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	Author	Marc Masana; Tinne Tuytelaars; Joost Van de Weijer
	Title	Ternary Feature Masks: zero-forgetting for task-incremental learning			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	34th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3565-3574
	Keywords
	Abstract	We propose an approach without any forgetting to continual learning for the task-aware regime, where at inference the task-label is known. By using ternary masks we can upgrade a model to new tasks, reusing knowledge from previous tasks while not forgetting anything about them. Using masks prevents both catastrophic forgetting and backward transfer. We argue -- and show experimentally -- that avoiding the former largely compensates for the lack of the latter, which is rarely observed in practice. In contrast to earlier works, our masks are applied to the features (activations) of each layer instead of the weights. This considerably reduces the number of mask parameters for each new task; with more than three orders of magnitude for most networks. The encoding of the ternary masks into two bits per feature creates very little overhead to the network, avoiding scalability issues. To allow already learned features to adapt to the current task without changing the behavior of these features for previous tasks, we introduce task-specific feature normalization. Extensive experiments on several finegrained datasets and ImageNet show that our method outperforms current state-of-the-art while reducing memory overhead in comparison to weight-based approaches.
	Address	Virtual; June 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CVPRW
	Notes	LAMP; 600.120			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ MTW2021			Serial	3565
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	Author	Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez; M. Carmen Parafita; C. Alejandro Parraga; Markus F. Damian
	Title	Testing alternative theoretical accounts of code-switching: Insights from comparative judgments of adjective noun order			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	International journal of bilingualism: interdisciplinary studies of multilingual behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	IJB
	Volume	23	Issue	1	Pages	200-220
	Keywords
	Abstract	Objectives: Spanish and English contrast in adjective–noun word order: for example, brown dress (English) vs. vestido marrón (‘dress brown’, Spanish). According to the Matrix Language model (MLF) word order in code-switched sentences must be compatible with the word order of the matrix language, but working within the minimalist program (MP), Cantone and MacSwan arrived at the descriptive generalization that the position of the noun phrase relative to the adjective is determined by the adjective’s language. Our aim is to evaluate the predictions derived from these two models regarding adjective–noun order in Spanish–English code-switched sentences. Methodology: We contrasted the predictions from both models regarding the acceptability of code-switched sentences with different adjective–noun orders that were compatible with the MP, the MLF, both, or none. Acceptability was assessed in Experiment 1 with a 5-point Likert and in Experiment 2 with a 2-Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) task.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	NEUROBIT; no menciona			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ SPP2019			Serial	3242
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	Author	Muhammad Anwer Rao; Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Joost Van de Weijer; Jorma Laaksonen
	Title	Tex-Nets: Binary Patterns Encoded Convolutional Neural Networks for Texture Recognition			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	19th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Convolutional Neural Networks; Texture Recognition; Local Binary Paterns
	Abstract	Recognizing materials and textures in realistic imaging conditions is a challenging computer vision problem. For many years, local features based orderless representations were a dominant approach for texture recognition. Recently deep local features, extracted from the intermediate layers of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), are used as filter banks. These dense local descriptors from a deep model, when encoded with Fisher Vectors, have shown to provide excellent results for texture recognition. The CNN models, employed in such approaches, take RGB patches as input and train on a large amount of labeled images. We show that CNN models, which we call TEX-Nets, trained using mapped coded images with explicit texture information provide complementary information to the standard deep models trained on RGB patches. We further investigate two deep architectures, namely early and late fusion, to combine the texture and color information. Experiments on benchmark texture datasets clearly demonstrate that TEX-Nets provide complementary information to standard RGB deep network. Our approach provides a large gain of 4.8%, 3.5%, 2.6% and 4.1% respectively in accuracy on the DTD, KTH-TIPS-2a, KTH-TIPS-2b and Texture-10 datasets, compared to the standard RGB network of the same architecture. Further, our final combination leads to consistent improvements over the state-of-the-art on all four datasets.
