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Author |
Laura Igual; Xavier Perez Sala; Sergio Escalera; Cecilio Angulo; Fernando De la Torre |
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Title |
Continuous Generalized Procrustes Analysis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
PR |
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Volume |
47 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
659–671 |
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Keywords |
Procrustes analysis; 2D shape model; Continuous approach |
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Abstract |
PR4883, PII: S0031-3203(13)00327-0
Two-dimensional shape models have been successfully applied to solve many problems in computer vision, such as object tracking, recognition, and segmentation. Typically, 2D shape models are learned from a discrete set of image landmarks (corresponding to projection of 3D points of an object), after applying Generalized Procustes Analysis (GPA) to remove 2D rigid transformations. However, the
standard GPA process suffers from three main limitations. Firstly, the 2D training samples do not necessarily cover a uniform sampling of all the 3D transformations of an object. This can bias the estimate of the shape model. Secondly, it can be computationally expensive to learn the shape model by sampling 3D transformations. Thirdly, standard GPA methods use only one reference shape, which can might be insufficient to capture large structural variability of some objects.
To address these drawbacks, this paper proposes continuous generalized Procrustes analysis (CGPA).
CGPA uses a continuous formulation that avoids the need to generate 2D projections from all the rigid 3D transformations. It builds an efficient (in space and time) non-biased 2D shape model from a set of 3D model of objects. A major challenge in CGPA is the need to integrate over the space of 3D rotations, especially when the rotations are parameterized with Euler angles. To address this problem, we introduce the use of the Haar measure. Finally, we extended CGPA to incorporate several reference shapes. Experimental results on synthetic and real experiments show the benefits of CGPA over GPA. |
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OR; HuPBA; 605.203; 600.046;MILAB |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ IPE2014 |
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2352 |
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Author |
Anjan Dutta; Josep Llados; Horst Bunke; Umapada Pal |
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Title |
A Product Graph Based Method for Dual Subgraph Matching Applied to Symbol Spotting |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Graphics Recognition. Current Trends and Challenges |
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8746 |
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7-11 |
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Product graph; Dual edge graph; Subgraph matching; Random walks; Graph kernel |
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Abstract |
Product graph has been shown as a way for matching subgraphs. This paper reports the extension of the product graph methodology for subgraph matching applied to symbol spotting in graphical documents. Here we focus on the two major limitations of the previous version of the algorithm: (1) spurious nodes and edges in the graph representation and (2) inefficient node and edge attributes. To deal with noisy information of vectorized graphical documents, we consider a dual edge graph representation on the original graph representing the graphical information and the product graph is computed between the dual edge graphs of the pattern graph and the target graph. The dual edge graph with redundant edges is helpful for efficient and tolerating encoding of the structural information of the graphical documents. The adjacency matrix of the product graph locates the pair of similar edges of two operand graphs and exponentiating the adjacency matrix finds similar random walks of greater lengths. Nodes joining similar random walks between two graphs are found by combining different weighted exponentials of adjacency matrices. An experimental investigation reveals that the recall obtained by this approach is quite encouraging. |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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Bart Lamiroy; Jean-Marc Ogier |
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0302-9743 |
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978-3-662-44853-3 |
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DAG; 600.077 |
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Admin @ si @ DLB2014 |
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2698 |
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Svebor Karaman; Giuseppe Lisanti; Andrew Bagdanov; Alberto del Bimbo |
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Title |
Leveraging local neighborhood topology for large scale person re-identification |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
PR |
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47 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
3767–3778 |
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Keywords |
Re-identification; Conditional random field; Semi-supervised; ETHZ; CAVIAR; 3DPeS; CMV100 |
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In this paper we describe a semi-supervised approach to person re-identification that combines discriminative models of person identity with a Conditional Random Field (CRF) to exploit the local manifold approximation induced by the nearest neighbor graph in feature space. The linear discriminative models learned on few gallery images provides coarse separation of probe images into identities, while a graph topology defined by distances between all person images in feature space leverages local support for label propagation in the CRF. We evaluate our approach using multiple scenarios on several publicly available datasets, where the number of identities varies from 28 to 191 and the number of images ranges between 1003 and 36 171. We demonstrate that the discriminative model and the CRF are complementary and that the combination of both leads to significant improvement over state-of-the-art approaches. We further demonstrate how the performance of our approach improves with increasing test data and also with increasing amounts of additional unlabeled data. |
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LAMP; 601.240; 600.079 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ KLB2014a |
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2522 |
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Author |
Svebor Karaman; Giuseppe Lisanti; Andrew Bagdanov; Alberto del Bimbo |
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Title |
From re-identification to identity inference: Labeling consistency by local similarity constraints |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Person Re-Identification |
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2 |
