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Francesc Net, Marc Folia, Pep Casals, & Lluis Gomez. (2023). Transductive Learning for Near-Duplicate Image Detection in Scanned Photo Collections. In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14191, pp. 3–17). LNCS.
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of near-duplicate image detection techniques in a real-world use case scenario, where a document management company is commissioned to manually annotate a collection of scanned photographs. Detecting duplicate and near-duplicate photographs can reduce the time spent on manual annotation by archivists. This real use case differs from laboratory settings as the deployment dataset is available in advance, allowing the use of transductive learning. We propose a transductive learning approach that leverages state-of-the-art deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Vision Transformers (ViTs). Our approach involves pre-training a deep neural network on a large dataset and then fine-tuning the network on the unlabeled target collection with self-supervised learning. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms the baseline methods in the task of near-duplicate image detection in the UKBench and an in-house private dataset.
Keywords: Image deduplication; Near-duplicate images detection; Transductive Learning; Photographic Archives; Deep Learning
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Ayan Banerjee, Sanket Biswas, Josep Llados, & Umapada Pal. (2023). SwinDocSegmenter: An End-to-End Unified Domain Adaptive Transformer for Document Instance Segmentation. In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14187, 307–325). LNCS.
Abstract: Instance-level segmentation of documents consists in assigning a class-aware and instance-aware label to each pixel of the image. It is a key step in document parsing for their understanding. In this paper, we present a unified transformer encoder-decoder architecture for en-to-end instance segmentation of complex layouts in document images. The method adapts a contrastive training with a mixed query selection for anchor initialization in the decoder. Later on, it performs a dot product between the obtained query embeddings and the pixel embedding map (coming from the encoder) for semantic reasoning. Extensive experimentation on competitive benchmarks like PubLayNet, PRIMA, Historical Japanese (HJ), and TableBank demonstrate that our model with SwinL backbone achieves better segmentation performance than the existing state-of-the-art approaches with the average precision of 93.72, 54.39, 84.65 and 98.04 respectively under one billion parameters. The code is made publicly available at: github.com/ayanban011/SwinDocSegmenter .
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Wenwen Yu, Chengquan Zhang, Haoyu Cao, Wei Hua, Bohan Li, Huang Chen, et al. (2023). ICDAR 2023 Competition on Structured Text Extraction from Visually-Rich Document Images. In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14188, 536–552). LNCS.
Abstract: Structured text extraction is one of the most valuable and challenging application directions in the field of Document AI. However, the scenarios of past benchmarks are limited, and the corresponding evaluation protocols usually focus on the submodules of the structured text extraction scheme. In order to eliminate these problems, we organized the ICDAR 2023 competition on Structured text extraction from Visually-Rich Document images (SVRD). We set up two tracks for SVRD including Track 1: HUST-CELL and Track 2: Baidu-FEST, where HUST-CELL aims to evaluate the end-to-end performance of Complex Entity Linking and Labeling, and Baidu-FEST focuses on evaluating the performance and generalization of Zero-shot/Few-shot Structured Text extraction from an end-to-end perspective. Compared to the current document benchmarks, our two tracks of competition benchmark enriches the scenarios greatly and contains more than 50 types of visually-rich document images (mainly from the actual enterprise applications). The competition opened on 30th December, 2022 and closed on 24th March, 2023. There are 35 participants and 91 valid submissions received for Track 1, and 15 participants and 26 valid submissions received for Track 2. In this report we will presents the motivation, competition datasets, task definition, evaluation protocol, and submission summaries. According to the performance of the submissions, we believe there is still a large gap on the expected information extraction performance for complex and zero-shot scenarios. It is hoped that this competition will attract many researchers in the field of CV and NLP, and bring some new thoughts to the field of Document AI.
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Wenwen Yu, Mingyu Liu, Mingrui Chen, Ning Lu, Yinlong We, Yuliang Liu, et al. (2023). ICDAR 2023 Competition on Reading the Seal Title. In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14188, 522–535). LNCS.