	Address	Glasgow; Scothland; November 2017
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ACM
	Notes	LAMP; 600.109; 600.068; 600.120			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RKW2017			Serial	3038
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Xavier Baro; Jordi Vitria; Petia Radeva
	Title	Text Detection in Urban Scenes (video sample)			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	12th International Conference of the Catalan Association for Artificial Intelligence	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	202	Issue		Pages	35–44
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract. Text detection in urban scenes is a hard task due to the high variability of text appearance: different text fonts, changes in the point of view, or partial occlusion are just a few problems. Text detection can be specially suited for georeferencing business, navigation, tourist assistance, or to help visual impaired people. In this paper, we propose a general methodology to deal with the problem of text detection in outdoor scenes. The method is based on learning spatial information of gradient based features and Census Transform images using a cascade of classifiers. The method is applied in the context of Mobile Mapping systems, where a mobile vehicle captures urban image sequences. Moreover, a cover data set is presented and tested with the new methodology. The results show high accuracy when detecting multi-linear text regions with high variability of appearance, at same time that it preserves a low false alarm rate compared to classical approaches
	Address	Cardona (Spain)
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1-60750-061-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CCIA
	Notes	OR;MILAB;HuPBA;MV			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EBV2009			Serial	1181
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	Author	Partha Pratim Roy; Umapada Pal; Josep Llados
	Title	Text line extraction in graphical documents using background and foreground			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal	IJDAR
	Volume	15	Issue	3	Pages	227-241
	Keywords
	Abstract	0,405 JCR In graphical documents (e.g., maps, engineering drawings), artistic documents etc., the text lines are annotated in multiple orientations or curvilinear way to illustrate different locations or symbols. For the optical character recognition of such documents, individual text lines from the documents need to be extracted. In this paper, we propose a novel method to segment such text lines and the method is based on the foreground and background information of the text components. To effectively utilize the background information, a water reservoir concept is used here. In the proposed scheme, at ﬁrst, individual components are detected and grouped into character clusters in a hierarchical way using size and positional information. Next, the clusters are extended in two extreme sides to determine potential candidate regions. Finally, with the help of these candidate regions, individual lines are extracted. The experimental results are presented on different datasets of graphical documents, camera-based warped documents, noisy images containing seals, etc. The results demonstrate that our approach is robust and invariant to size and orientation of the text lines present in the document.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1433-2833	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RPL2012b			Serial	2134
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	Author	Klara Janousckova; Jiri Matas; Lluis Gomez; Dimosthenis Karatzas
	Title	Text Recognition – Real World Data and Where to Find Them			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	4489-4496
	Keywords
	Abstract	We present a method for exploiting weakly annotated images to improve text extraction pipelines. The approach uses an arbitrary end-to-end text recognition system to obtain text region proposals and their, possibly erroneous, transcriptions. The method includes matching of imprecise transcriptions to weak annotations and an edit distance guided neighbourhood search. It produces nearly error-free, localised instances of scene text, which we treat as “pseudo ground truth” (PGT). The method is applied to two weakly-annotated datasets. Training with the extracted PGT consistently improves the accuracy of a state of the art recognition model, by 3.7% on average, across different benchmark datasets (image domains) and 24.5% on one of the weakly annotated datasets 1 1 Acknowledgements. The authors were supported by Czech Technical University student grant SGS20/171/0HK3/3TJ13, the MEYS VVV project CZ.02.1.01/0.010.0J16 019/0000765 Research Center for Informatics, the Spanish Research project TIN2017-89779-P and the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya.
	Address	Virtual; January 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICPR
	Notes	DAG; 600.121; 600.129			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ JMG2020			Serial	3557
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	Author	Antonio Clavelli; Dimosthenis Karatzas
	Title	Text Segmentation in Colour Posters from the Spanish Civil War Era			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	181 - 185
	Keywords
	Abstract	The extraction of textual content from colour documents of a graphical nature is a complicated task. The text can be rendered in any colour, size and orientation while the existence of complex background graphics with repetitive patterns can make its localization and segmentation extremely difficult. Here, we propose a new method for extracting textual content from such colour images that makes no assumption as to the size of the characters, their orientation or colour, while it is tolerant to characters that do not follow a straight baseline. We evaluate this method on a collection of documents with historical connotations: the Posters from the Spanish Civil War.
