Minesh Mathew, Viraj Bagal, Ruben Tito, Dimosthenis Karatzas, Ernest Valveny, & C.V. Jawahar. (2022). InfographicVQA. In Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (pp. 1697–1706).
Abstract: Infographics communicate information using a combination of textual, graphical and visual elements. This work explores the automatic understanding of infographic images by using a Visual Question Answering technique. To this end, we present InfographicVQA, a new dataset comprising a diverse collection of infographics and question-answer annotations. The questions require methods that jointly reason over the document layout, textual content, graphical elements, and data visualizations. We curate the dataset with an emphasis on questions that require elementary reasoning and basic arithmetic skills. For VQA on the dataset, we evaluate two Transformer-based strong baselines. Both the baselines yield unsatisfactory results compared to near perfect human performance on the dataset. The results suggest that VQA on infographics--images that are designed to communicate information quickly and clearly to human brain--is ideal for benchmarking machine understanding of complex document images. The dataset is available for download at docvqa. org
Keywords: Document Analysis Datasets; Evaluation and Comparison of Vision Algorithms; Vision and Languages
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Ali Furkan Biten, Andres Mafla, Lluis Gomez, & Dimosthenis Karatzas. (2022). Is An Image Worth Five Sentences? A New Look into Semantics for Image-Text Matching. In Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (pp. 1391–1400).
Abstract: The task of image-text matching aims to map representations from different modalities into a common joint visual-textual embedding. However, the most widely used datasets for this task, MSCOCO and Flickr30K, are actually image captioning datasets that offer a very limited set of relationships between images and sentences in their ground-truth annotations. This limited ground truth information forces us to use evaluation metrics based on binary relevance: given a sentence query we consider only one image as relevant. However, many other relevant images or captions may be present in the dataset. In this work, we propose two metrics that evaluate the degree of semantic relevance of retrieved items, independently of their annotated binary relevance. Additionally, we incorporate a novel strategy that uses an image captioning metric, CIDEr, to define a Semantic Adaptive Margin (SAM) to be optimized in a standard triplet loss. By incorporating our formulation to existing models, a large improvement is obtained in scenarios where available training data is limited. We also demonstrate that the performance on the annotated image-caption pairs is maintained while improving on other non-annotated relevant items when employing the full training set. The code for our new metric can be found at github. com/furkanbiten/ncsmetric and the model implementation at github. com/andrespmd/semanticadaptive_margin.
Keywords: Measurement; Training; Integrated circuits; Annotations; Semantics; Training data; Semisupervised learning
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Saiping Zhang, Luis Herranz, Marta Mrak, Marc Gorriz Blanch, Shuai Wan, & Fuzheng Yang. (2022). DCNGAN: A Deformable Convolution-Based GAN with QP Adaptation for Perceptual Quality Enhancement of Compressed Video. In 47th International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a deformable convolution-based generative adversarial network (DCNGAN) for perceptual quality enhancement of compressed videos. DCNGAN is also adaptive to the quantization parameters (QPs). Compared with optical flows, deformable convolutions are more effective and efficient to align frames. Deformable convolutions can operate on multiple frames, thus leveraging more temporal information, which is beneficial for enhancing the perceptual quality of compressed videos. Instead of aligning frames in a pairwise manner, the deformable convolution can process multiple frames simultaneously, which leads to lower computational complexity. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DCNGAN outperforms other state-of-the-art compressed video quality enhancement algorithms.
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Spencer Low, Oliver Nina, Angel Sappa, Erik Blasch, & Nathan Inkawhich. (2022). Multi-Modal Aerial View Object Classification Challenge Results – PBVS 2022. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (pp. 350–358).
Abstract: This paper details the results and main findings of the second iteration of the Multi-modal Aerial View Object Classification (MAVOC) challenge. The primary goal of both MAVOC challenges is to inspire research into methods for building recognition models that utilize both synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and electro-optical (EO) imagery. Teams are encouraged to develop multi-modal approaches that incorporate complementary information from both domains. While the 2021 challenge showed a proof of concept that both modalities could be used together, the 2022 challenge focuses on the detailed multi-modal methods. The 2022 challenge uses the same UNIfied Coincident Optical and Radar for recognitioN (UNICORN) dataset and competition format that was used in 2021. Specifically, the challenge focuses on two tasks, (1) SAR classification and (2) SAR + EO classification. The bulk of this document is dedicated to discussing the top performing methods and describing their performance on our blind test set. Notably, all of the top ten teams outperform a Resnet-18 baseline. For SAR classification, the top team showed a 129% improvement over baseline and an 8% average improvement from the 2021 winner. The top team for SAR + EO classification shows a 165% improvement with a 32% average improvement over 2021.
