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Author |
Volkmar Frinken; Andreas Fischer; Markus Baumgartner; Horst Bunke |
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Title |
Keyword spotting for self-training of BLSTM NN based handwriting recognition systems |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
PR |
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Volume |
47 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1073-1082 |
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Keywords |
Document retrieval; Keyword spotting; Handwriting recognition; Neural networks; Semi-supervised learning |
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Abstract |
The automatic transcription of unconstrained continuous handwritten text requires well trained recognition systems. The semi-supervised paradigm introduces the concept of not only using labeled data but also unlabeled data in the learning process. Unlabeled data can be gathered at little or not cost. Hence it has the potential to reduce the need for labeling training data, a tedious and costly process. Given a weak initial recognizer trained on labeled data, self-training can be used to recognize unlabeled data and add words that were recognized with high confidence to the training set for re-training. This process is not trivial and requires great care as far as selecting the elements that are to be added to the training set is concerned. In this paper, we propose to use a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network handwritten recognition system for keyword spotting in order to select new elements. A set of experiments shows the high potential of self-training for bootstrapping handwriting recognition systems, both for modern and historical handwritings, and demonstrate the benefits of using keyword spotting over previously published self-training schemes. |
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DAG; 600.077; 602.101 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ FFB2014 |
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2297 |
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Author |
Alicia Fornes; V.C.Kieu; M. Visani; N.Journet; Anjan Dutta |
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Title |
The ICDAR/GREC 2013 Music Scores Competition: Staff Removal |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Graphics Recognition. Current Trends and Challenges |
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8746 |
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Pages |
207-220 |
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Competition; Graphics recognition; Music scores; Writer identification; Staff removal |
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The first competition on music scores that was organized at ICDAR and GREC in 2011 awoke the interest of researchers, who participated in both staff removal and writer identification tasks. In this second edition, we focus on the staff removal task and simulate a real case scenario concerning old and degraded music scores. For this purpose, we have generated a new set of semi-synthetic images using two degradation models that we previously introduced: local noise and 3D distortions. In this extended paper we provide an extended description of the dataset, degradation models, evaluation metrics, the participant’s methods and the obtained results that could not be presented at ICDAR and GREC proceedings due to page limitations. |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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B.Lamiroy; J.-M. Ogier |
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LNCS |
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0302-9743 |
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978-3-662-44853-3 |
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DAG; 600.077; 600.061 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ FKV2014 |
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2581 |
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Author |
Monica Piñol |
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Title |
Reinforcement Learning of Visual Descriptors for Object Recognition |
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Book Whole |
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2014 |
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PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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The human visual system is able to recognize the object in an image even if the object is partially occluded, from various points of view, in different colors, or with independence of the distance to the object. To do this, the eye obtains an image and extracts features that are sent to the brain, and then, in the brain the object is recognized. In computer vision, the object recognition branch tries to learns from the human visual system behaviour to achieve its goal. Hence, an algorithm is used to identify representative features of the scene (detection), then another algorithm is used to describe these points (descriptor) and finally the extracted information is used for classifying the object in the scene. The selection of this set of algorithms is a very complicated task and thus, a very active research field. In this thesis we are focused on the selection/learning of the best descriptor for a given image. In the state of the art there are several descriptors but we do not know how to choose the best descriptor because depends on scenes that we will use (dataset) and the algorithm chosen to do the classification. We propose a framework based on reinforcement learning and bag of features to choose the best descriptor according to the given image. The system can analyse the behaviour of different learning algorithms and descriptor sets. Furthermore the proposed framework for improving the classification/recognition ratio can be used with minor changes in other computer vision fields, such as video retrieval. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Ediciones Graficas Rey |
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Ricardo Toledo;Angel Sappa |
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978-84-940902-5-7 |
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ADAS; 600.076 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ Piñ2014 |
Serial |
2464 |
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Author |
A.Kesidis; Dimosthenis Karatzas |
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Title |
Logo and Trademark Recognition |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Handbook of Document Image Processing and Recognition |
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D |
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591-646 |
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Logo recognition; Logo removal; Logo spotting; Trademark registration; Trademark retrieval systems |
