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	Author	Cristhian A. Aguilera-Carrasco; C. Aguilera; Angel Sappa
	Title	Melamine Faced Panels Defect Classification beyond the Visible Spectrum			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	18	Issue	11	Pages	1-10
	Keywords	industrial application; infrared; machine learning
	Abstract	In this work, we explore the use of images from different spectral bands to classify defects in melamine faced panels, which could appear through the production process. Through experimental evaluation, we evaluate the use of images from the visible (VS), near-infrared (NIR), and long wavelength infrared (LWIR), to classify the defects using a feature descriptor learning approach together with a support vector machine classifier. Two descriptors were evaluated, Extended Local Binary Patterns (E-LBP) and SURF using a Bag of Words (BoW) representation. The evaluation was carried on with an image set obtained during this work, which contained five different defect categories that currently occurs in the industry. Results show that using images from beyond the visual spectrum helps to improve classification performance in contrast with a single visible spectrum solution.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MSIAU; 600.122			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ AAS2018			Serial	3191
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	Author	Gabriel Villalonga; Joost Van de Weijer; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Recognizing new classes with synthetic data in the loop: application to traffic sign recognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	20	Issue	3	Pages	583
	Keywords
	Abstract	On-board vision systems may need to increase the number of classes that can be recognized in a relatively short period. For instance, a traffic sign recognition system may suddenly be required to recognize new signs. Since collecting and annotating samples of such new classes may need more time than we wish, especially for uncommon signs, we propose a method to generate these samples by combining synthetic images and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) technology. In particular, the GAN is trained on synthetic and real-world samples from known classes to perform synthetic-to-real domain adaptation, but applied to synthetic samples of the new classes. Using the Tsinghua dataset with a synthetic counterpart, SYNTHIA-TS, we have run an extensive set of experiments. The results show that the proposed method is indeed effective, provided that we use a proper Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to perform the traffic sign recognition (classification) task as well as a proper GAN to transform the synthetic images. Here, a ResNet101-based classifier and domain adaptation based on CycleGAN performed extremely well for a ratio∼ 1/4 for new/known classes; even for more challenging ratios such as∼ 4/1, the results are also very positive.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	LAMP; ADAS; 600.118; 600.120			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ VWL2020			Serial	3405
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	Author	Cristhian A. Aguilera-Carrasco; Cristhian Aguilera; Cristobal A. Navarro; Angel Sappa
	Title	Fast CNN Stereo Depth Estimation through Embedded GPU Devices			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	20	Issue	11	Pages	3249
	Keywords	stereo matching; deep learning; embedded GPU
	Abstract	Current CNN-based stereo depth estimation models can barely run under real-time constraints on embedded graphic processing unit (GPU) devices. Moreover, state-of-the-art evaluations usually do not consider model optimization techniques, being that it is unknown what is the current potential on embedded GPU devices. In this work, we evaluate two state-of-the-art models on three different embedded GPU devices, with and without optimization methods, presenting performance results that illustrate the actual capabilities of embedded GPU devices for stereo depth estimation. More importantly, based on our evaluation, we propose the use of a U-Net like architecture for postprocessing the cost-volume, instead of a typical sequence of 3D convolutions, drastically augmenting the runtime speed of current models. In our experiments, we achieve real-time inference speed, in the range of 5–32 ms, for 1216 × 368 input stereo images on the Jetson TX2, Jetson Xavier, and Jetson Nano embedded devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MSIAU; 600.122			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ AAN2020			Serial	3428
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	Author	Angel Morera; Angel Sanchez; A. Belen Moreno; Angel Sappa; Jose F. Velez
	Title	SSD vs. YOLO for Detection of Outdoor Urban Advertising Panels under Multiple Variabilities			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	20	Issue	16	Pages	4587
	Keywords
