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Marçal Rusiñol, Volkmar Frinken, Dimosthenis Karatzas, Andrew Bagdanov, & Josep Llados. (2014). Multimodal page classification in administrative document image streams. IJDAR - International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition, 17(4), 331–341.
Abstract: In this paper, we present a page classification application in a banking workflow. The proposed architecture represents administrative document images by merging visual and textual descriptions. The visual description is based on a hierarchical representation of the pixel intensity distribution. The textual description uses latent semantic analysis to represent document content as a mixture of topics. Several off-the-shelf classifiers and different strategies for combining visual and textual cues have been evaluated. A final step uses an n-gram model of the page stream allowing a finer-grained classification of pages. The proposed method has been tested in a real large-scale environment and we report results on a dataset of 70,000 pages.
Keywords: Digital mail room; Multimodal page classification; Visual and textual document description
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Marco Pedersoli, Jordi Gonzalez, Xu Hu, & Xavier Roca. (2014). Toward Real-Time Pedestrian Detection Based on a Deformable Template Model. TITS - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 15(1), 355–364.
Abstract: Most advanced driving assistance systems already include pedestrian detection systems. Unfortunately, there is still a tradeoff between precision and real time. For a reliable detection, excellent precision-recall such a tradeoff is needed to detect as many pedestrians as possible while, at the same time, avoiding too many false alarms; in addition, a very fast computation is needed for fast reactions to dangerous situations. Recently, novel approaches based on deformable templates have been proposed since these show a reasonable detection performance although they are computationally too expensive for real-time performance. In this paper, we present a system for pedestrian detection based on a hierarchical multiresolution part-based model. The proposed system is able to achieve state-of-the-art detection accuracy due to the local deformations of the parts while exhibiting a speedup of more than one order of magnitude due to a fast coarse-to-fine inference technique. Moreover, our system explicitly infers the level of resolution available so that the detection of small examples is feasible with a very reduced computational cost. We conclude this contribution by presenting how a graphics processing unit-optimized implementation of our proposed system is suitable for real-time pedestrian detection in terms of both accuracy and speed.
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Naveen Onkarappa, & Angel Sappa. (2014). Speed and Texture: An Empirical Study on Optical-Flow Accuracy in ADAS Scenarios. TITS - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 15(1), 136–147.
Abstract: IF: 3.064
Increasing mobility in everyday life has led to the concern for the safety of automotives and human life. Computer vision has become a valuable tool for developing driver assistance applications that target such a concern. Many such vision-based assisting systems rely on motion estimation, where optical flow has shown its potential. A variational formulation of optical flow that achieves a dense flow field involves a data term and regularization terms. Depending on the image sequence, the regularization has to appropriately be weighted for better accuracy of the flow field. Because a vehicle can be driven in different kinds of environments, roads, and speeds, optical-flow estimation has to be accurately computed in all such scenarios. In this paper, we first present the polar representation of optical flow, which is quite suitable for driving scenarios due to the possibility that it offers to independently update regularization factors in different directional components. Then, we study the influence of vehicle speed and scene texture on optical-flow accuracy. Furthermore, we analyze the relationships of these specific characteristics on a driving scenario (vehicle speed and road texture) with the regularization weights in optical flow for better accuracy. As required by the work in this paper, we have generated several synthetic sequences along with ground-truth flow fields.
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Jose Manuel Alvarez, Antonio Lopez, Theo Gevers, & Felipe Lumbreras. (2014). Combining Priors, Appearance and Context for Road Detection. TITS - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 15(3), 1168–1178.
Abstract: Detecting the free road surface ahead of a moving vehicle is an important research topic in different areas of computer vision, such as autonomous driving or car collision warning.
Current vision-based road detection methods are usually based solely on low-level features. Furthermore, they generally assume structured roads, road homogeneity, and uniform lighting conditions, constraining their applicability in real-world scenarios. In this paper, road priors and contextual information are introduced for road detection. First, we propose an algorithm to estimate road priors online using geographical information, providing relevant initial information about the road location. Then, contextual cues, including horizon lines, vanishing points, lane markings, 3-D scene layout, and road geometry, are used in addition to low-level cues derived from the appearance of roads. Finally, a generative model is used to combine these cues and priors, leading to a road detection method that is, to a large degree, robust to varying imaging conditions, road types, and scenarios.
Keywords: Illuminant invariance; lane markings; road detection; road prior; road scene understanding; vanishing point; 3-D scene layout
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R. Clariso, David Masip, & A. Rius. (2014). Student projects empowering mobile learning in higher education. RUSC - Revista de Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento, 192–207.