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The importance of logos and trademarks in nowadays society is indisputable, variably seen under a positive light as a valuable service for consumers or a negative one as a catalyst of ever-increasing consumerism. This chapter discusses the technical approaches for enabling machines to work with logos, looking into the latest methodologies for logo detection, localization, representation, recognition, retrieval, and spotting in a variety of media. This analysis is presented in the context of three different applications covering the complete depth and breadth of state of the art techniques. These are trademark retrieval systems, logo recognition in document images, and logo detection and removal in images and videos. This chapter, due to the very nature of logos and trademarks, brings together various facets of document image analysis spanning graphical and textual content, while it links document image analysis to other computer vision domains, especially when it comes to the analysis of real-scene videos and images. |
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Springer London |
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D. Doermann; K. Tombre |
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978-0-85729-858-4 |
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DAG; 600.077 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ KeK2014 |
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2425 |
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Author |
Mohammad Ali Bagheri; Gang Hu; Qigang Gao; Sergio Escalera |
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Title |
A Framework of Multi-Classifier Fusion for Human Action Recognition |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition |
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1260 - 1265 |
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The performance of different action-recognition methods using skeleton joint locations have been recently studied by several computer vision researchers. However, the potential improvement in classification through classifier fusion by ensemble-based methods has remained unattended. In this work, we evaluate the performance of an ensemble of five action learning techniques, each performing the recognition task from a different perspective. The underlying rationale of the fusion approach is that different learners employ varying structures of input descriptors/features to be trained. These varying structures cannot be attached and used by a single learner. In addition, combining the outputs of several learners can reduce the risk of an unfortunate selection of a poorly performing learner. This leads to having a more robust and general-applicable framework. Also, we propose two simple, yet effective, action description techniques. In order to improve the recognition performance, a powerful combination strategy is utilized based on the Dempster-Shafer theory, which can effectively make use of diversity of base learners trained on different sources of information. The recognition results of the individual classifiers are compared with those obtained from fusing the classifiers' output, showing advanced performance of the proposed methodology. |
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Stockholm; Sweden; August 2014 |
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1051-4651 |
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ICPR |
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HuPBA;MILAB |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ BHG2014 |
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2446 |
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Author |
Hongxing Gao; Marçal Rusiñol; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Josep Llados |
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Title |
Fast Structural Matching for Document Image Retrieval through Spatial Databases |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Document Recognition and Retrieval XXI |
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9021 |
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Document image retrieval; distance transform; MSER; spatial database |
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The structure of document images plays a signicant role in document analysis thus considerable eorts have been made towards extracting and understanding document structure, usually in the form of layout analysis approaches. In this paper, we rst employ Distance Transform based MSER (DTMSER) to eciently extract stable document structural elements in terms of a dendrogram of key-regions. Then a fast structural matching method is proposed to query the structure of document (dendrogram) based on a spatial database which facilitates the formulation of advanced spatial queries. The experiments demonstrate a signicant improvement in a document retrieval scenario when compared to the use of typical Bag of Words (BoW) and pyramidal BoW descriptors. |
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Amsterdam; September 2014 |
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SPIE-DRR |
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DAG; 600.056; 600.061; 600.077 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ GRK2014a |
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2496 |
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Author |
C. Alejandro Parraga |
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Title |
Color Vision, Computational Methods for |
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Book Chapter |
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2014 |
Publication |
Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience |
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1-11 |
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Color computational vision; Computational neuroscience of color |
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The study of color vision has been aided by a whole battery of computational methods that attempt to describe the mechanisms that lead to our perception of colors in terms of the information-processing properties of the visual system. Their scope is highly interdisciplinary, linking apparently dissimilar disciplines such as mathematics, physics, computer science, neuroscience, cognitive science, and psychology. Since the sensation of color is a feature of our brains, computational approaches usually include biological features of neural systems in their descriptions, from retinal light-receptor interaction to subcortical color opponency, cortical signal decoding, and color categorization. They produce hypotheses that are usually tested by behavioral or psychophysical experiments. |
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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |
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Dieter Jaeger; Ranu Jung |
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978-1-4614-7320-6 |
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CIC; 600.074 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ Par2014 |
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2512 |
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Author |
Oscar Lopes; Miguel Reyes; Sergio Escalera; Jordi Gonzalez |
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Title |
Spherical Blurred Shape Model for 3-D Object and Pose Recognition: Quantitative Analysis and HCI Applications in Smart Environments |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (Part B) |