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Pages |
287-307 |
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re-identification; Identity inference; Conditional random fields; Video surveillance |
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In this chapter, we introduce the problem of identity inference as a generalization of person re-identification. It is most appropriate to distinguish identity inference from re-identification in situations where a large number of observations must be identified without knowing a priori that groups of test images represent the same individual. The standard single- and multishot person re-identification common in the literature are special cases of our formulation. We present an approach to solving identity inference by modeling it as a labeling problem in a Conditional Random Field (CRF). The CRF model ensures that the final labeling gives similar labels to detections that are similar in feature space. Experimental results are given on the ETHZ, i-LIDS and CAVIAR datasets. Our approach yields state-of-the-art performance for multishot re-identification, and our results on the more general identity inference problem demonstrate that we are able to infer the identity of very many examples even with very few labeled images in the gallery. |
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Springer London |
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2191-6586 |
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978-1-4471-6295-7 |
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LAMP; 600.079 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @KLB2014b |
Serial |
2521 |
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Author |
Antonio Hernandez; Miguel Angel Bautista; Xavier Perez Sala; Victor Ponce; Sergio Escalera; Xavier Baro; Oriol Pujol; Cecilio Angulo |
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Title |
Probability-based Dynamic Time Warping and Bag-of-Visual-and-Depth-Words for Human Gesture Recognition in RGB-D |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
PRL |
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50 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
112-121 |
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Keywords |
RGB-D; Bag-of-Words; Dynamic Time Warping; Human Gesture Recognition |
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Abstract |
PATREC5825
We present a methodology to address the problem of human gesture segmentation and recognition in video and depth image sequences. A Bag-of-Visual-and-Depth-Words (BoVDW) model is introduced as an extension of the Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW) model. State-of-the-art RGB and depth features, including a newly proposed depth descriptor, are analysed and combined in a late fusion form. The method is integrated in a Human Gesture Recognition pipeline, together with a novel probability-based Dynamic Time Warping (PDTW) algorithm which is used to perform prior segmentation of idle gestures. The proposed DTW variant uses samples of the same gesture category to build a Gaussian Mixture Model driven probabilistic model of that gesture class. Results of the whole Human Gesture Recognition pipeline in a public data set show better performance in comparison to both standard BoVW model and DTW approach. |
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HuPBA;MV; 605.203 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ HBP2014 |
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2353 |
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Author |
Cesar Isaza; Joaquin Salas; Bogdan Raducanu |
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Title |
Rendering ground truth data sets to detect shadows cast by static objects in outdoors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Multimedia Tools and Applications |
Abbreviated Journal |
MTAP |
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70 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
557-571 |
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Synthetic ground truth data set; Sun position; Shadow detection; Static objects shadow detection |
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In our work, we are particularly interested in studying the shadows cast by static objects in outdoor environments, during daytime. To assess the accuracy of a shadow detection algorithm, we need ground truth information. The collection of such information is a very tedious task because it is a process that requires manual annotation. To overcome this severe limitation, we propose in this paper a methodology to automatically render ground truth using a virtual environment. To increase the degree of realism and usefulness of the simulated environment, we incorporate in the scenario the precise longitude, latitude and elevation of the actual location of the object, as well as the sun’s position for a given time and day. To evaluate our method, we consider a qualitative and a quantitative comparison. In the quantitative one, we analyze the shadow cast by a real object in a particular geographical location and its corresponding rendered model. To evaluate qualitatively the methodology, we use some ground truth images obtained both manually and automatically. |
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Springer US |
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1380-7501 |
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LAMP; |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ ISR2014 |
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2229 |
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Author |
David Fernandez; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes |
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A graph-based approach for segmenting touching lines in historical handwritten documents |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition |
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IJDAR |
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17 |
Issue |
3 |
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293-312 |
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Text line segmentation; Handwritten documents; Document image processing; Historical document analysis |
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Text line segmentation in handwritten documents is an important task in the recognition of historical documents. Handwritten document images contain text lines with multiple orientations, touching and overlapping characters between consecutive text lines and different document structures, making line segmentation a difficult task. In this paper, we present a new approach for handwritten text line segmentation solving the problems of touching components, curvilinear text lines and horizontally overlapping components. The proposed algorithm formulates line segmentation as finding the central path in the area between two consecutive lines. This is solved as a graph traversal problem. A graph is constructed using the skeleton of the image. Then, a path-finding algorithm is used to find the optimum path between text lines. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated on a comprehensive dataset consisting of five databases: ICDAR2009, ICDAR2013, UMD, the George Washington and the Barcelona Marriages Database. The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art considering the different types and difficulties of the benchmarking data. |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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1433-2833 |
