vision requires processing large amounts of data, both while training the model and/or during inference, once the model is deployed. Scenarios where images are captured and processed in physically separated locations are increasingly common (e.g. autonomous vehicles, cloud computing). In addition, many devices suffer from limited resources to store or transmit data (e.g. storage space, channel capacity). In these scenarios, lossy image compression plays a crucial role to effectively increase the number of images collected under such constraints. However, lossy compression entails some undesired degradation of the data that may harm the performance of the downstream analysis task at hand, since important semantic information may be lost in the process. Moreover, we may only have compressed images at training time but are able to use original images at inference time, or vice versa, and in such a case, the downstream model suffers from covariate shift. In this paper, we analyze this phenomenon, with a special focus on vision-based perception for autonomous driving as a paradigmatic scenario. We see that loss of semantic information and covariate shift do indeed exist, resulting in a drop in performance that depends on the compression rate. In order to address the problem, we propose dataset restoration, based on image restoration with generative adversarial networks (GANs). Our method is agnostic to both the particular image compression method and the downstream task; and has the advantage of not adding additional cost to the deployed models, which is particularly important in resource-limited devices. The presented experiments focus on semantic segmentation as a challenging use case, cover a broad range of compression rates and diverse datasets, and show how our method is able to significantly alleviate the negative effects of compression on the downstream visual task.  
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  Notes LAMP; ADAS; 600.120; 600.118;CIC Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ KEH2021 Serial 3543  
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Author Naveen Onkarappa; Angel Sappa edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Synthetic sequences and ground-truth flow field generation for algorithm validation Type Journal Article
  Year 2015 Publication Multimedia Tools and Applications Abbreviated Journal MTAP  
  Volume 74 Issue 9 Pages (up) 3121-3135  
  Keywords Ground-truth optical flow; Synthetic sequence; Algorithm validation  
  Abstract Research in computer vision is advancing by the availability of good datasets that help to improve algorithms, validate results and obtain comparative analysis. The datasets can be real or synthetic. For some of the computer vision problems such as optical flow it is not possible to obtain ground-truth optical flow with high accuracy in natural outdoor real scenarios directly by any sensor, although it is possible to obtain ground-truth data of real scenarios in a laboratory setup with limited motion. In this difficult situation computer graphics offers a viable option for creating realistic virtual scenarios. In the current work we present a framework to design virtual scenes and generate sequences as well as ground-truth flow fields. Particularly, we generate a dataset containing sequences of driving scenarios. The sequences in the dataset vary in different speeds of the on-board vision system, different road textures, complex motion of vehicle and independent moving vehicles in the scene. This dataset enables analyzing and adaptation of existing optical flow methods, and leads to invention of new approaches particularly for driver assistance systems.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Springer US Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1380-7501 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes ADAS; 600.055; 601.215; 600.076 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ OnS2014b Serial 2472  
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Author Jose Luis Gomez; Gabriel Villalonga; Antonio Lopez edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title Co-Training for Deep Object Detection: Comparing Single-Modal and Multi-Modal Approaches Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Sensors Abbreviated Journal SENS  
  Volume 21 Issue 9 Pages (up) 3185  
  Keywords co-training; multi-modality; vision-based object detection; ADAS; self-driving  
  Abstract Top-performing computer vision models are powered by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Training an accurate CNN highly depends on both the raw sensor data and their associated ground truth (GT). Collecting such GT is usually done through human labeling, which is time-consuming and does not scale as we wish. This data-labeling bottleneck may be intensified due to domain shifts among image sensors, which could force per-sensor data labeling. In this paper, we focus on the use of co-training, a semi-supervised learning (SSL) method, for obtaining self-labeled object bounding boxes (BBs), i.e., the GT to train deep object detectors. In particular, we assess the goodness of multi-modal co-training by relying on two different views of an image, namely, appearance (RGB) and estimated depth (D). Moreover, we compare appearance-based single-modal co-training with multi-modal. Our results suggest that in a standard SSL setting (no domain shift, a few human-labeled data) and under virtual-to-real domain shift (many virtual-world labeled data, no human-labeled data) multi-modal co-training outperforms single-modal. In the latter case, by performing GAN-based domain translation both co-training modalities are on par, at least when using an off-the-shelf depth estimation model not specifically trained on the translated images.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.118 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ GVL2021 Serial 3562  
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Author Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Joost Van de Weijer; Muhammad Anwer Rao; Michael Felsberg; Carlo Gatta edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Semantic Pyramids for Gender and Action Recognition Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Abbreviated Journal TIP  
