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| Author | Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Joost Van de Weijer; Maria Vanrell |
 
 
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| Title | Modulating Shape Features by Color Attention for Object Recognition | Type | Journal Article | |||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | International Journal of Computer Vision | Abbreviated Journal | IJCV | |
| Volume | 98 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 49-64 | |
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| Abstract | Bag-of-words based image representation is a successful approach for object recognition. Generally, the subsequent stages of the process: feature detection,feature description, vocabulary construction and image representation are performed independent of the intentioned object classes to be detected. In such a framework, it was found that the combination of different image cues, such as shape and color, often obtains below expected results. This paper presents a novel method for recognizing object categories when using ultiple cues by separately processing the shape and color cues and combining them by modulating the shape features by category specific color attention. Color is used to compute bottom up and top-down attention maps. Subsequently, these color attention maps are used to modulate the weights of the shape features. In regions with higher attention shape features are given more weight than in regions with low attention. We compare our approach with existing methods that combine color and shape cues on five data sets containing varied importance of both cues, namely, Soccer (color predominance), Flower (color and hape parity), PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2009 (shape predominance) and Caltech-101 (color co-interference). The experiments clearly demonstrate that in all five data sets our proposed framework significantly outperforms existing methods for combining color and shape information. | |||||
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| Publisher | Springer Netherlands | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
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| ISSN | 0920-5691 | ISBN | Medium | |||
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| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ KWV2012 | Serial | 1864 | |||
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| Author | C. Alejandro Parraga; Robert Benavente; Maria Vanrell; Ramon Baldrich |
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| Title | Psychophysical measurements to model inter-colour regions of colour-naming space | Type | Journal Article | |||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Journal of Imaging Science and Technology | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | 53 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 031106 (8 pages) | |
| Keywords | image processing; Analysis | |||||
| Abstract | JCR Impact Factor 2009: 0.391
In this paper, we present a fuzzy-set of parametric functions which segment the CIE lab space into eleven regions which correspond to the group of common universal categories present in all evolved languages as identified by anthropologists and linguists. The set of functions is intended to model a color-name assignment task by humans and differs from other models in its emphasis on the inter-color boundary regions, which were explicitly measured by means of a psychophysics experiment. In our particular implementation, the CIE lab space was segmented into eleven color categories using a Triple Sigmoid as the fuzzy sets basis, whose parameters are included in this paper. The model’s parameters were adjusted according to the psychophysical results of a yes/no discrimination paradigm where observers had to choose (English) names for isoluminant colors belonging to regions in-between neighboring categories. These colors were presented on a calibrated CRT monitor (14-bit x 3 precision). The experimental results show that inter- color boundary regions are much less defined than expected and color samples other than those near the most representatives are needed to define the position and shape of boundaries between categories. The extended set of model parameters is given as a table. |
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| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | CAT @ cat @ PBV2009 | Serial | 1157 | |||
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| Author | Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Joost Van de Weijer; Andrew Bagdanov; Maria Vanrell |
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| Title | Portmanteau Vocabularies for Multi-Cue Image Representation | Type | Conference Article | |||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | 25th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | We describe a novel technique for feature combination in the bag-of-words model of image classification. Our approach builds discriminative compound words from primitive cues learned independently from training images. Our main observation is that modeling joint-cue distributions independently is more statistically robust for typical classification problems than attempting to empirically estimate the dependent, joint-cue distribution directly. We use Information theoretic vocabulary compression to find discriminative combinations of cues and the resulting vocabulary of portmanteau words is compact, has the cue binding property, and supports individual weighting of cues in the final image representation. State-of-the-art results on both the Oxford Flower-102 and Caltech-UCSD Bird-200 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique compared to other, significantly more complex approaches to multi-cue image representation | |||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | NIPS | |||
| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ KWB2011 | Serial | 1865 | |||
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| Author | Graham D. Finlayson; Javier Vazquez; Sabine Süsstrunk; Maria Vanrell |
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| Title | Spectral sharpening by spherical sampling | Type | Journal Article | |||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America A | Abbreviated Journal | JOSA A | |
| Volume | 29 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 1199-1210 | |
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| Abstract | There are many works in color that assume illumination change can be modeled by multiplying sensor responses by individual scaling factors. The early research in this area is sometimes grouped under the heading “von Kries adaptation”: the scaling factors are applied to the cone responses. In more recent studies, both in psychophysics and in computational analysis, it has been proposed that scaling factors should be applied to linear combinations of the cones that have narrower support: they should be applied to the so-called “sharp sensors.” In this paper, we generalize the computational approach to spectral sharpening in three important ways. First, we introduce spherical sampling as a tool that allows us to enumerate in a principled way all linear combinations of the cones. This allows us to, second, find the optimal sharp sensors that minimize a variety of error measures including CIE Delta E (previous work on spectral sharpening minimized RMS) and color ratio stability. Lastly, we extend the spherical sampling paradigm to the multispectral case. Here the objective is to model the interaction of light and surface in terms of color signal spectra. Spherical sampling is shown to improve on the state of the art. | |||||
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| ISSN | 1084-7529 | ISBN | Medium | |||
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| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ FVS2012 | Serial | 2000 | |||
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| Author | Eduard Vazquez; Ramon Baldrich; Joost Van de Weijer; Maria Vanrell |
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| Title | Describing Reflectances for Colour Segmentation Robust to Shadows, Highlights and Textures | Type | Journal Article | |||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence | Abbreviated Journal | TPAMI | |
| Volume | 33 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 917-930 | |
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| Abstract | The segmentation of a single material reflectance is a challenging problem due to the considerable variation in image measurements caused by the geometry of the object, shadows, and specularities. The combination of these effects has been modeled by the dichromatic reflection model. However, the application of the model to real-world images is limited due to unknown acquisition parameters and compression artifacts. In this paper, we present a robust model for the shape of a single material reflectance in histogram space. The method is based on a multilocal creaseness analysis of the histogram which results in a set of ridges representing the material reflectances. The segmentation method derived from these ridges is robust to both shadow, shading and specularities, and texture in real-world images. We further complete the method by incorporating prior knowledge from image statistics, and incorporate spatial coherence by using multiscale color contrast information. Results obtained show that our method clearly outperforms state-of-the-art segmentation methods on a widely used segmentation benchmark, having as a main characteristic its excellent performance in the presence of shadows and highlights at low computational cost. | |||||
| Address | Los Alamitos; CA; USA; | |||||
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| Publisher | IEEE Computer Society | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
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| ISSN | 0162-8828 | ISBN | Medium | |||
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| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ VBW2011 | Serial | 1715 | |||
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| Author | Jordi Roca; Maria Vanrell; C. Alejandro Parraga |
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| Title | What is constant in colour constancy? | Type | Conference Article | |||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | 6th European Conference on Colour in Graphics, Imaging and Vision | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 337-343 | |||
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| Abstract | Color constancy refers to the ability of the human visual system to stabilize
the color appearance of surfaces under an illuminant change. In this work we studied how the interrelations among nine colors are perceived under illuminant changes, particularly whether they remain stable across 10 different conditions (5 illuminants and 2 backgrounds). To do so we have used a paradigm that measures several colors under an immersive state of adaptation. From our measures we defined a perceptual structure descriptor that is up to 87% stable over all conditions, suggesting that color category features could be used to predict color constancy. This is in agreement with previous results on the stability of border categories [1,2] and with computational color constancy algorithms [3] for estimating the scene illuminant. |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 9781622767014 | Medium | |||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | CGIV | |||
| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RVP2012 | Serial | 2189 | |||
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| Author | Xavier Otazu; C. Alejandro Parraga; Maria Vanrell |
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| Title | Towards a unified chromatic inducction model | Type | Journal Article | |||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Journal of Vision | Abbreviated Journal | VSS | |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 12:5 | Pages | 1-24 | |
| Keywords | Visual system; Color induction; Wavelet transform | |||||
| Abstract | In a previous work (X. Otazu, M. Vanrell, & C. A. Párraga, 2008b), we showed how several brightness induction effects can be predicted using a simple multiresolution wavelet model (BIWaM). Here we present a new model for chromatic induction processes (termed Chromatic Induction Wavelet Model or CIWaM), which is also implemented on a multiresolution framework and based on similar assumptions related to the spatial frequency and the contrast surround energy of the stimulus. The CIWaM can be interpreted as a very simple extension of the BIWaM to the chromatic channels, which in our case are defined in the MacLeod-Boynton (lsY) color space. This new model allows us to unify both chromatic assimilation and chromatic contrast effects in a single mathematical formulation. The predictions of the CIWaM were tested by means of several color and brightness induction experiments, which showed an acceptable agreement between model predictions and psychophysical data. | |||||
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| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | CAT @ cat @ OPV2010 | Serial | 1450 | |||
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| Author | C. Alejandro Parraga; Jordi Roca; Maria Vanrell |
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| Title | Do Basic Colors Influence Chromatic Adaptation? | Type | Journal Article | |||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Journal of Vision | Abbreviated Journal | VSS | |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 85 | |
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| Abstract | Color constancy (the ability to perceive colors relatively stable under different illuminants) is the result of several mechanisms spread across different neural levels and responding to several visual scene cues. It is usually measured by estimating the perceived color of a grey patch under an illuminant change. In this work, we hypothesize whether chromatic adaptation (without a reference white or grey) could be driven by certain colors, specifically those corresponding to the universal color terms proposed by Berlin and Kay (1969). To this end we have developed a new psychophysical paradigm in which subjects adjust the color of a test patch (in CIELab space) to match their memory of the best example of a given color chosen from the universal terms list (grey, red, green, blue, yellow, purple, pink, orange and brown). The test patch is embedded inside a Mondrian image and presented on a calibrated CRT screen inside a dark cabin. All subjects were trained to “recall” their most exemplary colors reliably from memory and asked to always produce the same basic colors when required under several adaptation conditions. These include achromatic and colored Mondrian backgrounds, under a simulated D65 illuminant and several colored illuminants. A set of basic colors were measured for each subject under neutral conditions (achromatic background and D65 illuminant) and used as “reference” for the rest of the experiment. The colors adjusted by the subjects in each adaptation condition were compared to the reference colors under the corresponding illuminant and a “constancy index” was obtained for each of them. Our results show that for some colors the constancy index was better than for grey. The set of best adapted colors in each condition were common to a majority of subjects and were dependent on the chromaticity of the illuminant and the chromatic background considered. | |||||
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| ISSN | 1534-7362 | ISBN | Medium | |||
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| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ PRV2011 | Serial | 1759 | |||
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| Author | Javier Vazquez; J. Kevin O'Regan; Maria Vanrell; Graham D. Finlayson |
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| Title | A new spectrally sharpened basis to predict colour naming, unique hues, and hue cancellation | Type | Journal Article | |||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Journal of Vision | Abbreviated Journal | VSS | |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | 6 (7) | Pages | 1-14 | |
