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Author |
Antonio Lopez; Gabriel Villalonga; Laura Sellart; German Ros; David Vazquez; Jiaolong Xu; Javier Marin; Azadeh S. Mozafari |
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Title |
Training my car to see using virtual worlds |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Image and Vision Computing |
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IMAVIS |
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38 |
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102-118 |
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Computer vision technologies are at the core of different advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and will play a key role in oncoming autonomous vehicles too. One of the main challenges for such technologies is to perceive the driving environment, i.e. to detect and track relevant driving information in a reliable manner (e.g. pedestrians in the vehicle route, free space to drive through). Nowadays it is clear that machine learning techniques are essential for developing such a visual perception for driving. In particular, the standard working pipeline consists of collecting data (i.e. on-board images), manually annotating the data (e.g. drawing bounding boxes around pedestrians), learning a discriminative data representation taking advantage of such annotations (e.g. a deformable part-based model, a deep convolutional neural network), and then assessing the reliability of such representation with the acquired data. In the last two decades most of the research efforts focused on representation learning (first, designing descriptors and learning classifiers; later doing it end-to-end). Hence, collecting data and, especially, annotating it, is essential for learning good representations. While this has been the case from the very beginning, only after the disruptive appearance of deep convolutional neural networks that it became a serious issue due to their data hungry nature. In this context, the problem is that manual data annotation is a tiresome work prone to errors. Accordingly, in the late 00’s we initiated a research line consisting of training visual models using photo-realistic computer graphics, especially focusing on assisted and autonomous driving. In this paper, we summarize such a work and show how it has become a new tendency with increasing acceptance. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ LVS2017 |
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2985 |
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David Masip; Agata Lapedriza; Jordi Vitria |
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Title |
Boosted Online Learning for Face Recognition |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics part B |
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TSMCB |
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39 |
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2 |
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530–538 |
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Face recognition applications commonly suffer from three main drawbacks: a reduced training set, information lying in high-dimensional subspaces, and the need to incorporate new people to recognize. In the recent literature, the extension of a face classifier in order to include new people in the model has been solved using online feature extraction techniques. The most successful approaches of those are the extensions of the principal component analysis or the linear discriminant analysis. In the current paper, a new online boosting algorithm is introduced: a face recognition method that extends a boosting-based classifier by adding new classes while avoiding the need of retraining the classifier each time a new person joins the system. The classifier is learned using the multitask learning principle where multiple verification tasks are trained together sharing the same feature space. The new classes are added taking advantage of the structure learned previously, being the addition of new classes not computationally demanding. The present proposal has been (experimentally) validated with two different facial data sets by comparing our approach with the current state-of-the-art techniques. The results show that the proposed online boosting algorithm fares better in terms of final accuracy. In addition, the global performance does not decrease drastically even when the number of classes of the base problem is multiplied by eight. |
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1083–4419 |
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OR;MV |
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BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ MLV2009 |
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1155 |
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Fadi Dornaika; Bogdan Raducanu |
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Title |
Three-Dimensional Face Pose Detection and Tracking Using Monocular Videos: Tool and Application |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics part B |
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TSMCB |
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39 |
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4 |
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935–944 |
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Recently, we have proposed a real-time tracker that simultaneously tracks the 3-D head pose and facial actions in monocular video sequences that can be provided by low quality cameras. This paper has two main contributions. First, we propose an automatic 3-D face pose initialization scheme for the real-time tracker by adopting a 2-D face detector and an eigenface system. Second, we use the proposed methods-the initialization and tracking-for enhancing the human-machine interaction functionality of an AIBO robot. More precisely, we show how the orientation of the robot's camera (or any active vision system) can be controlled through the estimation of the user's head pose. Applications based on head-pose imitation such as telepresence, virtual reality, and video games can directly exploit the proposed techniques. Experiments on real videos confirm the robustness and usefulness of the proposed methods. |
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OR;MV |
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BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ DoR2009a |
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1218 |
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Author |
C. Alejandro Parraga; Robert Benavente; Maria Vanrell |
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Title |
Towards a general model of colour categorization which considers context |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
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Perception. ECVP Abstract Supplement |
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PER |
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39 |
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86 |
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In two previous experiments [Parraga et al, 2009 J. of Im. Sci. and Tech 53(3) 031106; Benavente et al,2009 Perception 38 ECVP Supplement, 36] the boundaries of basic colour categories were measured.
