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Juan Ramon Terven Salinas; Joaquin Salas; Bogdan Raducanu |
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Title |
New Opportunities for Computer Vision-Based Assistive Technology Systems for the Visually Impaired |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Computer |
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COMP |
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47 |
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4 |
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52-58 |
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Computing advances and increased smartphone use gives technology system designers greater flexibility in exploiting computer vision to support visually impaired users. Understanding these users' needs will certainly provide insight for the development of improved usability of computing devices. |
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0018-9162 |
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LAMP; |
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Admin @ si @ TSR2014a |
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2317 |
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Bogdan Raducanu; Fadi Dornaika |
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Embedding new observations via sparse-coding for non-linear manifold learning |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Pattern Recognition |
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47 |
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1 |
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480-492 |
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Non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques are affected by two critical aspects: (i) the design of the adjacency graphs, and (ii) the embedding of new test data-the out-of-sample problem. For the first aspect, the proposed solutions, in general, were heuristically driven. For the second aspect, the difficulty resides in finding an accurate mapping that transfers unseen data samples into an existing manifold. Past works addressing these two aspects were heavily parametric in the sense that the optimal performance is only achieved for a suitable parameter choice that should be known in advance. In this paper, we demonstrate that the sparse representation theory not only serves for automatic graph construction as shown in recent works, but also represents an accurate alternative for out-of-sample embedding. Considering for a case study the Laplacian Eigenmaps, we applied our method to the face recognition problem. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed out-of-sample embedding, experiments are conducted using the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and Kernel Support Vector Machines (KSVM) classifiers on six public face datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed model is able to achieve high categorization effectiveness as well as high consistency with non-linear embeddings/manifolds obtained in batch modes. |
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Admin @ si @ RaD2013b |
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2316 |
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Volkmar Frinken; Andreas Fischer; Markus Baumgartner; Horst Bunke |
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Title |
Keyword spotting for self-training of BLSTM NN based handwriting recognition systems |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition |
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PR |
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47 |
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3 |
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1073-1082 |
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Document retrieval; Keyword spotting; Handwriting recognition; Neural networks; Semi-supervised learning |
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The automatic transcription of unconstrained continuous handwritten text requires well trained recognition systems. The semi-supervised paradigm introduces the concept of not only using labeled data but also unlabeled data in the learning process. Unlabeled data can be gathered at little or not cost. Hence it has the potential to reduce the need for labeling training data, a tedious and costly process. Given a weak initial recognizer trained on labeled data, self-training can be used to recognize unlabeled data and add words that were recognized with high confidence to the training set for re-training. This process is not trivial and requires great care as far as selecting the elements that are to be added to the training set is concerned. In this paper, we propose to use a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network handwritten recognition system for keyword spotting in order to select new elements. A set of experiments shows the high potential of self-training for bootstrapping handwriting recognition systems, both for modern and historical handwritings, and demonstrate the benefits of using keyword spotting over previously published self-training schemes. |
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DAG; 600.077; 602.101 |
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Admin @ si @ FFB2014 |
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2297 |
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Author |
Miguel Angel Bautista; Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol |
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Title |
On the Design of an ECOC-Compliant Genetic Algorithm |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition |
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PR |
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47 |
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2 |
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865-884 |
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Genetic Algorithms (GA) have been previously applied to Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) in state-of-the-art works in order to find a suitable coding matrix. Nevertheless, none of the presented techniques directly take into account the properties of the ECOC matrix. As a result the considered search space is unnecessarily large. In this paper, a novel Genetic strategy to optimize the ECOC coding step is presented. This novel strategy redefines the usual crossover and mutation operators in order to take into account the theoretical properties of the ECOC framework. Thus, it reduces the search space and lets the algorithm to converge faster. In addition, a novel operator that is able to enlarge the code in a smart way is introduced. The novel methodology is tested on several UCI datasets and four challenging computer vision problems. Furthermore, the analysis of the results done in terms of performance, code length and number of Support Vectors shows that the optimization process is able to find very efficient codes, in terms of the trade-off between classification performance and the number of classifiers. Finally, classification performance per dichotomizer results shows that the novel proposal is able to obtain similar or even better results while defining a more compact number of dichotomies and SVs compared to state-of-the-art approaches. |