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Antonio Clavelli, Dimosthenis Karatzas, Josep Llados, Mario Ferraro, & Giuseppe Boccignone. (2014). Modelling task-dependent eye guidance to objects in pictures. CoCom - Cognitive Computation, 6(3), 558–584.
Abstract: 5Y Impact Factor: 1.14 / 3rd (Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence)
We introduce a model of attentional eye guidance based on the rationale that the deployment of gaze is to be considered in the context of a general action-perception loop relying on two strictly intertwined processes: sensory processing, depending on current gaze position, identifies sources of information that are most valuable under the given task; motor processing links such information with the oculomotor act by sampling the next gaze position and thus performing the gaze shift. In such a framework, the choice of where to look next is task-dependent and oriented to classes of objects embedded within pictures of complex scenes. The dependence on task is taken into account by exploiting the value and the payoff of gazing at certain image patches or proto-objects that provide a sparse representation of the scene objects. The different levels of the action-perception loop are represented in probabilistic form and eventually give rise to a stochastic process that generates the gaze sequence. This way the model also accounts for statistical properties of gaze shifts such as individual scan path variability. Results of the simulations are compared either with experimental data derived from publicly available datasets and from our own experiments.
Keywords: Visual attention; Gaze guidance; Value; Payoff; Stochastic fixation prediction
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Jiaolong Xu, David Vazquez, Antonio Lopez, Javier Marin, & Daniel Ponsa. (2014). Learning a Part-based Pedestrian Detector in Virtual World. TITS - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 15(5), 2121–2131.
Abstract: Detecting pedestrians with on-board vision systems is of paramount interest for assisting drivers to prevent vehicle-to-pedestrian accidents. The core of a pedestrian detector is its classification module, which aims at deciding if a given image window contains a pedestrian. Given the difficulty of this task, many classifiers have been proposed during the last fifteen years. Among them, the so-called (deformable) part-based classifiers including multi-view modeling are usually top ranked in accuracy. Training such classifiers is not trivial since a proper aspect clustering and spatial part alignment of the pedestrian training samples are crucial for obtaining an accurate classifier. In this paper, first we perform automatic aspect clustering and part alignment by using virtual-world pedestrians, i.e., human annotations are not required. Second, we use a mixture-of-parts approach that allows part sharing among different aspects. Third, these proposals are integrated in a learning framework which also allows to incorporate real-world training data to perform domain adaptation between virtual- and real-world cameras. Overall, the obtained results on four popular on-board datasets show that our proposal clearly outperforms the state-of-the-art deformable part-based detector known as latent SVM.
Keywords: Domain Adaptation; Pedestrian Detection; Virtual Worlds
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David Fernandez, Pau Riba, Alicia Fornes, & Josep Llados. (2014). On the Influence of Key Point Encoding for Handwritten Word Spotting. In 14th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (pp. 476–481).
Abstract: In this paper we evaluate the influence of the selection of key points and the associated features in the performance of word spotting processes. In general, features can be extracted from a number of characteristic points like corners, contours, skeletons, maxima, minima, crossings, etc. A number of descriptors exist in the literature using different interest point detectors. But the intrinsic variability of handwriting vary strongly on the performance if the interest points are not stable enough. In this paper, we analyze the performance of different descriptors for local interest points. As benchmarking dataset we have used the Barcelona Marriage Database that contains handwritten records of marriages over five centuries.
Keywords: Local descriptors; Interest points; Handwritten documents; Word spotting; Historical document analysis
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Pau Riba, Jon Almazan, Alicia Fornes, David Fernandez, Ernest Valveny, & Josep Llados. (2014). e-Crowds: a mobile platform for browsing and searching in historical demographyrelated manuscripts. In 14th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (pp. 228–233).
Abstract: This paper presents a prototype system running on portable devices for browsing and word searching through historical handwritten document collections. The platform adapts the paradigm of eBook reading, where the narrative is not necessarily sequential, but centered on the user actions. The novelty is to replace digitally born books by digitized historical manuscripts of marriage licenses, so document analysis tasks are required in the browser. With an active reading paradigm, the user can cast queries of people names, so he/she can implicitly follow genealogical links. In addition, the system allows combined searches: the user can refine a search by adding more words to search. As a second contribution, the retrieval functionality involves as a core technology a word spotting module with an unified approach, which allows combined query searches, and also two input modalities: query-by-example, and query-by-string.
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Javier Marin, David Vazquez, Antonio Lopez, Jaume Amores, & Ludmila I. Kuncheva. (2014). Occlusion handling via random subspace classifiers for human detection. TSMCB - IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (Part B), 44(3), 342–354.