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DAG; 600.056; 600.061; 602.006; 600.077 |
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Admin @ si @ FLF2014 |
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2459 |
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Joan Marc Llargues Asensio; Juan Peralta; Raul Arrabales; Manuel Gonzalez Bedia; Paulo Cortez; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Artificial Intelligence Approaches for the Generation and Assessment of Believable Human-Like Behaviour in Virtual Characters |
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2014 |
Publication |
Expert Systems With Applications |
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EXSY |
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41 |
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16 |
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7281–7290 |
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Turing test; Human-like behaviour; Believability; Non-player characters; Cognitive architectures; Genetic algorithm; Artificial neural networks |
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Having artificial agents to autonomously produce human-like behaviour is one of the most ambitious original goals of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and remains an open problem nowadays. The imitation game originally proposed by Turing constitute a very effective method to prove the indistinguishability of an artificial agent. The behaviour of an agent is said to be indistinguishable from that of a human when observers (the so-called judges in the Turing test) cannot tell apart humans and non-human agents. Different environments, testing protocols, scopes and problem domains can be established to develop limited versions or variants of the original Turing test. In this paper we use a specific version of the Turing test, based on the international BotPrize competition, built in a First-Person Shooter video game, where both human players and non-player characters interact in complex virtual environments. Based on our past experience both in the BotPrize competition and other robotics and computer game AI applications we have developed three new more advanced controllers for believable agents: two based on a combination of the CERA–CRANIUM and SOAR cognitive architectures and other based on ADANN, a system for the automatic evolution and adaptation of artificial neural networks. These two new agents have been put to the test jointly with CCBot3, the winner of BotPrize 2010 competition (Arrabales et al., 2012), and have showed a significant improvement in the humanness ratio. Additionally, we have confronted all these bots to both First-person believability assessment (BotPrize original judging protocol) and Third-person believability assessment, demonstrating that the active involvement of the judge has a great impact in the recognition of human-like behaviour. |
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ADAS; 600.055; 600.057; 600.076 |
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Admin @ si @ LPA2014 |
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2500 |
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Author |
Antonio Clavelli; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Josep Llados; Mario Ferraro; Giuseppe Boccignone |
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Title |
Modelling task-dependent eye guidance to objects in pictures |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Cognitive Computation |
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CoCom |
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6 |
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3 |
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558-584 |
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Visual attention; Gaze guidance; Value; Payoff; Stochastic fixation prediction |
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Abstract |
5Y Impact Factor: 1.14 / 3rd (Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence)
We introduce a model of attentional eye guidance based on the rationale that the deployment of gaze is to be considered in the context of a general action-perception loop relying on two strictly intertwined processes: sensory processing, depending on current gaze position, identifies sources of information that are most valuable under the given task; motor processing links such information with the oculomotor act by sampling the next gaze position and thus performing the gaze shift. In such a framework, the choice of where to look next is task-dependent and oriented to classes of objects embedded within pictures of complex scenes. The dependence on task is taken into account by exploiting the value and the payoff of gazing at certain image patches or proto-objects that provide a sparse representation of the scene objects. The different levels of the action-perception loop are represented in probabilistic form and eventually give rise to a stochastic process that generates the gaze sequence. This way the model also accounts for statistical properties of gaze shifts such as individual scan path variability. Results of the simulations are compared either with experimental data derived from publicly available datasets and from our own experiments. |
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Springer US |
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1866-9956 |
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DAG; 600.056; 600.045; 605.203; 601.212; 600.077 |
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Admin @ si @ CKL2014 |
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2419 |
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Santiago Segui; Michal Drozdzal; Ekaterina Zaytseva; Fernando Azpiroz; Petia Radeva; Jordi Vitria |
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Detection of wrinkle frames in endoluminal videos using betweenness centrality measures for images |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine |
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TITB |
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18 |
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6 |
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1831-1838 |
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Wireless Capsule Endoscopy; Small Bowel Motility Dysfunction; Contraction Detection; Structured Prediction; Betweenness Centrality |