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HuPBA;MILAB |
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Admin @ si @ BEP2013 |
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2254 |
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Author |
Naveen Onkarappa; Angel Sappa |
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Title |
Speed and Texture: An Empirical Study on Optical-Flow Accuracy in ADAS Scenarios |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
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IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems |
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TITS |
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15 |
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1 |
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136-147 |
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IF: 3.064
Increasing mobility in everyday life has led to the concern for the safety of automotives and human life. Computer vision has become a valuable tool for developing driver assistance applications that target such a concern. Many such vision-based assisting systems rely on motion estimation, where optical flow has shown its potential. A variational formulation of optical flow that achieves a dense flow field involves a data term and regularization terms. Depending on the image sequence, the regularization has to appropriately be weighted for better accuracy of the flow field. Because a vehicle can be driven in different kinds of environments, roads, and speeds, optical-flow estimation has to be accurately computed in all such scenarios. In this paper, we first present the polar representation of optical flow, which is quite suitable for driving scenarios due to the possibility that it offers to independently update regularization factors in different directional components. Then, we study the influence of vehicle speed and scene texture on optical-flow accuracy. Furthermore, we analyze the relationships of these specific characteristics on a driving scenario (vehicle speed and road texture) with the regularization weights in optical flow for better accuracy. As required by the work in this paper, we have generated several synthetic sequences along with ground-truth flow fields. |
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1524-9050 |
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ADAS; 600.076 |
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Admin @ si @ OnS2014a |
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2386 |
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Simone Balocco; Carlo Gatta; Francesco Ciompi; A. Wahle; Petia Radeva; S. Carlier; G. Unal; E. Sanidas; J. Mauri; X. Carillo; T. Kovarnik; C. Wang; H. Chen; T. P. Exarchos; D. I. Fotiadis; F. Destrempes; G. Cloutier; Oriol Pujol; Marina Alberti; E. G. Mendizabal-Ruiz; M. Rivera; T. Aksoy; R. W. Downe; I. A. Kakadiaris |
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Title |
Standardized evaluation methodology and reference database for evaluating IVUS image segmentation |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics |
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CMIG |
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38 |
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2 |
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70-90 |
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IVUS (intravascular ultrasound); Evaluation framework; Algorithm comparison; Image segmentation |
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This paper describes an evaluation framework that allows a standardized and quantitative comparison of IVUS lumen and media segmentation algorithms. This framework has been introduced at the MICCAI 2011 Computing and Visualization for (Intra)Vascular Imaging (CVII) workshop, comparing the results of eight teams that participated.
We describe the available data-base comprising of multi-center, multi-vendor and multi-frequency IVUS datasets, their acquisition, the creation of the reference standard and the evaluation measures. The approaches address segmentation of the lumen, the media, or both borders; semi- or fully-automatic operation; and 2-D vs. 3-D methodology. Three performance measures for quantitative analysis have
been proposed. The results of the evaluation indicate that segmentation of the vessel lumen and media is possible with an accuracy that is comparable to manual annotation when semi-automatic methods are used, as well as encouraging results can be obtained also in case of fully-automatic segmentation. The analysis performed in this paper also highlights the challenges in IVUS segmentation that remains to be
solved. |
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MILAB; LAMP; HuPBA; 600.046; 600.063; 600.079 |
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Admin @ si @ BGC2013 |
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2314 |
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Author |
Cesar Isaza; Joaquin Salas; Bogdan Raducanu |
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Title |
Rendering ground truth data sets to detect shadows cast by static objects in outdoors |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Multimedia Tools and Applications |
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MTAP |
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70 |
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1 |
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557-571 |
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Synthetic ground truth data set; Sun position; Shadow detection; Static objects shadow detection |