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| Abstract | When light is reflected off a surface, there is a linear relation between the three human photoreceptor responses to the incoming light and the three photoreceptor responses to the reflected light. Different colored surfaces have different linear relations. Recently, Philipona and O'Regan (2006) showed that when this relation is singular in a mathematical sense, then the surface is perceived as having a highly nameable color. Furthermore, white light reflected by that surface is perceived as corresponding precisely to one of the four psychophysically measured unique hues. However, Philipona and O'Regan's approach seems unrelated to classical psychophysical models of color constancy. In this paper we make this link. We begin by transforming cone sensors to spectrally sharpened counterparts. In sharp color space, illumination change can be modeled by simple von Kries type scalings of response values within each of the spectrally sharpened response channels. In this space, Philipona and O'Regan's linear relation is captured by a simple Land-type color designator defined by dividing reflected light by incident light. This link between Philipona and O'Regan's theory and Land's notion of color designator gives the model biological plausibility. We then show that Philipona and O'Regan's singular surfaces are surfaces which are very close to activating only one or only two of such newly defined spectrally sharpened sensors, instead of the usual three. Closeness to zero is quantified in a new simplified measure of singularity which is also shown to relate to the chromaticness of colors. As in Philipona and O'Regan's original work, our new theory accounts for a large variety of psychophysical color data. | |||||
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| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ VOV2012 | Serial | 1998 | |||
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| Author | Jordi Roca; C. Alejandro Parraga; Maria Vanrell |
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| Title | Categorical Focal Colours are Structurally Invariant Under Illuminant Changes | Type | Conference Article | |||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | European Conference on Visual Perception | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 196 | |||
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| Abstract | The visual system perceives the colour of surfaces approximately constant under changes of illumination. In this work, we investigate how stable is the perception of categorical \“focal\” colours and their interrelations with varying illuminants and simple chromatic backgrounds. It has been proposed that best examples of colour categories across languages cluster in small regions of the colour space and are restricted to a set of 11 basic terms (Kay and Regier, 2003 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 9085\–9089). Following this, we developed a psychophysical paradigm that exploits the ability of subjects to reliably reproduce the most representative examples of each category, adjusting multiple test patches embedded in a coloured Mondrian. The experiment was run on a CRT monitor (inside a dark room) under various simulated illuminants. We modelled the recorded data for each subject and adapted state as a 3D interconnected structure (graph) in Lab space. The graph nodes were the subject\’s focal colours at each adaptation state. The model allowed us to get a better distance measure between focal structures under different illuminants. We found that perceptual focal structures tend to be preserved better than the structures of the physical \“ideal\” colours under illuminant changes. | |||||
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| Series Editor | Series Title | Perception 40 | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | ECVP | |||
| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ RPV2011 | Serial | 1867 | |||
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| Author | Jordi Roca; C. Alejandro Parraga; Maria Vanrell |
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| Title | Predicting categorical colour perception in successive colour constancy | Type | Abstract | |||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Perception | Abbreviated Journal | PER | |
| Volume | 41 | Issue | Pages | 138 | ||
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| Abstract | Colour constancy is a perceptual mechanism that seeks to keep the colour of objects relatively stable under an illumination shift. Experiments haveshown that its effects depend on the number of colours present in the scene. We
studied categorical colour changes under different adaptation states, in particular, whether the colour categories seen under a chromatically neutral illuminant are the same after a shift in the chromaticity of the illumination. To do this, we developed the chromatic setting paradigm (2011 Journal of Vision11 349), which is as an extension of achromatic setting to colour categories. The paradigm exploits the ability of subjects to reliably reproduce the most representative examples of each category, adjusting multiple test patches embedded in a coloured Mondrian. Our experiments were run on a CRT monitor (inside a dark room) under various simulated illuminants and restricting the number of colours of the Mondrian background to three, thus weakening the adaptation effect. Our results show a change in the colour categories present before (under neutral illumination) and after adaptation (under coloured illuminants) with a tendency for adapted colours to be less saturated than before adaptation. This behaviour was predicted by a simple affine matrix model, adjusted to the chromatic setting results. |
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| ISSN | 0301-0066 | ISBN | Medium | |||
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| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ RPV2012 | Serial | 2188 | |||
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| Author | Susana Alvarez; Maria Vanrell |
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| Title | Texton theory revisited: a bag-of-words approach to combine textons | Type | Journal Article | |||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Pattern Recognition | Abbreviated Journal | PR | |