	Address	Barcelona, Spain
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1520-5363	ISBN	978-1-4244-4500-4	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICDAR
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	DAG @ dag @ ClK2009			Serial	1172
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	Author	Mohamed Ali Souibgui; Sanket Biswas; Andres Mafla; Ali Furkan Biten; Alicia Fornes; Yousri Kessentini; Josep Llados; Lluis Gomez; Dimosthenis Karatzas
	Title	Text-DIAE: a self-supervised degradation invariant autoencoder for text recognition and document enhancement			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Proceedings of the 37th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	37	Issue	2	Pages
	Keywords	Representation Learning for Vision; CV Applications; CV Language and Vision; ML Unsupervised; Self-Supervised Learning
	Abstract	In this paper, we propose a Text-Degradation Invariant Auto Encoder (Text-DIAE), a self-supervised model designed to tackle two tasks, text recognition (handwritten or scene-text) and document image enhancement. We start by employing a transformer-based architecture that incorporates three pretext tasks as learning objectives to be optimized during pre-training without the usage of labelled data. Each of the pretext objectives is specifically tailored for the final downstream tasks. We conduct several ablation experiments that confirm the design choice of the selected pretext tasks. Importantly, the proposed model does not exhibit limitations of previous state-of-the-art methods based on contrastive losses, while at the same time requiring substantially fewer data samples to converge. Finally, we demonstrate that our method surpasses the state-of-the-art in existing supervised and self-supervised settings in handwritten and scene text recognition and document image enhancement. Our code and trained models will be made publicly available at https://github.com/dali92002/SSL-OCR
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	AAAI
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ SBM2023			Serial	3848
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	Author	Thanh Ha Do; Salvatore Tabbone; Oriol Ramos Terrades
	Title	Text/graphic separation using a sparse representation with multi-learned dictionaries			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2012	Publication	21st International Conference on Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Graphics Recognition; Layout Analysis; Document Understandin
	Abstract	In this paper, we propose a new approach to extract text regions from graphical documents. In our method, we first empirically construct two sequences of learned dictionaries for the text and graphical parts respectively. Then, we compute the sparse representations of all different sizes and non-overlapped document patches in these learned dictionaries. Based on these representations, each patch can be classified into the text or graphic category by comparing its reconstruction errors. Same-sized patches in one category are then merged together to define the corresponding text or graphic layers which are combined to createfinal text/graphic layer. Finally, in a post-processing step, text regions are further filtered out by using some learned thresholds.
	Address	Tsukuba
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICPR
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ DTR2012a			Serial	2135
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	Author	Partha Pratim Roy; Josep Llados; Umapada Pal
	Title	Text/Graphics Separation in Color Maps			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2007	Publication	International Conference on Computing: Theory and Applications	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	545–551
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address	Kolkata (India)
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICCTA
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	DAG @ dag @ RLP2007a			Serial	806
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	Author	Susana Alvarez; Maria Vanrell
	Title	Texton theory revisited: a bag-of-words approach to combine textons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal	PR
	Volume	45	Issue	12	Pages	4312-4325
	Keywords
	Abstract	The aim of this paper is to revisit an old theory of texture perception and update its computational implementation by extending it to colour. With this in mind we try to capture the optimality of perceptual systems. This is achieved in the proposed approach by sharing well-known early stages of the visual processes and extracting low-dimensional features that perfectly encode adequate properties for a large variety of textures without needing further learning stages. We propose several descriptors in a bag-of-words framework that are derived from different quantisation models on to the feature spaces. Our perceptual features are directly given by the shape and colour attributes of image blobs, which are the textons. In this way we avoid learning visual words and directly build the vocabularies on these lowdimensionaltexton spaces. Main differences between proposed descriptors rely on how co-occurrence of blob attributes is represented in the vocabularies. Our approach overcomes current state-of-art in colour texture description which is proved in several experiments on large texture datasets.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-3203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	CIC			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ AlV2012a			Serial	2130
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	Author	Lluis Gomez; Dimosthenis Karatzas
	Title	TextProposals: a Text‐specific Selective Search Algorithm for Word Spotting in the Wild			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal	PR