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Francesco Pelosin, Saurav Jha, Andrea Torsello, Bogdan Raducanu, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2022). Towards exemplar-free continual learning in vision transformers: an account of attention, functional and weight regularization. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW).
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the continual learning of Vision Transformers (ViT) for the challenging exemplar-free scenario, with special focus on how to efficiently distill the knowledge of its crucial self-attention mechanism (SAM). Our work takes an initial step towards a surgical investigation of SAM for designing coherent continual learning methods in ViTs. We first carry out an evaluation of established continual learning regularization techniques. We then examine the effect of regularization when applied to two key enablers of SAM: (a) the contextualized embedding layers, for their ability to capture well-scaled representations with respect to the values, and (b) the prescaled attention maps, for carrying value-independent global contextual information. We depict the perks of each distilling strategy on two image recognition benchmarks (CIFAR100 and ImageNet-32) – while (a) leads to a better overall accuracy, (b) helps enhance the rigidity by maintaining competitive performances. Furthermore, we identify the limitation imposed by the symmetric nature of regularization losses. To alleviate this, we propose an asymmetric variant and apply it to the pooled output distillation (POD) loss adapted for ViTs. Our experiments confirm that introducing asymmetry to POD boosts its plasticity while retaining stability across (a) and (b). Moreover, we acknowledge low forgetting measures for all the compared methods, indicating that ViTs might be naturally inclined continual learners. 1
Keywords: Learning systems; Weight measurement; Image recognition; Surgery; Benchmark testing; Transformers; Stability analysis
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Zhaocheng Liu, Luis Herranz, Fei Yang, Saiping Zhang, Shuai Wan, Marta Mrak, et al. (2022). Slimmable Video Codec. In CVPR 2022 Workshop and Challenge on Learned Image Compression (CLIC 2022, 5th Edition) (pp. 1742–1746).
Abstract: Neural video compression has emerged as a novel paradigm combining trainable multilayer neural net-works and machine learning, achieving competitive rate-distortion (RD) performances, but still remaining impractical due to heavy neural architectures, with large memory and computational demands. In addition, models are usually optimized for a single RD tradeoff. Recent slimmable image codecs can dynamically adjust their model capacity to gracefully reduce the memory and computation requirements, without harming RD performance. In this paper we propose a slimmable video codec (SlimVC), by integrating a slimmable temporal entropy model in a slimmable autoencoder. Despite a significantly more complex architecture, we show that slimming remains a powerful mechanism to control rate, memory footprint, computational cost and latency, all being important requirements for practical video compression.
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Rafael E. Rivadeneira, Angel Sappa, Boris X. Vintimilla, Jin Kim, Dogun Kim, Zhihao Li, et al. (2022). Thermal Image Super-Resolution Challenge Results – PBVS 2022. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (pp. 418–426).
Abstract: This paper presents results from the third Thermal Image Super-Resolution (TISR) challenge organized in the Perception Beyond the Visible Spectrum (PBVS) 2022 workshop. The challenge uses the same thermal image dataset as the first two challenges, with 951 training images and 50 validation images at each resolution. A set of 20 images was kept aside for testing. The evaluation tasks were to measure the PSNR and SSIM between the SR image and the ground truth (HR thermal noisy image downsampled by four), and also to measure the PSNR and SSIM between the SR image and the semi-registered HR image (acquired with another camera). The results outperformed those from last year’s challenge, improving both evaluation metrics. This year, almost 100 teams participants registered for the challenge, showing the community’s interest in this hot topic.
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Aneesh Rangnekar, Zachary Mulhollan, Anthony Vodacek, Matthew Hoffman, Angel Sappa, Erik Blasch, et al. (2022). Semi-Supervised Hyperspectral Object Detection Challenge Results – PBVS 2022. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (pp. 390–398).
