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Josep Llados, Enric Marti and Jordi Regincos. 1993. Interpretación de diseños a mano alzada como técnica de entrada a un sistema CAD en un ámbito de arquitectura. III National Conference on Computer Graphics. Granada.
Abstract: En los últimos años, se ha introducido ámpliamente el uso de los sistemas CAD en dominios relacionados con la arquitectura. Dichos sistemas CAD son muy útiles para el arquitecto en el diseño de planos de plantas de edificios. Sin embargo, la utilización eficiente de un CAD requiere un tiempo de aprendizaje, en especial, en la etapa de creación y edición del diseño. Además, una vez familiarizado con un CAD, el arquitecto debe adaptarse a la simbología que éste le permite que, en algunos casos puede ser poco flexible.Con esta motivación, se propone una técnica alternativa de entrada de documentos en sistemas CAD. Dicha técnica se basa en el diseño del plano sobre papel mediante un dibujo lineal hecho a mano alzada a modo de boceto e introducido mediante scanner. Una vez interpretado este dibujo inicial e introducido en el CAD, el arquitecto sólo deber hacer sobre éste los retoques finales del documento.El sistema de entrada propuesto se compone de dos módulos principales: En primer lugar, la extracción de características (puntos característicos, rectas y arcos) de la imagen obtenida mediante scanner. En dicho módulo se aplican principalmente técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes obteniendo como resultado una representaci¢n del dibujo de entrada basada en grafos de atributos. El objetivo del segundo módulo es el de encontrar y reconocer las entidades integrantes del documento (puertas, mesas, etc.) en base a una biblioteca de símbolos definida en el sistema CAD. La implementación de dicho módulo se basa en técnicas de isomorfismo de grafos.El sistema propone una alternativa que permita, mediante el diseño a mano alzada, la introducción de la informaci¢n m s significativa del plano de forma rápida, sencilla y estandarizada por parte del usuario.
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Josep Llados, Enric Marti and Juan J.Villanueva. 2001. Symbol recognition by error-tolerant subgraph matching between region adjacency graphs. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 23(10), 1137–1143.
Abstract: The recognition of symbols in graphic documents is an intensive research activity in the community of pattern recognition and document analysis. A key issue in the interpretation of maps, engineering drawings, diagrams, etc. is the recognition of domain dependent symbols according to a symbol database. In this work we first review the most outstanding symbol recognition methods from two different points of view: application domains and pattern recognition methods. In the second part of the paper, open and unaddressed problems involved in symbol recognition are described, analyzing their current state of art and discussing future research challenges. Thus, issues such as symbol representation, matching, segmentation, learning, scalability of recognition methods and performance evaluation are addressed in this work. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of symbol recognition concerning to new paradigms such as user interfaces in handheld computers or document database and WWW indexing by graphical content.
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Josep Llados, Ernest Valveny and Enric Marti. 2000. Symbol Recognition in Document Image Analysis: Methods and Challenges. Recent Research Developments in Pattern Recognition, Transworld Research Network,, 1, 151–178.
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Josep Llados, Ernest Valveny, Gemma Sanchez and Enric Marti. 2002. Symbol recognition: current advances and perspectives. In Dorothea Blostein and Young- Bin Kwon, ed. Graphics Recognition Algorithms And Applications. Springer-Verlag, 104–128. (LNCS.)
Abstract: The recognition of symbols in graphic documents is an intensive research activity in the community of pattern recognition and document analysis. A key issue in the interpretation of maps, engineering drawings, diagrams, etc. is the recognition of domain dependent symbols according to a symbol database. In this work we first review the most outstanding symbol recognition methods from two different points of view: application domains and pattern recognition methods. In the second part of the paper, open and unaddressed problems involved in symbol recognition are described, analyzing their current state of art and discussing future research challenges. Thus, issues such as symbol representation, matching, segmentation, learning, scalability of recognition methods and performance evaluation are addressed in this work. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of symbol recognition concerning to new paradigms such as user interfaces in handheld computers or document database and WWW indexing by graphical content.
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Josep Llados, Ernest Valveny, Gemma Sanchez and Enric Marti. 2003. A Case Study of Pattern Recognition: Symbol Recognition in Graphic Documentsa. Proceedings of Pattern Recognition in Information Systems. ICEIS Press, 1–13.
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Josep Llados, Felipe Lumbreras, V. Chapaprieta and J. Queralt. 2001. ICAR: Identity Card Automatic Reader..
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Josep Llados, Felipe Lumbreras and X. Varona. 1999. A multidocument platform for automatic reading of identity cards..
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Josep Llados and Gemma Sanchez. 2003. Symbol Recognition Using Graphs.
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Josep Llados and Gemma Sanchez. 2004. Graph Matching vs. Graph Parsing in Graphics Recognition: A Combined Approach.
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Josep Llados and Gemma Sanchez. 2007. Indexing Historical Documents by Word Shape Signatures. 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition.362–366.
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