	Volume	70	Issue		Pages	60-74
	Keywords
	Abstract	Motivated by the success of powerful while expensive techniques to recognize words in a holistic way (Goel et al., 2013; Almazán et al., 2014; Jaderberg et al., 2016) object proposals techniques emerge as an alternative to the traditional text detectors. In this paper we introduce a novel object proposals method that is specifically designed for text. We rely on a similarity based region grouping algorithm that generates a hierarchy of word hypotheses. Over the nodes of this hierarchy it is possible to apply a holistic word recognition method in an efficient way. Our experiments demonstrate that the presented method is superior in its ability of producing good quality word proposals when compared with class-independent algorithms. We show impressive recall rates with a few thousand proposals in different standard benchmarks, including focused or incidental text datasets, and multi-language scenarios. Moreover, the combination of our object proposals with existing whole-word recognizers (Almazán et al., 2014; Jaderberg et al., 2016) shows competitive performance in end-to-end word spotting, and, in some benchmarks, outperforms previously published results. Concretely, in the challenging ICDAR2015 Incidental Text dataset, we overcome in more than 10% F-score the best-performing method in the last ICDAR Robust Reading Competition (Karatzas, 2015). Source code of the complete end-to-end system is available at https://github.com/lluisgomez/TextProposals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; 600.084; 601.197; 600.121; 600.129			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ GoK2017			Serial	2886
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	Author	Y. Patel; Lluis Gomez; Raul Gomez; Marçal Rusiñol; Dimosthenis Karatzas; C.V. Jawahar
	Title	TextTopicNet-Self-Supervised Learning of Visual Features Through Embedding Images on Semantic Text Spaces			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2018	Publication	Arxiv	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	The immense success of deep learning based methods in computer vision heavily relies on large scale training datasets. These richly annotated datasets help the network learn discriminative visual features. Collecting and annotating such datasets requires a tremendous amount of human effort and annotations are limited to popular set of classes. As an alternative, learning visual features by designing auxiliary tasks which make use of freely available self-supervision has become increasingly popular in the computer vision community. In this paper, we put forward an idea to take advantage of multi-modal context to provide self-supervision for the training of computer vision algorithms. We show that adequate visual features can be learned efficiently by training a CNN to predict the semantic textual context in which a particular image is more probable to appear as an illustration. More specifically we use popular text embedding techniques to provide the self-supervision for the training of deep CNN.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; 600.084; 601.338; 600.121			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ PGG2018			Serial	3177
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	Author	Francesc Tous; Agnes Borras; Robert Benavente; Ramon Baldrich; Maria Vanrell; Josep Llados
	Title	Textual Descriptions for Browsing People by Visual Apperance.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2002	Publication	Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2504	Issue		Pages	419-429
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper presents a first approach to build colour and structural descriptors for information retrieval on a people database. Queries are formulated in terms of their appearance that allows to seek people wearing specific clothes of a given colour name or texture. Descriptors are automatically computed by following three essential steps. A colour naming labelling from pixel properties. A region seg- mentation step based on colour properties of pixels combined with edge information. And a high level step that models the region arrangements in order to build clothes structure. Results are tested on large set of images from real scenes taken at the entrance desk of a building
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Verlag	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG;CIC			Approved	no
	Call Number	CAT @ cat @ TBB2002b			Serial	319
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	Author	Francesc Tous; Agnes Borras; Robert Benavente; Ramon Baldrich; Maria Vanrell; Josep Llados
	Title	Textual Descriptors for browsing people by visual appearence.			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2002	Publication	5è. Congrés Català d’Intel·ligència Artificial CCIA	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Image retrieval, textual descriptors, colour naming, colour normalization, graph matching.
	Abstract	This paper presents a first approach to build colour and structural descriptors for information retrieval on a people database. Queries are formulated in terms of their appearance that allows to seek people wearing specific clothes of a given colour name or texture. Descriptors are automatically computed by following three essential steps. A colour naming labelling from pixel properties. A region seg- mentation step based on colour properties of pixels combined with edge information. And a high level step that models the region arrangements in order to build clothes structure. Results are tested on large set of images from real scenes taken at the entrance desk of a building.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG;CIC			Approved	no
	Call Number	CAT @ cat @ TBB2002a			Serial	287
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