In the first experiment, samples were presented in isolation (ie on a dark background) and boundaries were measured using a yes/no paradigm. In the second, subjects adjusted the chromaticity of a sample presented on a random Mondrian background to find the boundary between pairs of adjacent colours.
Results from these experiments showed significant dierences but it was not possible to conclude whether this discrepancy was due to the absence/presence of a colourful background or to the dierences in the paradigms used. In this work, we settle this question by repeating the first experiment (ie samples presented on a dark background) using the second paradigm. A comparison of results shows that
although boundary locations are very similar, boundaries measured in context are significantly dierent(more diuse) than those measured in isolation (confirmed by a Student’s t-test analysis on the subject’s answers statistical distributions). In addition, we completed the mapping of colour name space by measuring the boundaries between chromatic colours and the achromatic centre. With these results we
completed our parametric fuzzy-sets model of colour naming space. |
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CIC |
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no |
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CAT @ cat @ PBV2010b |
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1326 |
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Author |
Olivier Penacchio; C. Alejandro Parraga; Maria Vanrell |
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Title |
Natural Scene Statistics account for Human Cones Ratios |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Perception. ECVP Abstract Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
PER |
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39 |
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101 |
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In two previous experiments [Parraga et al, 2009 J. of Im. Sci. and Tech 53(3) 031106; Benavente et al,2009 Perception 38 ECVP Supplement, 36] the boundaries of basic colour categories were measured.
In the first experiment, samples were presented in isolation (ie on a dark background) and boundaries were measured using a yes/no paradigm. In the second, subjects adjusted the chromaticity of a sample presented on a random Mondrian background to find the boundary between pairs of adjacent colours.
Results from these experiments showed significant dierences but it was not possible to conclude whether this discrepancy was due to the absence/presence of a colourful background or to the dierences in the paradigms used. In this work, we settle this question by repeating the first experiment (ie samples presented on a dark background) using the second paradigm. A comparison of results shows that
although boundary locations are very similar, boundaries measured in context are significantly dierent(more diuse) than those measured in isolation (confirmed by a Student’s t-test analysis on the subject’s answers statistical distributions). In addition, we completed the mapping of colour name space by measuring the boundaries between chromatic colours and the achromatic centre. With these results we completed our parametric fuzzy-sets model of colour naming space. |
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CAT @ cat @ PPV2010 |
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1357 |
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Author |
Carme Julia; Angel Sappa; Felipe Lumbreras; Joan Serrat; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Rank Estimation in Missing Data Matrix Problems |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision |
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JMIV |
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39 |
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2 |
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140-160 |
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A novel technique for missing data matrix rank estimation is presented. It is focused on matrices of trajectories, where every element of the matrix corresponds to an image coordinate from a feature point of a rigid moving object at a given frame; missing data are represented as empty entries. The objective of the proposed approach is to estimate the rank of a missing data matrix in order to fill in empty entries with some matrix completion method, without using or assuming neither the number of objects contained in the scene nor the kind of their motion. The key point of the proposed technique consists in studying the frequency behaviour of the individual trajectories, which are seen as 1D signals. The main assumption is that due to the rigidity of the moving objects, the frequency content of the trajectories will be similar after filling in their missing entries. The proposed rank estimation approach can be used in different computer vision problems, where the rank of a missing data matrix needs to be estimated. Experimental results with synthetic and real data are provided in order to empirically show the good performance of the proposed approach. |
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0924-9907 |
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ADAS |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ JSL2011; |
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1710 |
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Author |
Marina Alberti; Simone Balocco; Xavier Carrillo; J. Mauri; Petia Radeva |
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Title |
Automatic non-rigid temporal alignment of IVUS sequences: method and quantitative validation |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology |
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UMB |
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39 |
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9 |
