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	Author	Juan Ramon Terven Salinas; Joaquin Salas; Bogdan Raducanu
	Title	Robust Head Gestures Recognition for Assistive Technology			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8495	Issue		Pages	152-161
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper presents a system capable of recognizing six head gestures: nodding, shaking, turning right, turning left, looking up, and looking down. The main difference of our system compared to other methods is that the Hidden Markov Models presented in this paper, are fully connected and consider all possible states in any given order, providing the following advantages to the system: (1) allows unconstrained movement of the head and (2) it can be easily integrated into a wearable device (e.g. glasses, neck-hung devices), in which case it can robustly recognize gestures in the presence of ego-motion. Experimental results show that this approach outperforms common methods that use restricted HMMs for each gesture.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer International Publishing	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-319-07490-0	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	LAMP;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ TSR2014b			Serial	2505
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	Author	Xim Cerda-Company; C. Alejandro Parraga; Xavier Otazu
	Title	Which tone-mapping is the best? A comparative study of tone-mapping perceived quality			Type	Abstract
	Year	2014	Publication	Perception	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	43	Issue		Pages	106
	Keywords
	Abstract	Perception 43 ECVP Abstract Supplement High-dynamic-range (HDR) imaging refers to the methods designed to increase the brightness dynamic range present in standard digital imaging techniques. This increase is achieved by taking the same picture under dierent exposure values and mapping the intensity levels into a single image by way of a tone-mapping operator (TMO). Currently, there is no agreement on how to evaluate the quality of dierent TMOs. In this work we psychophysically evaluate 15 dierent TMOs obtaining rankings based on the perceived properties of the resulting tone-mapped images. We performed two dierent experiments on a CRT calibrated display using 10 subjects: (1) a study of the internal relationships between grey-levels and (2) a pairwise comparison of the resulting 15 tone-mapped images. In (1) observers internally matched the grey-levels to a reference inside the tone-mapped images and in the real scene. In (2) observers performed a pairwise comparison of the tone-mapped images alongside the real scene. We obtained two rankings of the TMOs according their performance. In (1) the best algorithm was ICAM by J.Kuang et al (2007) and in (2) the best algorithm was a TMO by Krawczyk et al (2005). Our results also show no correlation between these two rankings.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ECVP
	Notes	NEUROBIT; 600.074			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ CPO2014			Serial	2527
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	Author	Bogdan Raducanu; Alireza Bosaghzadeh; Fadi Dornaika
	Title	Facial Expression Recognition based on Multi-view Observations with Application to Social Robotics			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	1st Workshop on Computer Vision for Affective Computing	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords
	Abstract	Human-robot interaction is a hot topic nowadays in the social robotics community. One crucial aspect is represented by the affective communication which comes encoded through the facial expressions. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for facial expression recognition, which exploits an efficient and adaptive graph-based label propagation (semi-supervised mode) in a multi-observation framework. The facial features are extracted using an appearance-based 3D face tracker, view- and texture independent. Our method has been extensively tested on the CMU dataset, and has been conveniently compared with other methods for graph construction. With the proposed approach, we developed an application for an AIBO robot, in which it mirrors the recognized facial expression.
	Address	Singapore; November 2014
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ACCV
	Notes	LAMP;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RBD2014			Serial	2599
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	Author	Bogdan Raducanu; Alireza Bosaghzadeh; Fadi Dornaika
	Title	Multi-observation Face Recognition in Videos based on Label Propagation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	6th Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures AMFG2015	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	10-17
	Keywords
	Abstract	In order to deal with the huge amount of content generated by social media, especially for indexing and retrieval purposes, the focus shifted from single object recognition to multi-observation object recognition. Of particular interest is the problem of face recognition (used as primary cue for persons’ identity assessment), since it is highly required by popular social media search engines like Facebook and Youtube. Recently, several approaches for graph-based label propagation were proposed. However, the associated graphs were constructed in an ad-hoc manner (e.g., using the KNN graph) that cannot cope properly with the rapid and frequent changes in data appearance, a phenomenon intrinsically related with video sequences. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for efficient and adaptive graph construction, based on a two-phase scheme: (i) the first phase is used to adaptively find the neighbors of a sample and also to find the adequate weights for the minimization function of the second phase; (ii) in the second phase, the selected neighbors along with their corresponding weights are used to locally and collaboratively estimate the sparse affinity matrix weights. Experimental results performed on Honda Video Database (HVDB) and a subset of video sequences extracted from the popular TV-series ’Friends’ show a distinct advantage of the proposed method over the existing standard graph construction methods.