Abstract: This paper summarizes the top contributions to the first semi-supervised hyperspectral object detection (SSHOD) challenge, which was organized as a part of the Perception Beyond the Visible Spectrum (PBVS) 2022 workshop at the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) conference. The SSHODC challenge is a first-of-its-kind hyperspectral dataset with temporally contiguous frames collected from a university rooftop observing a 4-way vehicle intersection over a period of three days. The dataset contains a total of 2890 frames, captured at an average resolution of 1600 × 192 pixels, with 51 hyperspectral bands from 400nm to 900nm. SSHOD challenge uses 989 images as the training set, 605 images as validation set and 1296 images as the evaluation (test) set. Each set was acquired on a different day to maximize the variance in weather conditions. Labels are provided for 10% of the annotated data, hence formulating a semi-supervised learning task for the participants which is evaluated in terms of average precision over the entire set of classes, as well as individual moving object classes: namely vehicle, bus and bike. The challenge received participation registration from 38 individuals, with 8 participating in the validation phase and 3 participating in the test phase. This paper describes the dataset acquisition, with challenge formulation, proposed methods and qualitative and quantitative results.
Keywords: Training; Computer visio; Conferences; Training data; Object detection; Semisupervised learning; Transformers
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Chengyi Zou, Shuai Wan, Marta Mrak, Marc Gorriz Blanch, Luis Herranz, & Tiannan Ji. (2022). Towards Lightweight Neural Network-based Chroma Intra Prediction for Video Coding. In 29th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.
Abstract: In video compression the luma channel can be useful for predicting chroma channels (Cb, Cr), as has been demonstrated with the Cross-Component Linear Model (CCLM) used in Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard. More recently, it has been shown that neural networks can even better capture the relationship among different channels. In this paper, a new attention-based neural network is proposed for cross-component intra prediction. With the goal to simplify neural network design, the new framework consists of four branches: boundary branch and luma branch for extracting features from reference samples, attention branch for fusing the first two branches, and prediction branch for computing the predicted chroma samples. The proposed scheme is integrated into VVC test model together with one additional binary block-level syntax flag which indicates whether a given block makes use of the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate 0.31%/2.36%/2.00% BD-rate reductions on Y/Cb/Cr components, respectively, on top of the VVC Test Model (VTM) 7.0 which uses CCLM.
Keywords: Video coding; Quantization (signal); Computational modeling; Neural networks; Predictive models; Video compression; Syntactics
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Guillem Martinez, Maya Aghaei, Martin Dijkstra, Bhalaji Nagarajan, Femke Jaarsma, Jaap van de Loosdrecht, et al. (2022). Hyper-Spectral Imaging for Overlapping Plastic Flakes Segmentation. In 47th International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a deformable convolution-based generative adversarial network (DCNGAN) for perceptual quality enhancement of compressed videos. DCNGAN is also adaptive to the quantization parameters (QPs). Compared with optical flows, deformable convolutions are more effective and efficient to align frames. Deformable convolutions can operate on multiple frames, thus leveraging more temporal information, which is beneficial for enhancing the perceptual quality of compressed videos. Instead of aligning frames in a pairwise manner, the deformable convolution can process multiple frames simultaneously, which leads to lower computational complexity. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DCNGAN outperforms other state-of-the-art compressed video quality enhancement algorithms.
Keywords: Hyper-spectral imaging; plastic sorting; multi-label segmentation; bitfield encoding
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Aitor Alvarez-Gila, Joost Van de Weijer, Yaxing Wang, & Estibaliz Garrote. (2022). MVMO: A Multi-Object Dataset for Wide Baseline Multi-View Semantic Segmentation. In 29th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.
Abstract: We present MVMO (Multi-View, Multi-Object dataset): a synthetic dataset of 116,000 scenes containing randomly placed objects of 10 distinct classes and captured from 25 camera locations in the upper hemisphere. MVMO comprises photorealistic, path-traced image renders, together with semantic segmentation ground truth for every view. Unlike existing multi-view datasets, MVMO features wide baselines between cameras and high density of objects, which lead to large disparities, heavy occlusions and view-dependent object appearance. Single view semantic segmentation is hindered by self and inter-object occlusions that could benefit from additional viewpoints. Therefore, we expect that MVMO will propel research in multi-view semantic segmentation and cross-view semantic transfer. We also provide baselines that show that new research is needed in such fields to exploit the complementary information of multi-view setups 1 .
Keywords: multi-view; cross-view; semantic segmentation; synthetic dataset
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Ayan Banerjee, Palaiahnakote Shivakumara, Parikshit Acharya, Umapada Pal, & Josep Llados. (2022). TWD: A New Deep E2E Model for Text Watermark Detection in Video Images. In 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition.