Abstract: Reading seal title text is a challenging task due to the variable shapes of seals, curved text, background noise, and overlapped text. However, this important element is commonly found in official and financial scenarios, and has not received the attention it deserves in the field of OCR technology. To promote research in this area, we organized ICDAR 2023 competition on reading the seal title (ReST), which included two tasks: seal title text detection (Task 1) and end-to-end seal title recognition (Task 2). We constructed a dataset of 10,000 real seal data, covering the most common classes of seals, and labeled all seal title texts with text polygons and text contents. The competition opened on 30th December, 2022 and closed on 20th March, 2023. The competition attracted 53 participants and received 135 submissions from academia and industry, including 28 participants and 72 submissions for Task 1, and 25 participants and 63 submissions for Task 2, which demonstrated significant interest in this challenging task. In this report, we present an overview of the competition, including the organization, challenges, and results. We describe the dataset and tasks, and summarize the submissions and evaluation results. The results show that significant progress has been made in the field of seal title text reading, and we hope that this competition will inspire further research and development in this important area of OCR technology.
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Weijia Wu, Yuzhong Zhao, Zhuang Li, Jiahong Li, Mike Zheng Shou, Umapada Pal, et al. (2023). ICDAR 2023 Competition on Video Text Reading for Dense and Small Text. In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14188, 405–419). LNCS.
Abstract: Recently, video text detection, tracking and recognition in natural scenes are becoming very popular in the computer vision community. However, most existing algorithms and benchmarks focus on common text cases (e.g., normal size, density) and single scenario, while ignore extreme video texts challenges, i.e., dense and small text in various scenarios. In this competition report, we establish a video text reading benchmark, named DSText, which focuses on dense and small text reading challenge in the video with various scenarios. Compared with the previous datasets, the proposed dataset mainly include three new challenges: 1) Dense video texts, new challenge for video text spotter. 2) High-proportioned small texts. 3) Various new scenarios, e.g., ‘Game’, ‘Sports’, etc. The proposed DSText includes 100 video clips from 12 open scenarios, supporting two tasks (i.e., video text tracking (Task 1) and end-to-end video text spotting (Task2)). During the competition period (opened on 15th February, 2023 and closed on 20th March, 2023), a total of 24 teams participated in the three proposed tasks with around 30 valid submissions, respectively. In this article, we describe detailed statistical information of the dataset, tasks, evaluation protocols and the results summaries of the ICDAR 2023 on DSText competition. Moreover, we hope the benchmark will promise the video text research in the community.
Keywords: Video Text Spotting; Small Text; Text Tracking; Dense Text
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Stepan Simsa, Milan Sulc, Michal Uricar, Yash Patel, Ahmed Hamdi, Matej Kocian, et al. (2023). DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extraction. In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14188, 147–166). LNCS.
Abstract: This paper introduces the DocILE benchmark with the largest dataset of business documents for the tasks of Key Information Localization and Extraction and Line Item Recognition. It contains 6.7k annotated business documents, 100k synthetically generated documents, and nearly 1M unlabeled documents for unsupervised pre-training. The dataset has been built with knowledge of domain- and task-specific aspects, resulting in the following key features: (i) annotations in 55 classes, which surpasses the granularity of previously published key information extraction datasets by a large margin; (ii) Line Item Recognition represents a highly practical information extraction task, where key information has to be assigned to items in a table; (iii) documents come from numerous layouts and the test set includes zero- and few-shot cases as well as layouts commonly seen in the training set. The benchmark comes with several baselines, including RoBERTa, LayoutLMv3 and DETR-based Table Transformer; applied to both tasks of the DocILE benchmark, with results shared in this paper, offering a quick starting point for future work. The dataset, baselines and supplementary material are available at https://github.com/rossumai/docile.
Keywords: Document AI; Information Extraction; Line Item Recognition; Business Documents; Intelligent Document Processing
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George Tom, Minesh Mathew, Sergi Garcia Bordils, Dimosthenis Karatzas, & CV Jawahar. (2023). ICDAR 2023 Competition on RoadText Video Text Detection, Tracking and Recognition. In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14188, 577–586). LNCS.
Abstract: In this report, we present the final results of the ICDAR 2023 Competition on RoadText Video Text Detection, Tracking and Recognition. The RoadText challenge is based on the RoadText-1K dataset and aims to assess and enhance current methods for scene text detection, recognition, and tracking in videos. The RoadText-1K dataset contains 1000 dash cam videos with annotations for text bounding boxes and transcriptions in every frame. The competition features an end-to-end task, requiring systems to accurately detect, track, and recognize text in dash cam videos. The paper presents a comprehensive review of the submitted methods along with a detailed analysis of the results obtained by the methods. The analysis provides valuable insights into the current capabilities and limitations of video text detection, tracking, and recognition systems for dashcam videos.