	Address	Boston; USA; June 2015
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CVPRW
	Notes	LAMP; 600.068; 600.072;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RBD2015			Serial	2627
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	Author	Xavier Otazu; Olivier Penacchio; Xim Cerda-Company
	Title	Brightness and colour induction through contextual influences in V1			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Scottish Vision Group 2015 SGV2015	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue	9	Pages	1208-2012
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address	Carnoustie; Scotland; March 2015
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	SGV
	Notes	NEUROBIT;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ OPC2015a			Serial	2632
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	Author	Olivier Penacchio; Xavier Otazu; A. wilkins; J. Harris
	Title	Uncomfortable images prevent lateral interactions in the cortex from providing a sparse code			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	European Conference on Visual Perception ECVP2015	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address	Liverpool; uk; August 2015
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ECVP
	Notes	NEUROBIT;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ POW2015			Serial	2633
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	Author	Xavier Otazu; Olivier Penacchio; Xim Cerda-Company
	Title	An excitatory-inhibitory firing rate model accounts for brightness induction, colour induction and visual discomfort			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Barcelona Computational, Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address	Barcelona; June 2015
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	BARCCSYN
	Notes	NEUROBIT;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ OPC2015b			Serial	2634
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	Author	Fadi Dornaika; Bogdan Raducanu; Alireza Bosaghzadeh
	Title	Facial expression recognition based on multi observations with application to social robotics			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2015	Publication	Emotional and Facial Expressions: Recognition, Developmental Differences and Social Importance	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	153-166
	Keywords
	Abstract	Human-robot interaction is a hot topic nowadays in the social robotics community. One crucial aspect is represented by the affective communication which comes encoded through the facial expressions. In this chapter, we propose a novel approach for facial expression recognition, which exploits an efficient and adaptive graph-based label propagation (semi-supervised mode) in a multi-observation framework. The facial features are extracted using an appearance-based 3D face tracker, viewand texture independent. Our method has been extensively tested on the CMU dataset, and has been conveniently compared with other methods for graph construction. With the proposed approach, we developed an application for an AIBO robot, in which it mirrors the recognized facial expression.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Nova Science publishers	Place of Publication		Editor	Bruce Flores
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	LAMP;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ DRB2015			Serial	2720
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	Author	Juan Ramon Terven Salinas; Bogdan Raducanu; Maria Elena Meza-de-Luna; Joaquin Salas
	Title	Evaluating Real-Time Mirroring of Head Gestures using Smart Glasses			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	16th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	452-460
	Keywords
	Abstract	Mirroring occurs when one person tends to mimic the non-verbal communication of their counterparts. Even though mirroring is a complex phenomenon, in this study, we focus on the detection of head-nodding as a simple non-verbal communication cue due to its significance as a gesture displayed during social interactions. This paper introduces a computer vision-based method to detect mirroring through the analysis of head gestures using wearable cameras (smart glasses). In addition, we study how such a method can be used to explore perceived competence. The proposed method has been evaluated and the experiments demonstrate how static and wearable cameras seem to be equally effective to gather the information required for the analysis.
	Address	Santiago de Chile; December 2015
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICCVW
	Notes	LAMP; 600.068; 600.072;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ TRM2015			Serial	2722
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	Author	Cristina Palmero; Javier Selva; Mohammad Ali Bagheri; Sergio Escalera
	Title	Recurrent CNN for 3D Gaze Estimation using Appearance and Shape Cues			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	29th British Machine Vision Conference	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Gaze behavior is an important non-verbal cue in social signal processing and humancomputer interaction. In this paper, we tackle the problem of person- and head poseindependent 3D gaze estimation from remote cameras, using a multi-modal recurrent convolutional neural network (CNN). We propose to combine face, eyes region, and face landmarks as individual streams in a CNN to estimate gaze in still images. Then, we exploit the dynamic nature of gaze by feeding the learned features of all the frames in a sequence to a many-to-one recurrent module that predicts the 3D gaze vector of the last frame. Our multi-modal static solution is evaluated on a wide range of head poses and gaze directions, achieving a significant improvement of 14.6% over the state of the art on EYEDIAP dataset, further improved by 4% when the temporal modality is included.
