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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; Petia Radeva
	Title	Error-Correcting Output Codes Library			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Journal of Machine Learning Research	Abbreviated Journal	JMLR
	Volume	11	Issue		Pages	661-664
	Keywords
	Abstract	(Feb):661−664 In this paper, we present an open source Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) library. The ECOC framework is a powerful tool to deal with multi-class categorization problems. This library contains both state-of-the-art coding (one-versus-one, one-versus-all, dense random, sparse random, DECOC, forest-ECOC, and ECOC-ONE) and decoding designs (hamming, euclidean, inverse hamming, laplacian, β-density, attenuated, loss-based, probabilistic kernel-based, and loss-weighted) with the parameters defined by the authors, as well as the option to include your own coding, decoding, and base classifier.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1532-4435	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MILAB;HUPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPR2010c			Serial	1286
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	Author	S. Chanda; Umapada Pal; Oriol Ramos Terrades
	Title	Word-Wise Thai and Roman Script Identification			Type	Journal
	Year	2009	Publication	ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing	Abbreviated Journal	TALIP
	Volume	8	Issue	3	Pages	1-21
	Keywords
	Abstract	In some Thai documents, a single text line of a printed document page may contain words of both Thai and Roman scripts. For the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) of such a document page it is better to identify, at first, Thai and Roman script portions and then to use individual OCR systems of the respective scripts on these identified portions. In this article, an SVM-based method is proposed for identification of word-wise printed Roman and Thai scripts from a single line of a document page. Here, at first, the document is segmented into lines and then lines are segmented into character groups (words). In the proposed scheme, we identify the script of a character group combining different character features obtained from structural shape, profile behavior, component overlapping information, topological properties, and water reservoir concept, etc. Based on the experiment on 10,000 data (words) we obtained 99.62% script identification accuracy from the proposed scheme.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-0226	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ CPR2009f			Serial	1869
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	Author	Xavier Baro; Sergio Escalera; Jordi Vitria; Oriol Pujol; Petia Radeva
	Title	Traffic Sign Recognition Using Evolutionary Adaboost Detection and Forest-ECOC Classification			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems	Abbreviated Journal	TITS
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	113–126
	Keywords
	Abstract	The high variability of sign appearance in uncontrolled environments has made the detection and classification of road signs a challenging problem in computer vision. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for the detection and classification of traffic signs. Detection is based on a boosted detectors cascade, trained with a novel evolutionary version of Adaboost, which allows the use of large feature spaces. Classification is defined as a multiclass categorization problem. A battery of classifiers is trained to split classes in an Error-Correcting Output Code (ECOC) framework. We propose an ECOC design through a forest of optimal tree structures that are embedded in the ECOC matrix. The novel system offers high performance and better accuracy than the state-of-the-art strategies and is potentially better in terms of noise, affine deformation, partial occlusions, and reduced illumination.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1524-9050	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	OR;MILAB;HuPBA;MV			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ BEV2008			Serial	1116
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	Author	Fadi Dornaika; Jose Manuel Alvarez; Angel Sappa; Antonio Lopez
	Title	A New Framework for Stereo Sensor Pose through Road Segmentation and Registration			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems	Abbreviated Journal	TITS
	Volume	12	Issue	4	Pages	954-966
	Keywords	road detection
	Abstract	This paper proposes a new framework for real-time estimation of the onboard stereo head's position and orientation relative to the road surface, which is required for any advanced driver-assistance application. This framework can be used with all road types: highways, urban, etc. Unlike existing works that rely on feature extraction in either the image domain or 3-D space, we propose a framework that directly estimates the unknown parameters from the stream of stereo pairs' brightness. The proposed approach consists of two stages that are invoked for every stereo frame. The first stage segments the road region in one monocular view. The second stage estimates the camera pose using a featureless registration between the segmented monocular road region and the other view in the stereo pair. This paper has two main contributions. The first contribution combines a road segmentation algorithm with a registration technique to estimate the online stereo camera pose. The second contribution solves the registration using a featureless method, which is carried out using two different optimization techniques: 1) the differential evolution algorithm and 2) the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. We provide experiments and evaluations of performance. The results presented show the validity of our proposed framework.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1524-9050	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ DAS2011; ADAS @ adas @ das2011a			Serial	1833
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	Author	Jose Carlos Rubio; Joan Serrat; Antonio Lopez; Daniel Ponsa
	Title	Multiple target tracking for intelligent headlights control			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems	Abbreviated Journal	TITS
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	594-605
	Keywords	Intelligent Headlights