  Volume 23 Issue 8 Pages (up) 3633-3645  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Person description is a challenging problem in computer vision. We investigated two major aspects of person description: 1) gender and 2) action recognition in still images. Most state-of-the-art approaches for gender and action recognition rely on the description of a single body part, such as face or full-body. However, relying on a single body part is suboptimal due to significant variations in scale, viewpoint, and pose in real-world images. This paper proposes a semantic pyramid approach for pose normalization. Our approach is fully automatic and based on combining information from full-body, upper-body, and face regions for gender and action recognition in still images. The proposed approach does not require any annotations for upper-body and face of a person. Instead, we rely on pretrained state-of-the-art upper-body and face detectors to automatically extract semantic information of a person. Given multiple bounding boxes from each body part detector, we then propose a simple method to select the best candidate bounding box, which is used for feature extraction. Finally, the extracted features from the full-body, upper-body, and face regions are combined into a single representation for classification. To validate the proposed approach for gender recognition, experiments are performed on three large data sets namely: 1) human attribute; 2) head-shoulder; and 3) proxemics. For action recognition, we perform experiments on four data sets most used for benchmarking action recognition in still images: 1) Sports; 2) Willow; 3) PASCAL VOC 2010; and 4) Stanford-40. Our experiments clearly demonstrate that the proposed approach, despite its simplicity, outperforms state-of-the-art methods for gender and action recognition.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1057-7149 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes CIC; LAMP; 601.160; 600.074; 600.079;MILAB;ADAS Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ KWR2014 Serial 2507  
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Author P. Ricaurte ; C. Chilan; Cristhian A. Aguilera-Carrasco; Boris X. Vintimilla; Angel Sappa edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Feature Point Descriptors: Infrared and Visible Spectra Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication Sensors Abbreviated Journal SENS  
  Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages (up) 3690-3701  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This manuscript evaluates the behavior of classical feature point descriptors when they are used in images from long-wave infrared spectral band and compare them with the results obtained in the visible spectrum. Robustness to changes in rotation, scaling, blur, and additive noise are analyzed using a state of the art framework. Experimental results using a cross-spectral outdoor image data set are presented and conclusions from these experiments are given.  
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  Notes ADAS;600.055; 600.076 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ RCA2014a Serial 2474  
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Author Alejandro Gonzalez Alzate; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Jaume Amores edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title On-Board Object Detection: Multicue, Multimodal, and Multiview Random Forest of Local Experts Type Journal Article
  Year 2017 Publication IEEE Transactions on cybernetics Abbreviated Journal Cyber  
  Volume 47 Issue 11 Pages (up) 3980 - 3990  
  Keywords Multicue; multimodal; multiview; object detection  
  Abstract Despite recent significant advances, object detection continues to be an extremely challenging problem in real scenarios. In order to develop a detector that successfully operates under these conditions, it becomes critical to leverage upon multiple cues, multiple imaging modalities, and a strong multiview (MV) classifier that accounts for different object views and poses. In this paper, we provide an extensive evaluation that gives insight into how each of these aspects (multicue, multimodality, and strong MV classifier) affect accuracy both individually and when integrated together. In the multimodality component, we explore the fusion of RGB and depth maps obtained by high-definition light detection and ranging, a type of modality that is starting to receive increasing attention. As our analysis reveals, although all the aforementioned aspects significantly help in improving the accuracy, the fusion of visible spectrum and depth information allows to boost the accuracy by a much larger margin. The resulting detector not only ranks among the top best performers in the challenging KITTI benchmark, but it is built upon very simple blocks that are easy to implement and computationally efficient.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2168-2267 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076; 600.118 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ Serial 2810  
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Author Javier Marin; Sergio Escalera edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title SSSGAN: Satellite Style and Structure Generative Adversarial Networks Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Remote Sensing Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 13 Issue 19 Pages (up) 3984  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This work presents Satellite Style and Structure Generative Adversarial Network (SSGAN), a generative model of high resolution satellite imagery to support image segmentation. Based on spatially adaptive denormalization modules (SPADE) that modulate the activations with respect to segmentation map structure, in addition to global descriptor vectors that capture the semantic information in a vector with respect to Open Street Maps (OSM) classes, this model is able to produce
consistent aerial imagery. By decoupling the generation of aerial images into a structure map and a carefully defined style vector, we were able to improve the realism and geodiversity of the synthesis with respect to the state-of-the-art baseline. Therefore, the proposed model allows us to control the generation not only with respect to the desired structure, but also with respect to a geographic area.		  