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George Tom, Minesh Mathew, Sergi Garcia Bordils, Dimosthenis Karatzas, & CV Jawahar. (2023). Reading Between the Lanes: Text VideoQA on the Road. In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14192, 137–154). LNCS.
Abstract: Text and signs around roads provide crucial information for drivers, vital for safe navigation and situational awareness. Scene text recognition in motion is a challenging problem, while textual cues typically appear for a short time span, and early detection at a distance is necessary. Systems that exploit such information to assist the driver should not only extract and incorporate visual and textual cues from the video stream but also reason over time. To address this issue, we introduce RoadTextVQA, a new dataset for the task of video question answering (VideoQA) in the context of driver assistance. RoadTextVQA consists of 3, 222 driving videos collected from multiple countries, annotated with 10, 500 questions, all based on text or road signs present in the driving videos. We assess the performance of state-of-the-art video question answering models on our RoadTextVQA dataset, highlighting the significant potential for improvement in this domain and the usefulness of the dataset in advancing research on in-vehicle support systems and text-aware multimodal question answering. The dataset is available at http://cvit.iiit.ac.in/research/projects/cvit-projects/roadtextvqa.
Keywords: VideoQA; scene text; driving videos
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Sergi Garcia Bordils, Dimosthenis Karatzas, & Marçal Rusiñol. (2023). Accelerating Transformer-Based Scene Text Detection and Recognition via Token Pruning. In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14192, pp. 106–121). LNCS.
Abstract: Scene text detection and recognition is a crucial task in computer vision with numerous real-world applications. Transformer-based approaches are behind all current state-of-the-art models and have achieved excellent performance. However, the computational requirements of the transformer architecture makes training these methods slow and resource heavy. In this paper, we introduce a new token pruning strategy that significantly decreases training and inference times without sacrificing performance, striking a balance between accuracy and speed. We have applied this pruning technique to our own end-to-end transformer-based scene text understanding architecture. Our method uses a separate detection branch to guide the pruning of uninformative image features, which significantly reduces the number of tokens at the input of the transformer. Experimental results show how our network is able to obtain competitive results on multiple public benchmarks while running at significantly higher speeds.
Keywords: Scene Text Detection; Scene Text Recognition; Transformer Acceleration
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Adarsh Tiwari, Sanket Biswas, & Josep Llados. (2023). Can Pre-trained Language Models Help in Understanding Handwritten Symbols? In 17th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14193, 199–211).
Abstract: The emergence of transformer models like BERT, GPT-2, GPT-3, RoBERTa, T5 for natural language understanding tasks has opened the floodgates towards solving a wide array of machine learning tasks in other modalities like images, audio, music, sketches and so on. These language models are domain-agnostic and as a result could be applied to 1-D sequences of any kind. However, the key challenge lies in bridging the modality gap so that they could generate strong features beneficial for out-of-domain tasks. This work focuses on leveraging the power of such pre-trained language models and discusses the challenges in predicting challenging handwritten symbols and alphabets.
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Subhajit Maity, Sanket Biswas, Siladittya Manna, Ayan Banerjee, Josep Llados, Saumik Bhattacharya, et al. (2023). SelfDocSeg: A Self-Supervised vision-based Approach towards Document Segmentation. In 17th International Conference on Doccument Analysis and Recognition (Vol. 14187, 342–360).
Abstract: Document layout analysis is a known problem to the documents research community and has been vastly explored yielding a multitude of solutions ranging from text mining, and recognition to graph-based representation, visual feature extraction, etc. However, most of the existing works have ignored the crucial fact regarding the scarcity of labeled data. With growing internet connectivity to personal life, an enormous amount of documents had been available in the public domain and thus making data annotation a tedious task. We address this challenge using self-supervision and unlike, the few existing self-supervised document segmentation approaches which use text mining and textual labels, we use a complete vision-based approach in pre-training without any ground-truth label or its derivative. Instead, we generate pseudo-layouts from the document images to pre-train an image encoder to learn the document object representation and localization in a self-supervised framework before fine-tuning it with an object detection model. We show that our pipeline sets a new benchmark in this context and performs at par with the existing methods and the supervised counterparts, if not outperforms. The code is made publicly available at: this https URL
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Manuel Carbonell, Joan Mas, Mauricio Villegas, Alicia Fornes, & Josep Llados. (2019). End-to-End Handwritten Text Detection and Transcription in Full Pages. In 2nd International Workshop on Machine Learning (Vol. 5, pp. 29–34).