	Abstract	Intelligent vehicle lighting systems aim at automatically regulating the headlights' beam to illuminate as much of the road ahead as possible while avoiding dazzling other drivers. A key component of such a system is computer vision software that is able to distinguish blobs due to vehicles' headlights and rear lights from those due to road lamps and reflective elements such as poles and traffic signs. In a previous work, we have devised a set of specialized supervised classifiers to make such decisions based on blob features related to its intensity and shape. Despite the overall good performance, there remain challenging that have yet to be solved: notably, faint and tiny blobs corresponding to quite distant vehicles. In fact, for such distant blobs, classification decisions can be taken after observing them during a few frames. Hence, incorporating tracking could improve the overall lighting system performance by enforcing the temporal consistency of the classifier decision. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the problem of constructing blob tracks, which is actually one of multiple-target tracking (MTT), but under two special conditions: We have to deal with frequent occlusions, as well as blob splits and merges. We approach it in a novel way by formulating the problem as a maximum a posteriori inference on a Markov random field. The qualitative (in video form) and quantitative evaluation of our new MTT method shows good tracking results. In addition, we will also see that the classification performance of the problematic blobs improves due to the proposed MTT algorithm.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1524-9050	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RLP2012; ADAS @ adas @ rsl2012g			Serial	1877
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	Author	Marco Pedersoli; Jordi Gonzalez; Xu Hu; Xavier Roca
	Title	Toward Real-Time Pedestrian Detection Based on a Deformable Template Model			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems	Abbreviated Journal	TITS
	Volume	15	Issue	1	Pages	355-364
	Keywords
	Abstract	Most advanced driving assistance systems already include pedestrian detection systems. Unfortunately, there is still a tradeoff between precision and real time. For a reliable detection, excellent precision-recall such a tradeoff is needed to detect as many pedestrians as possible while, at the same time, avoiding too many false alarms; in addition, a very fast computation is needed for fast reactions to dangerous situations. Recently, novel approaches based on deformable templates have been proposed since these show a reasonable detection performance although they are computationally too expensive for real-time performance. In this paper, we present a system for pedestrian detection based on a hierarchical multiresolution part-based model. The proposed system is able to achieve state-of-the-art detection accuracy due to the local deformations of the parts while exhibiting a speedup of more than one order of magnitude due to a fast coarse-to-fine inference technique. Moreover, our system explicitly infers the level of resolution available so that the detection of small examples is feasible with a very reduced computational cost. We conclude this contribution by presenting how a graphics processing unit-optimized implementation of our proposed system is suitable for real-time pedestrian detection in terms of both accuracy and speed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1524-9050	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISE; 601.213; 600.078			Approved	no
	Call Number	PGH2014			Serial	2350
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	Author	Jose Manuel Alvarez; Theo Gevers; Ferran Diego; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Road Geometry Classification by Adaptative Shape Models			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems	Abbreviated Journal	TITS
	Volume	14	Issue	1	Pages	459-468
	Keywords	road detection
	Abstract	Vision-based road detection is important for different applications in transportation, such as autonomous driving, vehicle collision warning, and pedestrian crossing detection. Common approaches to road detection are based on low-level road appearance (e.g., color or texture) and neglect of the scene geometry and context. Hence, using only low-level features makes these algorithms highly depend on structured roads, road homogeneity, and lighting conditions. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to classify road geometries for road detection through the analysis of scene composition and temporal coherence. Road geometry classification is proposed by building corresponding models from training images containing prototypical road geometries. We propose adaptive shape models where spatial pyramids are steered by the inherent spatial structure of road images. To reduce the influence of lighting variations, invariant features are used. Large-scale experiments show that the proposed road geometry classifier yields a high recognition rate of 73.57% ± 13.1, clearly outperforming other state-of-the-art methods. Including road shape information improves road detection results over existing appearance-based methods. Finally, it is shown that invariant features and temporal information provide robustness against disturbing imaging conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1524-9050	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS;ISE			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ AGD2013;; ADAS @ adas @			Serial	2269
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	Author	Naveen Onkarappa; Angel Sappa
	Title	Speed and Texture: An Empirical Study on Optical-Flow Accuracy in ADAS Scenarios			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems	Abbreviated Journal	TITS
	Volume	15	Issue	1	Pages	136-147
	Keywords
