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Author Jose Luis Gomez; Gabriel Villalonga; Antonio Lopez edit  url
openurl 
  Title Co-Training for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Semantic Segmentation Models Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Sensors – Special Issue on “Machine Learning for Autonomous Driving Perception and Prediction” Abbreviated Journal SENS  
  Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 621  
  Keywords Domain adaptation; semi-supervised learning; Semantic segmentation; Autonomous driving  
  Abstract Semantic image segmentation is a central and challenging task in autonomous driving, addressed by training deep models. Since this training draws to a curse of human-based image labeling, using synthetic images with automatically generated labels together with unlabeled real-world images is a promising alternative. This implies to address an unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) problem. In this paper, we propose a new co-training procedure for synth-to-real UDA of semantic
segmentation models. It consists of a self-training stage, which provides two domain-adapted models, and a model collaboration loop for the mutual improvement of these two models. These models are then used to provide the final semantic segmentation labels (pseudo-labels) for the real-world images. The overall
procedure treats the deep models as black boxes and drives their collaboration at the level of pseudo-labeled target images, i.e., neither modifying loss functions is required, nor explicit feature alignment. We test our proposal on standard synthetic and real-world datasets for on-board semantic segmentation. Our
procedure shows improvements ranging from ∼13 to ∼26 mIoU points over baselines, so establishing new state-of-the-art results.		  
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  Notes ADAS; no proj Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ GVL2023 Serial 3705  
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Author Daniel Hernandez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Juan C. Moure edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
  Title 3D Perception With Slanted Stixels on GPU Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems Abbreviated Journal TPDS  
  Volume 32 Issue 10 Pages 2434-2447  
  Keywords Daniel Hernandez-Juarez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio M. Lopez; Juan C. Moure  
  Abstract This article presents a GPU-accelerated software design of the recently proposed model of Slanted Stixels, which represents the geometric and semantic information of a scene in a compact and accurate way. We reformulate the measurement depth model to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm, relying on the confidence of the depth estimation and the identification of invalid values to handle outliers. The proposed massively parallel scheme and data layout for the irregular computation pattern that corresponds to a Dynamic Programming paradigm is described and carefully analyzed in performance terms. Performance is shown to scale gracefully on current generation embedded GPUs. We assess the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time performance on three publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach achieves real-time performance with high accuracy for 2048 × 1024 image sizes and 4 × 4 Stixel resolution on the low-power embedded GPU of an NVIDIA Tegra Xavier.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.124; 600.118 Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ HEV2021 Serial 3561  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Aura Hernandez-Sabate; Meritxell Joanpere; Nuria Gorgorio; Lluis Albarracin edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title Mathematics learning opportunities when playing a Tower Defense Game Type Journal
  Year 2015 Publication International Journal of Serious Games Abbreviated Journal IJSG  
  Volume 2 Issue 4 Pages 57-71  
  Keywords Tower Defense game; learning opportunities; mathematics; problem solving; game design  
  Abstract A qualitative research study is presented herein with the purpose of identifying mathematics learning opportunities in students between 10 and 12 years old while playing a commercial version of a Tower Defense game. These learning opportunities are understood as mathematicisable moments of the game and involve the establishment of relationships between the game and mathematical problem solving. Based on the analysis of these mathematicisable moments, we conclude that the game can promote problem-solving processes and learning opportunities that can be associated with different mathematical contents that appears in mathematics curricula, thought it seems that teacher or new game elements might be needed to facilitate the processes.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.076 Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ HJG2015 Serial 2730  
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Author Lluis Pere de las Heras; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Sergi Robles; Gemma Sanchez edit  doi
openurl 
  Title CVC-FP and SGT: a new database for structural floor plan analysis and its groundtruthing tool Type Journal Article
  Year 2015 Publication International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition Abbreviated Journal IJDAR  
  Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 15-30  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Recent results on structured learning methods have shown the impact of structural information in a wide range of pattern recognition tasks. In the field of document image analysis, there is a long experience on structural methods for the analysis and information extraction of multiple types of documents. Yet, the lack of conveniently annotated and free access databases has not benefited the progress in some areas such as technical drawing understanding. In this paper, we present a floor plan database, named CVC-FP, that is annotated for the architectural objects and their structural relations. To construct this database, we have implemented a groundtruthing tool, the SGT tool, that allows to make specific this sort of information in a natural manner. This tool has been made for general purpose groundtruthing: It allows to define own object classes and properties, multiple labeling options are possible, grants the cooperative work, and provides user and version control. We finally have collected some of the recent work on floor plan interpretation and present a quantitative benchmark for this database. Both CVC-FP database and the SGT tool are freely released to the research community to ease comparisons between methods and boost reproducible research.  