Abstract: This paper describes a general method to address partial occlusions for human detection in still images. The Random Subspace Method (RSM) is chosen for building a classifier ensemble robust against partial occlusions. The component classifiers are chosen on the basis of their individual and combined performance. The main contribution of this work lies in our approach’s capability to improve the detection rate when partial occlusions are present without compromising the detection performance on non occluded data. In contrast to many recent approaches, we propose a method which does not require manual labelling of body parts, defining any semantic spatial components, or using additional data coming from motion or stereo. Moreover, the method can be easily extended to other object classes. The experiments are performed on three large datasets: the INRIA person dataset, the Daimler Multicue dataset, and a new challenging dataset, called PobleSec, in which a considerable number of targets are partially occluded. The different approaches are evaluated at the classification and detection levels for both partially occluded and non-occluded data. The experimental results show that our detector outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in the presence of partial occlusions, while offering performance and reliability similar to those of the holistic approach on non-occluded data. The datasets used in our experiments have been made publicly available for benchmarking purposes
Keywords: Pedestriand Detection; occlusion handling
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Oscar Lopes, Miguel Reyes, Sergio Escalera, & Jordi Gonzalez. (2014). Spherical Blurred Shape Model for 3-D Object and Pose Recognition: Quantitative Analysis and HCI Applications in Smart Environments. TSMCB - IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (Part B), 44(12), 2379–2390.
Abstract: The use of depth maps is of increasing interest after the advent of cheap multisensor devices based on structured light, such as Kinect. In this context, there is a strong need of powerful 3-D shape descriptors able to generate rich object representations. Although several 3-D descriptors have been already proposed in the literature, the research of discriminative and computationally efficient descriptors is still an open issue. In this paper, we propose a novel point cloud descriptor called spherical blurred shape model (SBSM) that successfully encodes the structure density and local variabilities of an object based on shape voxel distances and a neighborhood propagation strategy. The proposed SBSM is proven to be rotation and scale invariant, robust to noise and occlusions, highly discriminative for multiple categories of complex objects like the human hand, and computationally efficient since the SBSM complexity is linear to the number of object voxels. Experimental evaluation in public depth multiclass object data, 3-D facial expressions data, and a novel hand poses data sets show significant performance improvements in relation to state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposal is also proved for object spotting in 3-D scenes and for real-time automatic hand pose recognition in human computer interaction scenarios.
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Ariel Amato, Ivan Huerta, Mikhail Mozerov, Xavier Roca, & Jordi Gonzalez. (2014). Moving Cast Shadows Detection Methods for Video Surveillance Applications. In Augmented Vision and Reality (Vol. 6, pp. 23–47). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Abstract: Moving cast shadows are a major concern in today’s performance from broad range of many vision-based surveillance applications because they highly difficult the object classification task. Several shadow detection methods have been reported in the literature during the last years. They are mainly divided into two domains. One usually works with static images, whereas the second one uses image sequences, namely video content. In spite of the fact that both cases can be analogously analyzed, there is a difference in the application field. The first case, shadow detection methods can be exploited in order to obtain additional geometric and semantic cues about shape and position of its casting object (‘shape from shadows’) as well as the localization of the light source. While in the second one, the main purpose is usually change detection, scene matching or surveillance (usually in a background subtraction context). Shadows can in fact modify in a negative way the shape and color of the target object and therefore affect the performance of scene analysis and interpretation in many applications. This chapter wills mainly reviews shadow detection methods as well as their taxonomies related with the second case, thus aiming at those shadows which are associated with moving objects (moving shadows).
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Svebor Karaman, Giuseppe Lisanti, Andrew Bagdanov, & Alberto del Bimbo. (2014). From re-identification to identity inference: Labeling consistency by local similarity constraints. In Person Re-Identification (Vol. 2, pp. 287–307). Springer London.
Abstract: In this chapter, we introduce the problem of identity inference as a generalization of person re-identification. It is most appropriate to distinguish identity inference from re-identification in situations where a large number of observations must be identified without knowing a priori that groups of test images represent the same individual. The standard single- and multishot person re-identification common in the literature are special cases of our formulation. We present an approach to solving identity inference by modeling it as a labeling problem in a Conditional Random Field (CRF). The CRF model ensures that the final labeling gives similar labels to detections that are similar in feature space. Experimental results are given on the ETHZ, i-LIDS and CAVIAR datasets. Our approach yields state-of-the-art performance for multishot re-identification, and our results on the more general identity inference problem demonstrate that we are able to infer the identity of very many examples even with very few labeled images in the gallery.
Keywords: re-identification; Identity inference; Conditional random fields; Video surveillance
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