	Abstract	IF: 3.064 Increasing mobility in everyday life has led to the concern for the safety of automotives and human life. Computer vision has become a valuable tool for developing driver assistance applications that target such a concern. Many such vision-based assisting systems rely on motion estimation, where optical flow has shown its potential. A variational formulation of optical flow that achieves a dense flow field involves a data term and regularization terms. Depending on the image sequence, the regularization has to appropriately be weighted for better accuracy of the flow field. Because a vehicle can be driven in different kinds of environments, roads, and speeds, optical-flow estimation has to be accurately computed in all such scenarios. In this paper, we first present the polar representation of optical flow, which is quite suitable for driving scenarios due to the possibility that it offers to independently update regularization factors in different directional components. Then, we study the influence of vehicle speed and scene texture on optical-flow accuracy. Furthermore, we analyze the relationships of these specific characteristics on a driving scenario (vehicle speed and road texture) with the regularization weights in optical flow for better accuracy. As required by the work in this paper, we have generated several synthetic sequences along with ground-truth flow fields.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1524-9050	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS; 600.076			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ OnS2014a			Serial	2386
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	Author	Jose Manuel Alvarez; Antonio Lopez; Theo Gevers; Felipe Lumbreras
	Title	Combining Priors, Appearance and Context for Road Detection			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems	Abbreviated Journal	TITS
	Volume	15	Issue	3	Pages	1168-1178
	Keywords	Illuminant invariance; lane markings; road detection; road prior; road scene understanding; vanishing point; 3-D scene layout
	Abstract	Detecting the free road surface ahead of a moving vehicle is an important research topic in different areas of computer vision, such as autonomous driving or car collision warning. Current vision-based road detection methods are usually based solely on low-level features. Furthermore, they generally assume structured roads, road homogeneity, and uniform lighting conditions, constraining their applicability in real-world scenarios. In this paper, road priors and contextual information are introduced for road detection. First, we propose an algorithm to estimate road priors online using geographical information, providing relevant initial information about the road location. Then, contextual cues, including horizon lines, vanishing points, lane markings, 3-D scene layout, and road geometry, are used in addition to low-level cues derived from the appearance of roads. Finally, a generative model is used to combine these cues and priors, leading to a road detection method that is, to a large degree, robust to varying imaging conditions, road types, and scenarios.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1524-9050	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS; 600.076;ISE			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ ALG2014			Serial	2501
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	Author	T. Mouats; N. Aouf; Angel Sappa; Cristhian A. Aguilera-Carrasco; Ricardo Toledo
	Title	Multi-Spectral Stereo Odometry			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems	Abbreviated Journal	TITS
	Volume	16	Issue	3	Pages	1210-1224
	Keywords	Egomotion estimation; feature matching; multispectral odometry (MO); optical flow; stereo odometry; thermal imagery
	Abstract	In this paper, we investigate the problem of visual odometry for ground vehicles based on the simultaneous utilization of multispectral cameras. It encompasses a stereo rig composed of an optical (visible) and thermal sensors. The novelty resides in the localization of the cameras as a stereo setup rather than two monocular cameras of different spectrums. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such task is attempted. Log-Gabor wavelets at different orientations and scales are used to extract interest points from both images. These are then described using a combination of frequency and spatial information within the local neighborhood. Matches between the pairs of multimodal images are computed using the cosine similarity function based on the descriptors. Pyramidal Lucas–Kanade tracker is also introduced to tackle temporal feature matching within challenging sequences of the data sets. The vehicle egomotion is computed from the triangulated 3-D points corresponding to the matched features. A windowed version of bundle adjustment incorporating Gauss–Newton optimization is utilized for motion estimation. An outlier removal scheme is also included within the framework to deal with outliers. Multispectral data sets were generated and used as test bed. They correspond to real outdoor scenarios captured using our multimodal setup. Finally, detailed results validating the proposed strategy are illustrated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1524-9050	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS; 600.055; 600.076			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ MAS2015a			Serial	2533
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	Author	Jose Manuel Alvarez; Ferran Diego; Joan Serrat; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Automatic Ground-truthing using video registration for on-board detection algorithms			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	4389 - 4392
	Keywords
	Abstract	Ground-truth data is essential for the objective evaluation of object detection methods in computer vision. Many works claim their method is robust but they support it with experiments which are not quantitatively assessed with regard some ground-truth. This is one of the main obstacles to properly evaluate and compare such methods. One of the main reasons is that creating an extensive and representative ground-truth is very time consuming, specially in the case of video sequences, where thousands of frames have to be labelled. Could such a ground-truth be generated, at least in part, automatically? Though it may seem a contradictory question, we show that this is possible for the case of video sequences recorded from a moving camera. The key idea is transferring existing frame segmentations from a reference sequence into another video sequence recorded at a different time on the same track, possibly under a different ambient lighting. We have carried out experiments on several video sequence pairs and quantitatively assessed the precision of the transformed ground-truth, which prove that our approach is not only feasible but also quite accurate.