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In our work, we are particularly interested in studying the shadows cast by static objects in outdoor environments, during daytime. To assess the accuracy of a shadow detection algorithm, we need ground truth information. The collection of such information is a very tedious task because it is a process that requires manual annotation. To overcome this severe limitation, we propose in this paper a methodology to automatically render ground truth using a virtual environment. To increase the degree of realism and usefulness of the simulated environment, we incorporate in the scenario the precise longitude, latitude and elevation of the actual location of the object, as well as the sun’s position for a given time and day. To evaluate our method, we consider a qualitative and a quantitative comparison. In the quantitative one, we analyze the shadow cast by a real object in a particular geographical location and its corresponding rendered model. To evaluate qualitatively the methodology, we use some ground truth images obtained both manually and automatically. |
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Springer US |
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1380-7501 |
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LAMP; |
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Admin @ si @ ISR2014 |
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2229 |
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Author |
Ariel Amato; Ivan Huerta; Mikhail Mozerov; Xavier Roca; Jordi Gonzalez |
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Title |
Moving Cast Shadows Detection Methods for Video Surveillance Applications |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Augmented Vision and Reality |
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6 |
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23-47 |
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Moving cast shadows are a major concern in today’s performance from broad range of many vision-based surveillance applications because they highly difficult the object classification task. Several shadow detection methods have been reported in the literature during the last years. They are mainly divided into two domains. One usually works with static images, whereas the second one uses image sequences, namely video content. In spite of the fact that both cases can be analogously analyzed, there is a difference in the application field. The first case, shadow detection methods can be exploited in order to obtain additional geometric and semantic cues about shape and position of its casting object (‘shape from shadows’) as well as the localization of the light source. While in the second one, the main purpose is usually change detection, scene matching or surveillance (usually in a background subtraction context). Shadows can in fact modify in a negative way the shape and color of the target object and therefore affect the performance of scene analysis and interpretation in many applications. This chapter wills mainly reviews shadow detection methods as well as their taxonomies related with the second case, thus aiming at those shadows which are associated with moving objects (moving shadows). |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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2190-5916 |
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978-3-642-37840-9 |
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ISE; 605.203; 600.049; 302.018; 302.012; 600.078 |
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Admin @ si @ AHM2014 |
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2223 |
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David Roche; Debora Gil; Jesus Giraldo |
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Title |
Mathematical modeling of G protein-coupled receptor function: What can we learn from empirical and mechanistic models? |
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Book Chapter |
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2014 |
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G Protein-Coupled Receptors – Modeling and Simulation Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |
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796 |
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3 |
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159-181 |
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β-arrestin; biased agonism; curve fitting; empirical modeling; evolutionary algorithm; functional selectivity; G protein; GPCR; Hill coefficient; intrinsic efficacy; inverse agonism; mathematical modeling; mechanistic modeling; operational model; parameter optimization; receptor dimer; receptor oligomerization; receptor constitutive activity; signal transduction; two-state model |
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Empirical and mechanistic models differ in their approaches to the analysis of pharmacological effect. Whereas the parameters of the former are not physical constants those of the latter embody the nature, often complex, of biology. Empirical models are exclusively used for curve fitting, merely to characterize the shape of the E/[A] curves. Mechanistic models, on the contrary, enable the examination of mechanistic hypotheses by parameter simulation. Regretfully, the many parameters that mechanistic models may include can represent a great difficulty for curve fitting, representing, thus, a challenge for computational method development. In the present study some empirical and mechanistic models are shown and the connections, which may appear in a number of cases between them, are analyzed from the curves they yield. It may be concluded that systematic and careful curve shape analysis can be extremely useful for the understanding of receptor function, ligand classification and drug discovery, thus providing a common language for the communication between pharmacologists and medicinal chemists. |
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Springer Netherlands |
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0065-2598 |
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978-94-007-7422-3 |
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IAM; 600.075 |
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IAM @ iam @ RGG2014 |
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2197 |
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Javier Marin; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Jaume Amores; Ludmila I. Kuncheva |
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Title |
Occlusion handling via random subspace classifiers for human detection |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (Part B) |
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TSMCB |
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44 |
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3 |
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342-354 |