| Volume | 45 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 4312-4325 | |
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| Abstract | The aim of this paper is to revisit an old theory of texture perception and
update its computational implementation by extending it to colour. With this in mind we try to capture the optimality of perceptual systems. This is achieved in the proposed approach by sharing well-known early stages of the visual processes and extracting low-dimensional features that perfectly encode adequate properties for a large variety of textures without needing further learning stages. We propose several descriptors in a bag-of-words framework that are derived from different quantisation models on to the feature spaces. Our perceptual features are directly given by the shape and colour attributes of image blobs, which are the textons. In this way we avoid learning visual words and directly build the vocabularies on these lowdimensionaltexton spaces. Main differences between proposed descriptors rely on how co-occurrence of blob attributes is represented in the vocabularies. Our approach overcomes current state-of-art in colour texture description which is proved in several experiments on large texture datasets. |
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| ISSN | 0031-3203 | ISBN | Medium | |||
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| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ AlV2012a | Serial | 2130 | |||
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| Author | Susana Alvarez; Anna Salvatella; Maria Vanrell; Xavier Otazu |
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| Title | Low-dimensional and Comprehensive Color Texture Description | Type | Journal Article | |||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Computer Vision and Image Understanding | Abbreviated Journal | CVIU | |
| Volume | 116 | Issue | I | Pages | 54-67 | |
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| Abstract | Image retrieval can be dealt by combining standard descriptors, such as those of MPEG-7, which are defined independently for each visual cue (e.g. SCD or CLD for Color, HTD for texture or EHD for edges).
A common problem is to combine similarities coming from descriptors representing different concepts in different spaces. In this paper we propose a color texture description that bypasses this problem from its inherent definition. It is based on a low dimensional space with 6 perceptual axes. Texture is described in a 3D space derived from a direct implementation of the original Julesz’s Texton theory and color is described in a 3D perceptual space. This early fusion through the blob concept in these two bounded spaces avoids the problem and allows us to derive a sparse color-texture descriptor that achieves similar performance compared to MPEG-7 in image retrieval. Moreover, our descriptor presents comprehensive qualities since it can also be applied either in segmentation or browsing: (a) a dense image representation is defined from the descriptor showing a reasonable performance in locating texture patterns included in complex images; and (b) a vocabulary of basic terms is derived to build an intermediate level descriptor in natural language improving browsing by bridging semantic gap |
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| ISSN | 1077-3142 | ISBN | Medium | |||
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| Notes | CAT;CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ ASV2012 | Serial | 1827 | |||
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| Author | Javier Vazquez; Robert Benavente; Maria Vanrell |
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| Title | Naming constraints constancy | Type | Conference Article | |||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | 2nd Joint AVA / BMVA Meeting on Biological and Machine Vision | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | Different studies have shown that languages from industrialized cultures
share a set of 11 basic colour terms: red, green, blue, yellow, pink, purple, brown, orange, black, white, and grey (Berlin & Kay, 1969, Basic Color Terms, University of California Press)( Kay & Regier, 2003, PNAS, 100, 9085-9089). Some of these studies have also reported the best representatives or focal values of each colour (Boynton and Olson, 1990, Vision Res. 30,1311–1317), (Sturges and Whitfield, 1995, CRA, 20:6, 364–376). Some further studies have provided us with fuzzy datasets for color naming by asking human observers to rate colours in terms of membership values (Benavente -et al-, 2006, CRA. 31:1, 48–56,). Recently, a computational model based on these human ratings has been developed (Benavente -et al-, 2008, JOSA-A, 25:10, 2582-2593). This computational model follows a fuzzy approach to assign a colour name to a particular RGB value. For example, a pixel with a value (255,0,0) will be named 'red' with membership 1, while a cyan pixel with a RGB value of (0, 200, 200) will be considered to be 0.5 green and 0.5 blue. In this work, we show how this colour naming paradigm can be applied to different computer vision tasks. In particular, we report results in colour constancy (Vazquez-Corral -et al-, 2012, IEEE TIP, in press) showing that the classical constraints on either illumination or surface reflectance can be substituted by the statistical properties encoded in the colour names. [Supported by projects TIN2010-21771-C02-1, CSD2007-00018]. |
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | AV A | |||
| Notes | CIC | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ VBV2012 | Serial | 2131 | |||
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