	Address	Cairo, Egypt
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1522-4880	ISBN	978-1-4244-5653-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICIP
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ ADS2009			Serial	1201
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	Author	Angel Sappa; Mohammad Rouhani
	Title	Efficient Distance Estimation for Fitting Implicit Quadric Surfaces			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3521–3524
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper presents a novel approach for estimating the shortest Euclidean distance from a given point to the corresponding implicit quadric fitting surface. It first estimates the orthogonal orientation to the surface from the given point; then the shortest distance is directly estimated by intersecting the implicit surface with a line passing through the given point according to the estimated orthogonal orientation. The proposed orthogonal distance estimation is easily obtained without increasing computational complexity; hence it can be used in error minimization surface fitting frameworks. Comparisons of the proposed metric with previous approaches are provided to show both improvements in CPU time as well as in the accuracy of the obtained results. Surfaces fitted by using the proposed geometric distance estimation and state of the art metrics are presented to show the viability of the proposed approach.
	Address	Cairo, Egypt
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1522-4880	ISBN	978-1-4244-5653-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICIP
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ SaR2009			Serial	1232
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	Author	Carlo Gatta; Petia Radeva
	Title	Bilateral Enhancers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3161-3165
	Keywords
	Abstract	Ten years ago the concept of bilateral filtering (BF) became popular in the image processing community. The core of the idea is to blend the effect of a spatial filter, as e.g. the Gaussian filter, with the effect of a filter that acts on image values. The two filters acts on orthogonal domains of a picture: the 2D lattice of the image support and the intensity (or color) domain. The BF approach is an intuitive way to blend these two filters giving rise to algorithms that perform difficult tasks requiring a relatively simple design. In this paper we extend the concept of BF, proposing the bilateral enhancers (BE). We show how to design proper functions to obtain an edge-preserving smoothing and a selective sharpening. Moreover, we show that the proposed algorithm can perform edge-preserving smoothing and selective sharpening simultaneously in a single filtering.
	Address	Cairo, Egypt
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1522-4880	ISBN	978-1-4244-5653-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICIP
	Notes	MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ GaR2009b			Serial	1243
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	Author	Fernando Barrera; Felipe Lumbreras; Angel Sappa
	Title	Multimodal Template Matching based on Gradient and Mutual Information using Scale-Space			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2010	Publication	17th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	2749–2752
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper presents the combined use of gradient and mutual information for infrared and intensity templates matching. We propose to joint: (i) feature matching in a multiresolution context and (ii) information propagation through scale-space representations. Our method consists in combining mutual information with a shape descriptor based on gradient, and propagate them following a coarse-to-fine strategy. The main contributions of this work are: to offer a theoretical formulation towards a multimodal stereo matching; to show that gradient and mutual information can be reinforced while they are propagated between consecutive levels; and to show that they are valid cost functions in multimodal template matchings. Comparisons are presented showing the improvements and viability of the proposed approach.
	Address	Hong-Kong
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1522-4880	ISBN	978-1-4244-7992-4	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICIP
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ BLS2010			Serial	1358
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	Author	Mohammad Rouhani; Angel Sappa
	Title	A Fast accurate Implicit Polynomial Fitting Approach			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2010	Publication	17th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1429–1432
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper presents a novel hybrid approach that combines state of the art fitting algorithms: algebraic-based and geometric-based. It consists of two steps; first, the 3L algorithm is used as an initialization and then, the obtained result, is improved through a geometric approach. The adopted geometric approach is based on a distance estimation that avoids costly search for the real orthogonal distance. Experimental results are presented as well as quantitative comparisons.
	Address	Hong-Kong
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1522-4880	ISBN	978-1-4244-7992-4	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICIP
	Notes	ADAS			Approved	no
	Call Number	ADAS @ adas @ RoS2010b			Serial	1359
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