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TSMCB |
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44 |
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12 |
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2379-2390 |
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The use of depth maps is of increasing interest after the advent of cheap multisensor devices based on structured light, such as Kinect. In this context, there is a strong need of powerful 3-D shape descriptors able to generate rich object representations. Although several 3-D descriptors have been already proposed in the literature, the research of discriminative and computationally efficient descriptors is still an open issue. In this paper, we propose a novel point cloud descriptor called spherical blurred shape model (SBSM) that successfully encodes the structure density and local variabilities of an object based on shape voxel distances and a neighborhood propagation strategy. The proposed SBSM is proven to be rotation and scale invariant, robust to noise and occlusions, highly discriminative for multiple categories of complex objects like the human hand, and computationally efficient since the SBSM complexity is linear to the number of object voxels. Experimental evaluation in public depth multiclass object data, 3-D facial expressions data, and a novel hand poses data sets show significant performance improvements in relation to state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposal is also proved for object spotting in 3-D scenes and for real-time automatic hand pose recognition in human computer interaction scenarios. |
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2168-2267 |
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HuPBA; ISE; 600.078;MILAB |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ LRE2014 |
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2442 |
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Author |
David Fernandez |
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Title |
Contextual Word Spotting in Historical Handwritten Documents |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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There are countless collections of historical documents in archives and libraries that contain plenty of valuable information for historians and researchers. The extraction of this information has become a central task among the Document Analysis researches and practitioners.
There is an increasing interest to digital preserve and provide access to these kind of documents. But only the digitalization is not enough for the researchers. The extraction and/or indexation of information of this documents has had an increased interest among researchers. In many cases, and in particular in historical manuscripts, the full transcription of these documents is extremely dicult due the inherent deciencies: poor physical preservation, dierent writing styles, obsolete languages, etc. Word spotting has become a popular an ecient alternative to full transcription. It inherently involves a high level of degradation in the images. The search of words is holistically
formulated as a visual search of a given query shape in a larger image, instead of recognising the input text and searching the query word with an ascii string comparison. But the performance of classical word spotting approaches depend on the degradation level of the images being unacceptable in many cases . In this thesis we have proposed a novel paradigm called contextual word spotting method that uses the contextual/semantic information to achieve acceptable results whereas classical word spotting does not reach. The contextual word spotting framework proposed in this thesis is a segmentation-based word spotting approach, so an ecient word segmentation is needed. Historical handwritten
documents present some common diculties that can increase the diculties the extraction of the words. We have proposed a line segmentation approach that formulates the problem as nding the central part path in the area between two consecutive lines. This is solved as a graph traversal problem. A path nding algorithm is used to nd the optimal path in a graph, previously computed, between the text lines. Once the text lines are extracted, words are localized inside the text lines using a word segmentation technique from the state of the
art. Classical word spotting approaches can be improved using the contextual information of the documents. We have introduced a new framework, oriented to handwritten documents that present a highly structure, to extract information making use of context. The framework is an ecient tool for semi-automatic transcription that uses the contextual information to achieve better results than classical word spotting approaches. The contextual information is
automatically discovered by recognizing repetitive structures and categorizing all the words according to semantic classes. The most frequent words in each semantic cluster are extracted and the same text is used to transcribe all them. The experimental results achieved in this thesis outperform classical word spotting approaches demonstrating the suitability of the proposed ensemble architecture for spotting words in historical handwritten documents using contextual information. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Ediciones Graficas Rey |
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Josep Llados;Alicia Fornes |
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978-84-940902-7-1 |
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DAG; 600.077 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ Fer2014 |
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2573 |
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Author |
Anjan Dutta |
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Title |
Inexact Subgraph Matching Applied to Symbol Spotting in Graphical Documents |
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Book Whole |
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2014 |
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PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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There is a resurgence in the use of structural approaches in the usual object recognition and retrieval problem. Graph theory, in particular, graph matching plays a relevant role in that. Specifically, the detection of an object (or a part of that) in an image in terms of structural features can be formulated as a subgraph matching. Subgraph matching is a challenging task. Specially due to the presence of outliers most of the graph matching algorithms do not perform well in subgraph matching scenario. Also exact subgraph isomorphism has proven to be an NP-complete problem. So naturally, in graph matching community, there are lot of efforts addressing the problem of subgraph matching within suboptimal bound. Most of them work with approximate algorithms that try to get an inexact solution in estimated way. In addition, usual recognition must cope with distortion. Inexact graph matching consists in finding the best isomorphism under a similarity measure. Theoretically this thesis proposes algorithms for solving subgraph matching in an approximate and inexact way.