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1698-712 |
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Intravascular ultrasound; Dynamic time warping; Non-rigid alignment; Sequence matching; Partial overlapping strategy |
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Clinical studies on atherosclerosis regression/progression performed by intravascular ultrasound analysis would benefit from accurate alignment of sequences of the same patient before and after clinical interventions and at follow-up. In this article, a methodology for automatic alignment of intravascular ultrasound sequences based on the dynamic time warping technique is proposed. The non-rigid alignment is adapted to the specific task by applying it to multidimensional signals describing the morphologic content of the vessel. Moreover, dynamic time warping is embedded into a framework comprising a strategy to address partial overlapping between acquisitions and a term that regularizes non-physiologic temporal compression/expansion of the sequences. Extensive validation is performed on both synthetic and in vivo data. The proposed method reaches alignment errors of approximately 0.43 mm for pairs of sequences acquired during the same intervention phase and 0.77 mm for pairs of sequences acquired at successive intervention stages. |
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MILAB |
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Admin @ si @ ABC2013 |
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2313 |
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Simone Balocco; Carlo Gatta; Marina Alberti; Xavier Carrillo; Juan Rigla; Petia Radeva |
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Relation between plaque type, plaque thickness, blood shear stress and plaque stress in coronary arteries assessed by X-ray Angiography and Intravascular Ultrasound |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
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Medical Physics |
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MEDPHYS |
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39 |
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12 |
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7430-7445 |
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PMID 23231293
PURPOSE:
Atheromatic plaque progression is affected, among others phenomena, by biomechanical, biochemical, and physiological factors. In this paper, the authors introduce a novel framework able to provide both morphological (vessel radius, plaque thickness, and type) and biomechanical (wall shear stress and Von Mises stress) indices of coronary arteries.
METHODS:
First, the approach reconstructs the three-dimensional morphology of the vessel from intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and Angiographic sequences, requiring minimal user interaction. Then, a computational pipeline allows to automatically assess fluid-dynamic and mechanical indices. Ten coronary arteries are analyzed illustrating the capabilities of the tool and confirming previous technical and clinical observations.
RESULTS:
The relations between the arterial indices obtained by IVUS measurement and simulations have been quantitatively analyzed along the whole surface of the artery, extending the analysis of the coronary arteries shown in previous state of the art studies. Additionally, for the first time in the literature, the framework allows the computation of the membrane stresses using a simplified mechanical model of the arterial wall.
CONCLUSIONS:
Circumferentially (within a given frame), statistical analysis shows an inverse relation between the wall shear stress and the plaque thickness. At the global level (comparing a frame within the entire vessel), it is observed that heavy plaque accumulations are in general calcified and are located in the areas of the vessel having high wall shear stress. Finally, in their experiments the inverse proportionality between fluid and structural stresses is observed. |
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MILAB |
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no |
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Admin @ si @BGA2012 |
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2170 |
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Gloria Fernandez Esparrach; Jorge Bernal; Cristina Rodriguez de Miguel; Debora Gil; Fernando Vilariño; Henry Cordova; Cristina Sanchez Montes; Isis Ara |
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Title |
Utilidad de la visión por computador para la localización de pólipos pequeños y planos |
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Conference Article |
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2016 |
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XIX Reunión Nacional de la Asociación Española de Gastroenterología, Gastroenterology Hepatology |
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39 |
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2 |
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94 |
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Madrid (Spain) |
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AEGASTRO |
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MV; IAM; 600.097;SIAI |
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Admin @ si @FBR2016 |
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2779 |
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Alicia Fornes; Josep Llados; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Marçal Rusiñol |
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Title |
La Visió per Computador com a Eina per a la Interpretació Automàtica de Fonts Documentals |
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2016 |
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Lligall, Revista Catalana d'Arxivística |
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39 |