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Pedestriand Detection; occlusion handling |
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This paper describes a general method to address partial occlusions for human detection in still images. The Random Subspace Method (RSM) is chosen for building a classifier ensemble robust against partial occlusions. The component classifiers are chosen on the basis of their individual and combined performance. The main contribution of this work lies in our approach’s capability to improve the detection rate when partial occlusions are present without compromising the detection performance on non occluded data. In contrast to many recent approaches, we propose a method which does not require manual labelling of body parts, defining any semantic spatial components, or using additional data coming from motion or stereo. Moreover, the method can be easily extended to other object classes. The experiments are performed on three large datasets: the INRIA person dataset, the Daimler Multicue dataset, and a new challenging dataset, called PobleSec, in which a considerable number of targets are partially occluded. The different approaches are evaluated at the classification and detection levels for both partially occluded and non-occluded data. The experimental results show that our detector outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in the presence of partial occlusions, while offering performance and reliability similar to those of the holistic approach on non-occluded data. The datasets used in our experiments have been made publicly available for benchmarking purposes |
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2168-2267 |
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ADAS; 605.203; 600.057; 600.054; 601.042; 601.187; 600.076 |
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ADAS @ adas @ MVL2014 |
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2213 |
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Thierry Brouard; Jordi Gonzalez; Caifeng Shan; Massimo Piccardi; Larry S. Davis |
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Special issue on background modeling for foreground detection in real-world dynamic scenes |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Machine Vision and Applications |
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MVAP |
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25 |
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5 |
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1101-1103 |
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Although background modeling and foreground detection are not mandatory steps for computer vision applications, they may prove useful as they separate the primal objects usually called “foreground” from the remaining part of the scene called “background”, and permits different algorithmic treatment in the video processing field such as video surveillance, optical motion capture, multimedia applications, teleconferencing and human–computer interfaces. Conventional background modeling methods exploit the temporal variation of each pixel to model the background, and the foreground detection is made using change detection. The last decade witnessed very significant publications on background modeling but recently new applications in which background is not static, such as recordings taken from mobile devices or Internet videos, need new developments to detect robustly moving objects in challenging environments. Thus, effective methods for robustness to deal both with dynamic backgrounds, i |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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0932-8092 |
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ISE; 600.078 |
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BGS2014a |
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2411 |
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Author |
Adria Ruiz; Joost Van de Weijer; Xavier Binefa |
![download PDF file pdf](img/file_PDF.gif)
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Title |
Regularized Multi-Concept MIL for weakly-supervised facial behavior categorization |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
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25th British Machine Vision Conference |
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We address the problem of estimating high-level semantic labels for videos of recorded people by means of analysing their facial expressions. This problem, to which we refer as facial behavior categorization, is a weakly-supervised learning problem where we do not have access to frame-by-frame facial gesture annotations but only weak-labels at the video level are available. Therefore, the goal is to learn a set of discriminative expressions and how they determine the video weak-labels. Facial behavior categorization can be posed as a Multi-Instance-Learning (MIL) problem and we propose a novel MIL method called Regularized Multi-Concept MIL to solve it. In contrast to previous approaches applied in facial behavior analysis, RMC-MIL follows a Multi-Concept assumption which allows different facial expressions (concepts) to contribute differently to the video-label. Moreover, to handle with the high-dimensional nature of facial-descriptors, RMC-MIL uses a discriminative approach to model the concepts and structured sparsity regularization to discard non-informative features. RMC-MIL is posed as a convex-constrained optimization problem where all the parameters are jointly learned using the Projected-Quasi-Newton method. In our experiments, we use two public data-sets to show the advantages of the Regularized Multi-Concept approach and its improvement compared to existing MIL methods. RMC-MIL outperforms state-of-the-art results in the UNBC data-set for pain detection. |
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Nottingham; UK; September 2014 |
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BMVC |
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LAMP; CIC; 600.074; 600.079 |
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Admin @ si @ RWB2014 |
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2508 |
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Author |
T.Chauhan; E.Perales; Kaida Xiao; E.Hird ; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Sophie Wuerger |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
The achromatic locus: Effect of navigation direction in color space |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Journal of Vision |
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VSS |
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14 (1) |