We consider the symbol spotting problem on graphical documents or line drawings from application point of view. This is a well known problem in the graphics recognition community. It can be further applied for indexing and classification of documents based on their contents. The structural nature of this kind of documents easily motivates one for giving a graph based representation. So the symbol spotting problem on graphical documents can be considered as a subgraph matching problem. The main challenges in this application domain is the noise and distortions that might come during the usage, digitalization and raster to vector conversion of those documents. Apart from that computer vision nowadays is not any more confined within a limited number of images. So dealing a huge number of images with graph based method is a further challenge.
In this thesis, on one hand, we have worked on efficient and robust graph representation to cope with the noise and distortions coming from documents. On the other hand, we have worked on different graph based methods and framework to solve the subgraph matching problem in a better approximated way, which can also deal with considerable number of images. Firstly, we propose a symbol spotting method by hashing serialized subgraphs. Graph serialization allows to create factorized substructures such as graph paths, which can be organized in hash tables depending on the structural similarities of the serialized subgraphs. The involvement of hashing techniques helps to reduce the search space substantially and speeds up the spotting procedure. Secondly, we introduce contextual similarities based on the walk based propagation on tensor product graph. These contextual similarities involve higher order information and more reliable than pairwise similarities. We use these higher order similarities to formulate subgraph matching as a node and edge selection problem in the tensor product graph. Thirdly, we propose near convex grouping to form near convex region adjacency graph which eliminates the limitations of traditional region adjacency graph representation for graphic recognition. Fourthly, we propose a hierarchical graph representation by simplifying/correcting the structural errors to create a hierarchical graph of the base graph. Later these hierarchical graph structures are matched with some graph matching methods. Apart from that, in this thesis we have provided an overall experimental comparison of all the methods and some of the state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, some dataset models have also been proposed. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Ediciones Graficas Rey |
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Josep Llados;Umapada Pal |
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978-84-940902-4-0 |
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DAG; 600.077 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ Dut2014 |
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2465 |
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Author |
Jon Almazan; Albert Gordo; Alicia Fornes; Ernest Valveny |
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Title |
Word Spotting and Recognition with Embedded Attributes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence |
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TPAMI |
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36 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
2552 - 2566 |
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This article addresses the problems of word spotting and word recognition on images. In word spotting, the goal is to find all instances of a query word in a dataset of images. In recognition, the goal is to recognize the content of the word image, usually aided by a dictionary or lexicon. We describe an approach in which both word images and text strings are embedded in a common vectorial subspace. This is achieved by a combination of label embedding and attributes learning, and a common subspace regression. In this subspace, images and strings that represent the same word are close together, allowing one to cast recognition and retrieval tasks as a nearest neighbor problem. Contrary to most other existing methods, our representation has a fixed length, is low dimensional, and is very fast to compute and, especially, to compare. We test our approach on four public datasets of both handwritten documents and natural images showing results comparable or better than the state-of-the-art on spotting and recognition tasks. |
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0162-8828 |
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DAG; 600.056; 600.045; 600.061; 602.006; 600.077 |
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Admin @ si @ AGF2014a |
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2483 |
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Author |
Josep Llados; Marçal Rusiñol |
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Title |
Graphics Recognition Techniques |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Handbook of Document Image Processing and Recognition |
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Volume |
D |
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Pages |
489-521 |
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Keywords |
Dimension recognition; Graphics recognition; Graphic-rich documents; Polygonal approximation; Raster-to-vector conversion; Texture-based primitive extraction; Text-graphics separation |
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Abstract |
This chapter describes the most relevant approaches for the analysis of graphical documents. The graphics recognition pipeline can be splitted into three tasks. The low level or lexical task extracts the basic units composing the document. The syntactic level is focused on the structure, i.e., how graphical entities are constructed, and involves the location and classification of the symbols present in the document. The third level is a functional or semantic level, i.e., it models what the graphical symbols do and what they mean in the context where they appear. This chapter covers the lexical level, while the next two chapters are devoted to the syntactic and semantic level, respectively. The main problems reviewed in this chapter are raster-to-vector conversion (vectorization algorithms) and the separation of text and graphics components. The research and industrial communities have provided standard methods achieving reasonable performance levels. Hence, graphics recognition techniques can be considered to be in a mature state from a scientific point of view. Additionally this chapter provides insights on some related problems, namely, the extraction and recognition of dimensions in engineering drawings, and the recognition of hatched and tiled patterns. Both problems are usually associated, even integrated, in the vectorization process. |