Abstract: When transcribing handwritten document images, inaccuracies in the text segmentation step often cause errors in the subsequent transcription step. For this reason, some recent methods propose to perform the recognition at paragraph level. But still, errors in the segmentation of paragraphs can affect
the transcription performance. In this work, we propose an end-to-end framework to transcribe full pages. The joint text detection and transcription allows to remove the layout analysis requirement at test time. The experimental results show that our approach can achieve comparable results to models that assume
segmented paragraphs, and suggest that joining the two tasks brings an improvement over doing the two tasks separately.
Keywords: Handwritten Text Recognition; Layout Analysis; Text segmentation; Deep Neural Networks; Multi-task learning
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J. Chazalon, P. Gomez-Kramer, Jean-Christophe Burie, M.Coustaty, S.Eskenazi, Muhammad Muzzamil Luqman, et al. (2017). SmartDoc 2017 Video Capture: Mobile Document Acquisition in Video Mode. In 1st International Workshop on Open Services and Tools for Document Analysis.
Abstract: As mobile document acquisition using smartphones is getting more and more common, along with the continuous improvement of mobile devices (both in terms of computing power and image quality), we can wonder to which extent mobile phones can replace desktop scanners. Modern applications can cope with perspective distortion and normalize the contrast of a document page captured with a smartphone, and in some cases like bottle labels or posters, smartphones even have the advantage of allowing the acquisition of non-flat or large documents. However, several cases remain hard to handle, such as reflective documents (identity cards, badges, glossy magazine cover, etc.) or large documents for which some regions require an important amount of detail. This paper introduces the SmartDoc 2017 benchmark (named “SmartDoc Video Capture”), which aims at
assessing whether capturing documents using the video mode of a smartphone could solve those issues. The task under evaluation is both a stitching and a reconstruction problem, as the user can move the device over different parts of the document to capture details or try to erase highlights. The material released consists of a dataset, an evaluation method and the associated tool, a sample method, and the tools required to extend the dataset. All the components are released publicly under very permissive licenses, and we particularly cared about maximizing the ease of
understanding, usage and improvement.
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Dimosthenis Karatzas, Lluis Gomez, & Marçal Rusiñol. (2017). The Robust Reading Competition Annotation and Evaluation Platform. In 1st International Workshop on Open Services and Tools for Document Analysis.
Abstract: The ICDAR Robust Reading Competition (RRC), initiated in 2003 and re-established in 2011, has become the defacto evaluation standard for the international community. Concurrent with its second incarnation in 2011, a continuous effort started to develop an online framework to facilitate the hosting and management of competitions. This short paper briefly outlines the Robust Reading Competition Annotation and Evaluation Platform, the backbone of the Robust Reading Competition, comprising a collection of tools and processes that aim to simplify the management and annotation
of data, and to provide online and offline performance evaluation and analysis services
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Helena Muñoz, Fernando Vilariño, & Dimosthenis Karatzas. (2019). Eye-Movements During Information Extraction from Administrative Documents. In International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition Workshops (pp. 6–9).
Abstract: A key aspect of digital mailroom processes is the extraction of relevant information from administrative documents. More often than not, the extraction process cannot be fully automated, and there is instead an important amount of manual intervention. In this work we study the human process of information extraction from invoice document images. We explore whether the gaze of human annotators during an manual information extraction process could be exploited towards reducing the manual effort and automating the process. To this end, we perform an eye-tracking experiment replicating real-life interfaces for information extraction. Through this pilot study we demonstrate that relevant areas in the document can be identified reliably through automatic fixation classification, and the obtained models generalize well to new subjects. Our findings indicate that it is in principle possible to integrate the human in the document image analysis loop, making use of the scanpath to automate the extraction process or verify extracted information.
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