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Intestinal contractions are one of the most important events to diagnose motility pathologies of the small intestine. When visualized by wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE), the sequence of frames that represents a contraction is characterized by a clear wrinkle structure in the central frames that corresponds to the folding of the intestinal wall. In this paper we present a new method to robustly detect wrinkle frames in full WCE videos by using a new mid-level image descriptor that is based on a centrality measure proposed for graphs. We present an extended validation, carried out in a very large database, that shows that the proposed method achieves state of the art performance for this task. |
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OR; MILAB; 600.046;MV |
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Admin @ si @ SDZ2014 |
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2385 |
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Author |
P. Wang; V. Eglin; C. Garcia; C. Largeron; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes |
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Title |
A Coarse-to-Fine Word Spotting Approach for Historical Handwritten Documents Based on Graph Embedding and Graph Edit Distance |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition |
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3074 - 3079 |
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word spotting; coarse-to-fine mechamism; graphbased representation; graph embedding; graph edit distance |
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Effective information retrieval on handwritten document images has always been a challenging task, especially historical ones. In the paper, we propose a coarse-to-fine handwritten word spotting approach based on graph representation. The presented model comprises both the topological and morphological signatures of the handwriting. Skeleton-based graphs with the Shape Context labelled vertexes are established for connected components. Each word image is represented as a sequence of graphs. Aiming at developing a practical and efficient word spotting approach for large-scale historical handwritten documents, a fast and coarse comparison is first applied to prune the regions that are not similar to the query based on the graph embedding methodology. Afterwards, the query and regions of interest are compared by graph edit distance based on the Dynamic Time Warping alignment. The proposed approach is evaluated on a public dataset containing 50 pages of historical marriage license records. The results show that the proposed approach achieves a compromise between efficiency and accuracy. |
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Stockholm; Sweden; August 2014 |
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1051-4651 |
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ICPR |
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DAG; 600.061; 602.006; 600.077 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ WEG2014a |
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2515 |
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Author |
P. Wang; V. Eglin; C. Garcia; C. Largeron; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes |
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Title |
Représentation par graphe de mots manuscrits dans les images pour la recherche par similarité |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
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Colloque International Francophone sur l'Écrit et le Document |
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233-248 |
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word spotting; graph-based representation; shape context description; graph edit distance; DTW; block merging; query by example |
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Abstract |
Effective information retrieval on handwritten document images has always been
a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel handwritten word spotting approach based on graph representation. The presented model comprises both topological and morphological signatures of handwriting. Skeleton-based graphs with the Shape Context labeled vertexes are established for connected components. Each word image is represented as a sequence of graphs. In order to be robust to the handwriting variations, an exhaustive merging process based on DTW alignment results introduced in the similarity measure between word images. With respect to the computation complexity, an approximate graph edit distance approach using bipartite matching is employed for graph matching. The experiments on the George Washington dataset and the marriage records from the Barcelona Cathedral dataset demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art structural methods. |
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Nancy; Francia; March 2014 |
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DAG; 600.061; 602.006; 600.077 |
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Admin @ si @ WEG2014c |
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2564 |
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Author |
Jon Almazan; Albert Gordo; Alicia Fornes; Ernest Valveny |
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Title |
Segmentation-free Word Spotting with Exemplar SVMs |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition |
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PR |
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47 |
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12 |
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3967–3978 |
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Word spotting; Segmentation-free; Unsupervised learning; Reranking; Query expansion; Compression |
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Abstract |
In this paper we propose an unsupervised segmentation-free method for word spotting in document images. Documents are represented with a grid of HOG descriptors, and a sliding-window approach is used to locate the document regions that are most similar to the query. We use the Exemplar SVM framework to produce a better representation of the query in an unsupervised way. Then, we use a more discriminative representation based on Fisher Vector to rerank the best regions retrieved, and the most promising ones are used to expand the Exemplar SVM training set and improve the query representation. Finally, the document descriptors are precomputed and compressed with Product Quantization. This offers two advantages: first, a large number of documents can be kept in RAM memory at the same time. Second, the sliding window becomes significantly faster since distances between quantized HOG descriptors can be precomputed. Our results significantly outperform other segmentation-free methods in the literature, both in accuracy and in speed and memory usage. |
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DAG; 600.045; 600.056; 600.061; 602.006; 600.077 |
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Admin @ si @ AGF2014b |
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2485 |
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