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20-46 |
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DAG; 600.097 |
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Admin @ si @ FLR2016 |
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2897 |
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Olivier Penacchio; C. Alejandro Parraga |
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What is the best criterion for an efficient design of retinal photoreceptor mosaics? |
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2011 |
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Perception |
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PER |
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40 |
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197 |
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The proportions of L, M and S photoreceptors in the primate retina are arguably determined by evolutionary pressure and the statistics of the visual environment. Two information theory-based approaches have been recently proposed for explaining the asymmetrical spatial densities of photoreceptors in humans. In the first approach Garrigan et al (2010 PLoS ONE 6 e1000677), a model for computing the information transmitted by cone arrays which considers the differential blurring produced by the long-wavelength accommodation of the eye’s lens is proposed. Their results explain the sparsity of S-cones but the optimum depends weakly on the L:M cone ratio. In the second approach (Penacchio et al, 2010 Perception 39 ECVP Supplement, 101), we show that human cone arrays make the visual representation scale-invariant, allowing the total entropy of the signal to be preserved while decreasing individual neurons’ entropy in further retinotopic representations. This criterion provides a thorough description of the distribution of L:M cone ratios and does not depend on differential blurring of the signal by the lens. Here, we investigate the similarities and differences of both approaches when applied to the same database. Our results support a 2-criteria optimization in the space of cone ratios whose components are arguably important and mostly unrelated.
[This work was partially funded by projects TIN2010-21771-C02-1 and Consolider-Ingenio 2010-CSD2007-00018 from the Spanish MICINN. CAP was funded by grant RYC-2007-00484] |
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Admin @ si @ PeP2011a |
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1719 |
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C. Alejandro Parraga; Olivier Penacchio; Maria Vanrell |
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Title |
Retinal Filtering Matches Natural Image Statistics at Low Luminance Levels |
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2011 |
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Perception |
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PER |
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40 |
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96 |
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The assumption that the retina’s main objective is to provide a minimum entropy representation to higher visual areas (ie efficient coding principle) allows to predict retinal filtering in space–time and colour (Atick, 1992 Network 3 213–251). This is achieved by considering the power spectra of natural images (which is proportional to 1/f2) and the suppression of retinal and image noise. However, most studies consider images within a limited range of lighting conditions (eg near noon) whereas the visual system’s spatial filtering depends on light intensity and the spatiochromatic properties of natural scenes depend of the time of the day. Here, we explore whether the dependence of visual spatial filtering on luminance match the changes in power spectrum of natural scenes at different times of the day. Using human cone-activation based naturalistic stimuli (from the Barcelona Calibrated Images Database), we show that for a range of luminance levels, the shape of the retinal CSF reflects the slope of the power spectrum at low spatial frequencies. Accordingly, the retina implements the filtering which best decorrelates the input signal at every luminance level. This result is in line with the body of work that places efficient coding as a guiding neural principle. |
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Admin @ si @ PPV2011 |
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1720 |
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J.S. Cope; P.Remagnino; S.Mannan; Katerine Diaz; Francesc J. Ferri; P.Wilkin |
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Reverse Engineering Expert Visual Observations: From Fixations To The Learning Of Spatial Filters With A Neural-Gas Algorithm |
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2013 |
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Expert Systems with Applications |
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EXWA |
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40 |
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17 |
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6707-6712 |
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Neural gas; Expert vision; Eye-tracking; Fixations |
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Human beings can become experts in performing specific vision tasks, for example, doctors analysing medical images, or botanists studying leaves. With sufficient knowledge and experience, people can become very efficient at such tasks. When attempting to perform these tasks with a machine vision system, it would be highly beneficial to be able to replicate the process which the expert undergoes. Advances in eye-tracking technology can provide data to allow us to discover the manner in which an expert studies an image. This paper presents a first step towards utilizing these data for computer vision purposes. A growing-neural-gas algorithm is used to learn a set of Gabor filters which give high responses to image regions which a human expert fixated on. These filters can then be used to identify regions in other images which are likely to be useful for a given vision task. The algorithm is evaluated by learning filters for locating specific areas of plant leaves. |