  Address  
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  Publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg Place of Publication Editor  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1433-2833 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes DAG; ADAS; 600.061; 600.076; 600.077 Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ HRR2015 Serial 2567  
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Author Daniel Hernandez; Lukas Schneider; P. Cebrian; A. Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Uwe Franke; Marc Pollefeys; Juan Carlos Moure edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title Slanted Stixels: A way to represent steep streets Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication International Journal of Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal IJCV  
  Volume 127 Issue Pages 1643–1658  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This work presents and evaluates a novel compact scene representation based on Stixels that infers geometric and semantic information. Our approach overcomes the previous rather restrictive geometric assumptions for Stixels by introducing a novel depth model to account for non-flat roads and slanted objects. Both semantic and depth cues are used jointly to infer the scene representation in a sound global energy minimization formulation. Furthermore, a novel approximation scheme is introduced in order to significantly reduce the computational complexity of the Stixel algorithm, and then achieve real-time computation capabilities. The idea is to first perform an over-segmentation of the image, discarding the unlikely Stixel cuts, and apply the algorithm only on the remaining Stixel cuts. This work presents a novel over-segmentation strategy based on a fully convolutional network, which outperforms an approach based on using local extrema of the disparity map. We evaluate the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time on four publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach maintains accuracy on flat road scene datasets while improving substantially on a novel non-flat road dataset.  
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  Notes ADAS; 600.118; 600.124 Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ HSC2019 Serial 3304  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Aura Hernandez-Sabate; Jose Elias Yauri; Pau Folch; Miquel Angel Piera; Debora Gil edit  doi
openurl 
  Title Recognition of the Mental Workloads of Pilots in the Cockpit Using EEG Signals Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Applied Sciences Abbreviated Journal APPLSCI  
  Volume 12 Issue 5 Pages 2298  
  Keywords Cognitive states; Mental workload; EEG analysis; Neural networks; Multimodal data fusion  
  Abstract The commercial flightdeck is a naturally multi-tasking work environment, one in which interruptions are frequent come in various forms, contributing in many cases to aviation incident reports. Automatic characterization of pilots’ workloads is essential to preventing these kind of incidents. In addition, minimizing the physiological sensor network as much as possible remains both a challenge and a requirement. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have shown high correlations with specific cognitive and mental states, such as workload. However, there is not enough evidence in the literature to validate how well models generalize in cases of new subjects performing tasks with workloads similar to the ones included during the model’s training. In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network to classify EEG features across different mental workloads in a continuous performance task test that partly measures working memory and working memory capacity. Our model is valid at the general population level and it is able to transfer task learning to pilot mental workload recognition in a simulated operational environment.  
  Address February 2022  
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  Notes IAM; ADAS; 600.139; 600.145; 600.118 Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ HYF2022 Serial 3720  
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Author Carme Julia; Felipe Lumbreras; Angel Sappa edit  doi
openurl 
  Title A Factorization-based Approach to Photometric Stereo Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology Abbreviated Journal IJIST  
  Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 115-119  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This article presents an adaptation of a factorization technique to tackle the photometric stereo problem. That is to recover the surface normals and reflectance of an object from a set of images obtained under different lighting conditions. The main contribution of the proposed approach is to consider pixels in shadow and saturated regions as missing data, in order to reduce their influence to the result. Concretely, an adapted Alternation technique is used to deal with missing data. Experimental results considering both synthetic and real images show the viability of the proposed factorization-based strategy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 115–119, 2011.  