	Address	Newcastle; UK; September 2018
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	BMVC
	Notes	HUPBA; no proj			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ PSB2018			Serial	3208
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	Author	Gemma Rotger; Felipe Lumbreras; Francesc Moreno-Noguer; Antonio Agudo
	Title	2D-to-3D Facial Expression Transfer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	2008 - 2013
	Keywords
	Abstract	Automatically changing the expression and physical features of a face from an input image is a topic that has been traditionally tackled in a 2D domain. In this paper, we bring this problem to 3D and propose a framework that given an input RGB video of a human face under a neutral expression, initially computes his/her 3D shape and then performs a transfer to a new and potentially non-observed expression. For this purpose, we parameterize the rest shape –obtained from standard factorization approaches over the input video– using a triangular mesh which is further clustered into larger macro-segments. The expression transfer problem is then posed as a direct mapping between this shape and a source shape, such as the blend shapes of an off-the-shelf 3D dataset of human facial expressions. The mapping is resolved to be geometrically consistent between 3D models by requiring points in specific regions to map on semantic equivalent regions. We validate the approach on several synthetic and real examples of input faces that largely differ from the source shapes, yielding very realistic expression transfers even in cases with topology changes, such as a synthetic video sequence of a single-eyed cyclops.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICPR
	Notes	MSIAU; 600.086; 600.130; 600.118			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RLM2018			Serial	3232
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	Author	Javad Zolfaghari Bengar; Joost Van de Weijer; Bartlomiej Twardowski; Bogdan Raducanu
	Title	Reducing Label Effort: Self- Supervised Meets Active Learning			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1631-1639
	Keywords
	Abstract	Active learning is a paradigm aimed at reducing the annotation effort by training the model on actively selected informative and/or representative samples. Another paradigm to reduce the annotation effort is self-training that learns from a large amount of unlabeled data in an unsupervised way and fine-tunes on few labeled samples. Recent developments in self-training have achieved very impressive results rivaling supervised learning on some datasets. The current work focuses on whether the two paradigms can benefit from each other. We studied object recognition datasets including CIFAR10, CIFAR100 and Tiny ImageNet with several labeling budgets for the evaluations. Our experiments reveal that self-training is remarkably more efficient than active learning at reducing the labeling effort, that for a low labeling budget, active learning offers no benefit to self-training, and finally that the combination of active learning and self-training is fruitful when the labeling budget is high. The performance gap between active learning trained either with self-training or from scratch diminishes as we approach to the point where almost half of the dataset is labeled.
	Address	October 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICCVW
	Notes	LAMP;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ ZVT2021			Serial	3672
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	Author	Javad Zolfaghari Bengar; Bogdan Raducanu; Joost Van de Weijer
	Title	When Deep Learners Change Their Mind: Learning Dynamics for Active Learning			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	19th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13052	Issue	1	Pages	403-413
	Keywords
	Abstract	Active learning aims to select samples to be annotated that yield the largest performance improvement for the learning algorithm. Many methods approach this problem by measuring the informativeness of samples and do this based on the certainty of the network predictions for samples. However, it is well-known that neural networks are overly confident about their prediction and are therefore an untrustworthy source to assess sample informativeness. In this paper, we propose a new informativeness-based active learning method. Our measure is derived from the learning dynamics of a neural network. More precisely we track the label assignment of the unlabeled data pool during the training of the algorithm. We capture the learning dynamics with a metric called label-dispersion, which is low when the network consistently assigns the same label to the sample during the training of the network and high when the assigned label changes frequently. We show that label-dispersion is a promising predictor of the uncertainty of the network, and show on two benchmark datasets that an active learning algorithm based on label-dispersion obtains excellent results.
	Address	September 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CAIP
	Notes	LAMP;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ ZRV2021			Serial	3673
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	Author	Gemma Rotger; Francesc Moreno-Noguer; Felipe Lumbreras; Antonio Agudo
	Title	Single view facial hair 3D reconstruction			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2019	Publication	9th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11867	Issue		Pages	423-436
	Keywords	3D Vision; Shape Reconstruction; Facial Hair Modeling
	Abstract	n this work, we introduce a novel energy-based framework that addresses the challenging problem of 3D reconstruction of facial hair from a single RGB image. To this end, we identify hair pixels over the image via texture analysis and then determine individual hair fibers that are modeled by means of a parametric hair model based on 3D helixes. We propose to minimize an energy composed of several terms, in order to adapt the hair parameters that better fit the image detections. The final hairs respond to the resulting fibers after a post-processing step where we encourage further realism. The resulting approach generates realistic facial hair fibers from solely an RGB image without assuming any training data nor user interaction. We provide an experimental evaluation on real-world pictures where several facial hair styles and image conditions are observed, showing consistent results and establishing a comparison with respect to competing approaches.
	Address	Madrid; July 2019
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IbPRIA
	Notes	MSIAU; 600.086; 600.130; 600.122			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @			Serial	3707
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	Author	Chenshen Wu; Joost Van de Weijer
	Title	Density Map Distillation for Incremental Object Counting			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	2505-2514
	Keywords
	Abstract	We investigate the problem of incremental learning for object counting, where a method must learn to count a variety of object classes from a sequence of datasets. A naïve approach to incremental object counting would suffer from catastrophic forgetting, where it would suffer from a dramatic performance drop on previous tasks. In this paper, we propose a new exemplar-free functional regularization method, called Density Map Distillation (DMD). During training, we introduce a new counter head for each task and introduce a distillation loss to prevent forgetting of previous tasks. Additionally, we introduce a cross-task adaptor that projects the features of the current backbone to the previous backbone. This projector allows for the learning of new features while the backbone retains the relevant features for previous tasks. Finally, we set up experiments of incremental learning for counting new objects. Results confirm that our method greatly reduces catastrophic forgetting and outperforms existing methods.
	Address	Vancouver; Canada; June 2023
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CVPRW
	Notes	LAMP			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ WuW2023			Serial	3916
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