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0957-4174 |
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ADAS |
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Admin @ si @ CRM2013 |
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2438 |
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Tadashi Araki; Sumit K. Banchhor; Narendra D. Londhe; Nobutaka Ikeda; Petia Radeva; Devarshi Shukla; Luca Saba; Antonella Balestrieri; Andrew Nicolaides; Shoaib Shafique; John R. Laird; Jasjit S. Suri |
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Reliable and Accurate Calcium Volume Measurement in Coronary Artery Using Intravascular Ultrasound Videos |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Journal of Medical Systems |
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JMS |
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40 |
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3 |
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51:1-51:20 |
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Interventional cardiology; Atherosclerosis; Coronary arteries; IVUS; calcium volume; Soft computing; Performance Reliability; Accuracy |
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Quantitative assessment of calcified atherosclerotic volume within the coronary artery wall is vital for cardiac interventional procedures. The goal of this study is to automatically measure the calcium volume, given the borders of coronary vessel wall for all the frames of the intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) video. Three soft computing fuzzy classification techniques were adapted namely Fuzzy c-Means (FCM), K-means, and Hidden Markov Random Field (HMRF) for automated segmentation of calcium regions and volume computation. These methods were benchmarked against previously developed threshold-based method. IVUS image data sets (around 30,600 IVUS frames) from 15 patients were collected using 40 MHz IVUS catheter (Atlantis® SR Pro, Boston Scientific®, pullback speed of 0.5 mm/s). Calcium mean volume for FCM, K-means, HMRF and threshold-based method were 37.84 ± 17.38 mm3, 27.79 ± 10.94 mm3, 46.44 ± 19.13 mm3 and 35.92 ± 16.44 mm3 respectively. Cross-correlation, Jaccard Index and Dice Similarity were highest between FCM and threshold-based method: 0.99, 0.92 ± 0.02 and 0.95 + 0.02 respectively. Student’s t-test, z-test and Wilcoxon-test are also performed to demonstrate consistency, reliability and accuracy of the results. Given the vessel wall region, the system reliably and automatically measures the calcium volume in IVUS videos. Further, we validated our system against a trained expert using scoring: K-means showed the best performance with an accuracy of 92.80 %. Out procedure and protocol is along the line with method previously published clinically. |
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MILAB; |
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Admin @ si @ ABL2016 |
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2729 |
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Arash Akbarinia; C. Alejandro Parraga |
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Colour Constancy Beyond the Classical Receptive Field |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence |
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TPAMI |
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40 |
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9 |
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2081 - 2094 |
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The problem of removing illuminant variations to preserve the colours of objects (colour constancy) has already been solved by the human brain using mechanisms that rely largely on centre-surround computations of local contrast. In this paper we adopt some of these biological solutions described by long known physiological findings into a simple, fully automatic, functional model (termed Adaptive Surround Modulation or ASM). In ASM, the size of a visual neuron's receptive field (RF) as well as the relationship with its surround varies according to the local contrast within the stimulus, which in turn determines the nature of the centre-surround normalisation of cortical neurons higher up in the processing chain. We modelled colour constancy by means of two overlapping asymmetric Gaussian kernels whose sizes are adapted based on the contrast of the surround pixels, resembling the change of RF size. We simulated the contrast-dependent surround modulation by weighting the contribution of each Gaussian according to the centre-surround contrast. In the end, we obtained an estimation of the illuminant from the set of the most activated RFs' outputs. Our results on three single-illuminant and one multi-illuminant benchmark datasets show that ASM is highly competitive against the state-of-the-art and it even outperforms learning-based algorithms in one case. Moreover, the robustness of our model is more tangible if we consider that our results were obtained using the same parameters for all datasets, that is, mimicking how the human visual system operates. These results might provide an insight on how dynamical adaptation mechanisms contribute to make object's colours appear constant to us. |
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NEUROBIT; 600.068; 600.072 |
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Admin @ si @ AkP2018a |
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2990 |
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