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25 |
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1-11 |
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achromatic; unique hues; color constancy; luminance; color space |
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5Y Impact Factor: 2.99 / 1st (Ophthalmology)
An achromatic stimulus is defined as a patch of light that is devoid of any hue. This is usually achieved by asking observers to adjust the stimulus such that it looks neither red nor green and at the same time neither yellow nor blue. Despite the theoretical and practical importance of the achromatic locus, little is known about the variability in these settings. The main purpose of the current study was to evaluate whether achromatic settings were dependent on the task of the observers, namely the navigation direction in color space. Observers could either adjust the test patch along the two chromatic axes in the CIE u*v* diagram or, alternatively, navigate along the unique-hue lines. Our main result is that the navigation method affects the reliability of these achromatic settings. Observers are able to make more reliable achromatic settings when adjusting the test patch along the directions defined by the four unique hues as opposed to navigating along the main axes in the commonly used CIE u*v* chromaticity plane. This result holds across different ambient viewing conditions (Dark, Daylight, Cool White Fluorescent) and different test luminance levels (5, 20, and 50 cd/m2). The reduced variability in the achromatic settings is consistent with the idea that internal color representations are more aligned with the unique-hue lines than the u* and v* axes. |
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DAG; 600.077 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ CPX2014 |
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2418 |
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Author |
Antonio Clavelli; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Josep Llados; Mario Ferraro; Giuseppe Boccignone |
![download PDF file pdf](img/file_PDF.gif)
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Title |
Modelling task-dependent eye guidance to objects in pictures |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Cognitive Computation |
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CoCom |
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6 |
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3 |
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558-584 |
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Visual attention; Gaze guidance; Value; Payoff; Stochastic fixation prediction |
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5Y Impact Factor: 1.14 / 3rd (Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence)
We introduce a model of attentional eye guidance based on the rationale that the deployment of gaze is to be considered in the context of a general action-perception loop relying on two strictly intertwined processes: sensory processing, depending on current gaze position, identifies sources of information that are most valuable under the given task; motor processing links such information with the oculomotor act by sampling the next gaze position and thus performing the gaze shift. In such a framework, the choice of where to look next is task-dependent and oriented to classes of objects embedded within pictures of complex scenes. The dependence on task is taken into account by exploiting the value and the payoff of gazing at certain image patches or proto-objects that provide a sparse representation of the scene objects. The different levels of the action-perception loop are represented in probabilistic form and eventually give rise to a stochastic process that generates the gaze sequence. This way the model also accounts for statistical properties of gaze shifts such as individual scan path variability. Results of the simulations are compared either with experimental data derived from publicly available datasets and from our own experiments. |
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Springer US |
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1866-9956 |
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DAG; 600.056; 600.045; 605.203; 601.212; 600.077 |
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Admin @ si @ CKL2014 |
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2419 |
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Author |
A.Kesidis; Dimosthenis Karatzas |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Logo and Trademark Recognition |
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Book Chapter |
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2014 |
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Handbook of Document Image Processing and Recognition |
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D |
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591-646 |
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Logo recognition; Logo removal; Logo spotting; Trademark registration; Trademark retrieval systems |
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The importance of logos and trademarks in nowadays society is indisputable, variably seen under a positive light as a valuable service for consumers or a negative one as a catalyst of ever-increasing consumerism. This chapter discusses the technical approaches for enabling machines to work with logos, looking into the latest methodologies for logo detection, localization, representation, recognition, retrieval, and spotting in a variety of media. This analysis is presented in the context of three different applications covering the complete depth and breadth of state of the art techniques. These are trademark retrieval systems, logo recognition in document images, and logo detection and removal in images and videos. This chapter, due to the very nature of logos and trademarks, brings together various facets of document image analysis spanning graphical and textual content, while it links document image analysis to other computer vision domains, especially when it comes to the analysis of real-scene videos and images. |
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Springer London |
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D. Doermann; K. Tombre |
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978-0-85729-858-4 |
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DAG; 600.077 |
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Admin @ si @ KeK2014 |
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2425 |
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