Abstract: Text watermark detection in video images is challenging because text watermark characteristics are different from caption and scene texts in the video images. Developing a successful model for detecting text watermark, caption, and scene texts is an open challenge. This study aims at developing a new Deep End-to-End model for Text Watermark Detection (TWD), caption and scene text in video images. To standardize non-uniform contrast, quality, and resolution, we explore the U-Net3+ model for enhancing poor quality text without affecting high-quality text. Similarly, to address the challenges of arbitrary orientation, text shapes and complex background, we explore Stacked Hourglass Encoded Fourier Contour Embedding Network (SFCENet) by feeding the output of the U-Net3+ model as input. Furthermore, the proposed work integrates enhancement and detection models as an end-to-end model for detecting multi-type text in video images. To validate the proposed model, we create our own dataset (named TW-866), which provides video images containing text watermark, caption (subtitles), as well as scene text. The proposed model is also evaluated on standard natural scene text detection datasets, namely, ICDAR 2019 MLT, CTW1500, Total-Text, and DAST1500. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods. This is the first work on text watermark detection in video images to the best of our knowledge
Keywords: Deep learning; U-Net; FCENet; Scene text detection; Video text detection; Watermark text detection
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Vacit Oguz Yazici, Joost Van de Weijer, & Longlong Yu. (2022). Visual Transformers with Primal Object Queries for Multi-Label Image Classification. In 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition.
Abstract: Multi-label image classification is about predicting a set of class labels that can be considered as orderless sequential data. Transformers process the sequential data as a whole, therefore they are inherently good at set prediction. The first vision-based transformer model, which was proposed for the object detection task introduced the concept of object queries. Object queries are learnable positional encodings that are used by attention modules in decoder layers to decode the object classes or bounding boxes using the region of interests in an image. However, inputting the same set of object queries to different decoder layers hinders the training: it results in lower performance and delays convergence. In this paper, we propose the usage of primal object queries that are only provided at the start of the transformer decoder stack. In addition, we improve the mixup technique proposed for multi-label classification. The proposed transformer model with primal object queries improves the state-of-the-art class wise F1 metric by 2.1% and 1.8%; and speeds up the convergence by 79.0% and 38.6% on MS-COCO and NUS-WIDE datasets respectively.
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Alex Gomez-Villa, Adrian Martin, Javier Vazquez, Marcelo Bertalmio, & Jesus Malo. (2022). On the synthesis of visual illusions using deep generative models. JOV - Journal of Vision, 22(8)(2), 1–18.
Abstract: Visual illusions expand our understanding of the visual system by imposing constraints in the models in two different ways: i) visual illusions for humans should induce equivalent illusions in the model, and ii) illusions synthesized from the model should be compelling for human viewers too. These constraints are alternative strategies to find good vision models. Following the first research strategy, recent studies have shown that artificial neural network architectures also have human-like illusory percepts when stimulated with classical hand-crafted stimuli designed to fool humans. In this work we focus on the second (less explored) strategy: we propose a framework to synthesize new visual illusions using the optimization abilities of current automatic differentiation techniques. The proposed framework can be used with classical vision models as well as with more recent artificial neural network architectures. This framework, validated by psychophysical experiments, can be used to study the difference between a vision model and the actual human perception and to optimize the vision model to decrease this difference.
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Razieh Rastgoo, Kourosh Kiani, & Sergio Escalera. (2022). Real-time Isolated Hand Sign Language RecognitioN Using Deep Networks and SVD. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 591–611.
Abstract: One of the challenges in computer vision models, especially sign language, is real-time recognition. In this work, we present a simple yet low-complex and efficient model, comprising single shot detector, 2D convolutional neural network, singular value decomposition (SVD), and long short term memory, to real-time isolated hand sign language recognition (IHSLR) from RGB video. We employ the SVD method as an efficient, compact, and discriminative feature extractor from the estimated 3D hand keypoints coordinators. Despite the previous works that employ the estimated 3D hand keypoints coordinates as raw features, we propose a novel and revolutionary way to apply the SVD to the estimated 3D hand keypoints coordinates to get more discriminative features. SVD method is also applied to the geometric relations between the consecutive segments of each finger in each hand and also the angles between these sections. We perform a detailed analysis of recognition time and accuracy. One of our contributions is that this is the first time that the SVD method is applied to the hand pose parameters. Results on four datasets, RKS-PERSIANSIGN (99.5±0.04), First-Person (91±0.06), ASVID (93±0.05), and isoGD (86.1±0.04), confirm the efficiency of our method in both accuracy (mean+std) and time recognition. Furthermore, our model outperforms or gets competitive results with the state-of-the-art alternatives in IHSLR and hand action recognition.
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