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  Notes HUPBA; no proj;MILAB;ADAS Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ MaE2021 Serial 3651  
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Author Idoia Ruiz; Joan Serrat edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Hierarchical Novelty Detection for Traffic Sign Recognition Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Sensors Abbreviated Journal SENS  
  Volume 22 Issue 12 Pages (up) 4389  
  Keywords Novelty detection; hierarchical classification; deep learning; traffic sign recognition; autonomous driving; computer vision  
  Abstract Recent works have made significant progress in novelty detection, i.e., the problem of detecting samples of novel classes, never seen during training, while classifying those that belong to known classes. However, the only information this task provides about novel samples is that they are unknown. In this work, we leverage hierarchical taxonomies of classes to provide informative outputs for samples of novel classes. We predict their closest class in the taxonomy, i.e., its parent class. We address this problem, known as hierarchical novelty detection, by proposing a novel loss, namely Hierarchical Cosine Loss that is designed to learn class prototypes along with an embedding of discriminative features consistent with the taxonomy. We apply it to traffic sign recognition, where we predict the parent class semantics for new types of traffic signs. Our model beats state-of-the art approaches on two large scale traffic sign benchmarks, Mapillary Traffic Sign Dataset (MTSD) and Tsinghua-Tencent 100K (TT100K), and performs similarly on natural images benchmarks (AWA2, CUB). For TT100K and MTSD, our approach is able to detect novel samples at the correct nodes of the hierarchy with 81% and 36% of accuracy, respectively, at 80% known class accuracy.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.154 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ RuS2022 Serial 3684  
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Author Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Jiaolong Xu; Muhammad Anwer Rao; Joost Van de Weijer; Andrew Bagdanov; Antonio Lopez edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Recognizing Actions through Action-specific Person Detection Type Journal Article
  Year 2015 Publication IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Abbreviated Journal TIP  
  Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages (up) 4422-4432  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Action recognition in still images is a challenging problem in computer vision. To facilitate comparative evaluation independently of person detection, the standard evaluation protocol for action recognition uses an oracle person detector to obtain perfect bounding box information at both training and test time. The assumption is that, in practice, a general person detector will provide candidate bounding boxes for action recognition. In this paper, we argue that this paradigm is suboptimal and that action class labels should already be considered during the detection stage. Motivated by the observation that body pose is strongly conditioned on action class, we show that: 1) the existing state-of-the-art generic person detectors are not adequate for proposing candidate bounding boxes for action classification; 2) due to limited training examples, the direct training of action-specific person detectors is also inadequate; and 3) using only a small number of labeled action examples, the transfer learning is able to adapt an existing detector to propose higher quality bounding boxes for subsequent action classification. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to investigate transfer learning for the task of action-specific person detection in still images. We perform extensive experiments on two benchmark data sets: 1) Stanford-40 and 2) PASCAL VOC 2012. For the action detection task (i.e., both person localization and classification of the action performed), our approach outperforms methods based on general person detection by 5.7% mean average precision (MAP) on Stanford-40 and 2.1% MAP on PASCAL VOC 2012. Our approach also significantly outperforms the state of the art with a MAP of 45.4% on Stanford-40 and 31.4% on PASCAL VOC 2012. We also evaluate our action detection approach for the task of action classification (i.e., recognizing actions without localizing them). For this task, our approach, without using any ground-truth person localization at test tim- , outperforms on both data sets state-of-the-art methods, which do use person locations.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1057-7149 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes ADAS; LAMP; 600.076; 600.079;CIC Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ KXR2015 Serial 2668  
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