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Springer London |
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D. Doermann; K. Tombre |
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978-0-85729-858-4 |
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DAG; 600.077 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ LlR2014 |
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2380 |
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Author |
Naveen Onkarappa; Cristhian A. Aguilera-Carrasco; Boris X. Vintimilla; Angel Sappa |
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Title |
Cross-spectral Stereo Correspondence using Dense Flow Fields |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
9th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications |
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3 |
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613-617 |
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Keywords |
Cross-spectral Stereo Correspondence; Dense Optical Flow; Infrared and Visible Spectrum |
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Abstract |
This manuscript addresses the cross-spectral stereo correspondence problem. It proposes the usage of a dense flow field based representation instead of the original cross-spectral images, which have a low correlation. In this way, working in the flow field space, classical cost functions can be used as similarity measures. Preliminary experimental results on urban environments have been obtained showing the validity of the proposed approach. |
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Lisboa; Portugal; January 2014 |
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VISAPP |
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Notes |
ADAS; 600.055; 600.076 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ OAV2014 |
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2477 |
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Author |
P. Ricaurte ; C. Chilan; Cristhian A. Aguilera-Carrasco; Boris X. Vintimilla; Angel Sappa |
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Title |
Feature Point Descriptors: Infrared and Visible Spectra |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Sensors |
Abbreviated Journal |
SENS |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
3690-3701 |
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Abstract |
This manuscript evaluates the behavior of classical feature point descriptors when they are used in images from long-wave infrared spectral band and compare them with the results obtained in the visible spectrum. Robustness to changes in rotation, scaling, blur, and additive noise are analyzed using a state of the art framework. Experimental results using a cross-spectral outdoor image data set are presented and conclusions from these experiments are given. |
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ADAS;600.055; 600.076 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ RCA2014a |
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2474 |
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Author |
Javier Marin; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Jaume Amores; Ludmila I. Kuncheva |
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Title |
Occlusion handling via random subspace classifiers for human detection |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (Part B) |
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TSMCB |
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44 |
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3 |
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342-354 |
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Keywords |
Pedestriand Detection; occlusion handling |
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This paper describes a general method to address partial occlusions for human detection in still images. The Random Subspace Method (RSM) is chosen for building a classifier ensemble robust against partial occlusions. The component classifiers are chosen on the basis of their individual and combined performance. The main contribution of this work lies in our approach’s capability to improve the detection rate when partial occlusions are present without compromising the detection performance on non occluded data. In contrast to many recent approaches, we propose a method which does not require manual labelling of body parts, defining any semantic spatial components, or using additional data coming from motion or stereo. Moreover, the method can be easily extended to other object classes. The experiments are performed on three large datasets: the INRIA person dataset, the Daimler Multicue dataset, and a new challenging dataset, called PobleSec, in which a considerable number of targets are partially occluded. The different approaches are evaluated at the classification and detection levels for both partially occluded and non-occluded data. The experimental results show that our detector outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in the presence of partial occlusions, while offering performance and reliability similar to those of the holistic approach on non-occluded data. The datasets used in our experiments have been made publicly available for benchmarking purposes |
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2168-2267 |
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Notes |
ADAS; 605.203; 600.057; 600.054; 601.042; 601.187; 600.076 |
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ADAS @ adas @ MVL2014 |
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2213 |
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