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  Notes ADAS Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ JLS2011; ADAS @ adas @ Serial 1711  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Carme Julia; Angel Sappa; Felipe Lumbreras; Joan Serrat; Antonio Lopez edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Rank Estimation in Missing Data Matrix Problems Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision Abbreviated Journal JMIV  
  Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 140-160  
  Keywords  
  Abstract A novel technique for missing data matrix rank estimation is presented. It is focused on matrices of trajectories, where every element of the matrix corresponds to an image coordinate from a feature point of a rigid moving object at a given frame; missing data are represented as empty entries. The objective of the proposed approach is to estimate the rank of a missing data matrix in order to fill in empty entries with some matrix completion method, without using or assuming neither the number of objects contained in the scene nor the kind of their motion. The key point of the proposed technique consists in studying the frequency behaviour of the individual trajectories, which are seen as 1D signals. The main assumption is that due to the rigidity of the moving objects, the frequency content of the trajectories will be similar after filling in their missing entries. The proposed rank estimation approach can be used in different computer vision problems, where the rank of a missing data matrix needs to be estimated. Experimental results with synthetic and real data are provided in order to empirically show the good performance of the proposed approach.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0924-9907 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes ADAS Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ JSL2011; Serial 1710  
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Author Sudeep Katakol; Basem Elbarashy; Luis Herranz; Joost Van de Weijer; Antonio Lopez edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
  Title Distributed Learning and Inference with Compressed Images Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Abbreviated Journal TIP  
  Volume 30 Issue Pages 3069 - 3083  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Modern computer vision requires processing large amounts of data, both while training the model and/or during inference, once the model is deployed. Scenarios where images are captured and processed in physically separated locations are increasingly common (e.g. autonomous vehicles, cloud computing). In addition, many devices suffer from limited resources to store or transmit data (e.g. storage space, channel capacity). In these scenarios, lossy image compression plays a crucial role to effectively increase the number of images collected under such constraints. However, lossy compression entails some undesired degradation of the data that may harm the performance of the downstream analysis task at hand, since important semantic information may be lost in the process. Moreover, we may only have compressed images at training time but are able to use original images at inference time, or vice versa, and in such a case, the downstream model suffers from covariate shift. In this paper, we analyze this phenomenon, with a special focus on vision-based perception for autonomous driving as a paradigmatic scenario. We see that loss of semantic information and covariate shift do indeed exist, resulting in a drop in performance that depends on the compression rate. In order to address the problem, we propose dataset restoration, based on image restoration with generative adversarial networks (GANs). Our method is agnostic to both the particular image compression method and the downstream task; and has the advantage of not adding additional cost to the deployed models, which is particularly important in resource-limited devices. The presented experiments focus on semantic segmentation as a challenging use case, cover a broad range of compression rates and diverse datasets, and show how our method is able to significantly alleviate the negative effects of compression on the downstream visual task.  
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  Notes LAMP; ADAS; 600.120; 600.118 Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ KEH2021 Serial 3543  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Muhammad Anwer Rao; Joost Van de Weijer; Andrew Bagdanov; Antonio Lopez; Michael Felsberg edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Coloring Action Recognition in Still Images Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication International Journal of Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal IJCV  
  Volume 105 Issue 3 Pages 205-221  
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  Abstract In this article we investigate the problem of human action recognition in static images. By action recognition we intend a class of problems which includes both action classification and action detection (i.e. simultaneous localization and classification). Bag-of-words image representations yield promising results for action classification, and deformable part models perform very well object detection. The representations for action recognition typically use only shape cues and ignore color information. Inspired by the recent success of color in image classification and object detection, we investigate the potential of color for action classification and detection in static images. We perform a comprehensive evaluation of color descriptors and fusion approaches for action recognition. Experiments were conducted on the three datasets most used for benchmarking action recognition in still images: Willow, PASCAL VOC 2010 and Stanford-40. Our experiments demonstrate that incorporating color information considerably improves recognition performance, and that a descriptor based on color names outperforms pure color descriptors. Our experiments demonstrate that late fusion of color and shape information outperforms other approaches on action recognition. Finally, we show that the different color–shape fusion approaches result in complementary information and combining them yields state-of-the-art performance for action classification.  
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  Publisher Springer US Place of Publication Editor  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0920-5691 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes CIC; ADAS; 600.057; 600.048 Approved no  
  Call Number (up) Admin @ si @ KRW2013 Serial 2285  
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