	Abstract	This work compares Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) and You Only Look Once (YOLO) deep neural networks for the outdoor advertisement panel detection problem by handling multiple and combined variabilities in the scenes. Publicity panel detection in images offers important advantages both in the real world as well as in the virtual one. For example, applications like Google Street View can be used for Internet publicity and when detecting these ads panels in images, it could be possible to replace the publicity appearing inside the panels by another from a funding company. In our experiments, both SSD and YOLO detectors have produced acceptable results under variable sizes of panels, illumination conditions, viewing perspectives, partial occlusion of panels, complex background and multiple panels in scenes. Due to the difficulty of finding annotated images for the considered problem, we created our own dataset for conducting the experiments. The major strength of the SSD model was the almost elimination of False Positive (FP) cases, situation that is preferable when the publicity contained inside the panel is analyzed after detecting them. On the other side, YOLO produced better panel localization results detecting a higher number of True Positive (TP) panels with a higher accuracy. Finally, a comparison of the two analyzed object detection models with different types of semantic segmentation networks and using the same evaluation metrics is also included.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MSIAU; 600.130; 601.349; 600.122			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ MSM2020			Serial	3452
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	Author	Jose Luis Gomez; Gabriel Villalonga; Antonio Lopez
	Title	Co-Training for Deep Object Detection: Comparing Single-Modal and Multi-Modal Approaches			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	21	Issue	9	Pages	3185
	Keywords	co-training; multi-modality; vision-based object detection; ADAS; self-driving
	Abstract	Top-performing computer vision models are powered by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Training an accurate CNN highly depends on both the raw sensor data and their associated ground truth (GT). Collecting such GT is usually done through human labeling, which is time-consuming and does not scale as we wish. This data-labeling bottleneck may be intensified due to domain shifts among image sensors, which could force per-sensor data labeling. In this paper, we focus on the use of co-training, a semi-supervised learning (SSL) method, for obtaining self-labeled object bounding boxes (BBs), i.e., the GT to train deep object detectors. In particular, we assess the goodness of multi-modal co-training by relying on two different views of an image, namely, appearance (RGB) and estimated depth (D). Moreover, we compare appearance-based single-modal co-training with multi-modal. Our results suggest that in a standard SSL setting (no domain shift, a few human-labeled data) and under virtual-to-real domain shift (many virtual-world labeled data, no human-labeled data) multi-modal co-training outperforms single-modal. In the latter case, by performing GAN-based domain translation both co-training modalities are on par, at least when using an off-the-shelf depth estimation model not specifically trained on the translated images.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS; 600.118			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ GVL2021			Serial	3562
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	Author	Idoia Ruiz; Joan Serrat
	Title	Hierarchical Novelty Detection for Traffic Sign Recognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	22	Issue	12	Pages	4389
	Keywords	Novelty detection; hierarchical classification; deep learning; traffic sign recognition; autonomous driving; computer vision
	Abstract	Recent works have made significant progress in novelty detection, i.e., the problem of detecting samples of novel classes, never seen during training, while classifying those that belong to known classes. However, the only information this task provides about novel samples is that they are unknown. In this work, we leverage hierarchical taxonomies of classes to provide informative outputs for samples of novel classes. We predict their closest class in the taxonomy, i.e., its parent class. We address this problem, known as hierarchical novelty detection, by proposing a novel loss, namely Hierarchical Cosine Loss that is designed to learn class prototypes along with an embedding of discriminative features consistent with the taxonomy. We apply it to traffic sign recognition, where we predict the parent class semantics for new types of traffic signs. Our model beats state-of-the art approaches on two large scale traffic sign benchmarks, Mapillary Traffic Sign Dataset (MTSD) and Tsinghua-Tencent 100K (TT100K), and performs similarly on natural images benchmarks (AWA2, CUB). For TT100K and MTSD, our approach is able to detect novel samples at the correct nodes of the hierarchy with 81% and 36% of accuracy, respectively, at 80% known class accuracy.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ADAS; 600.154			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RuS2022			Serial	3684
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	Author	Rafael E. Rivadeneira; Angel Sappa; Boris X. Vintimilla; Riad I. Hammoud
	Title	A Novel Domain Transfer-Based Approach for Unsupervised Thermal Image Super-Resolution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	22	Issue	6	Pages	2254
	Keywords	Thermal image super-resolution; unsupervised super-resolution; thermal images; attention module; semiregistered thermal images
	Abstract	This paper presents a transfer domain strategy to tackle the limitations of low-resolution thermal sensors and generate higher-resolution images of reasonable quality. The proposed technique employs a CycleGAN architecture and uses a ResNet as an encoder in the generator along with an attention module and a novel loss function. The network is trained on a multi-resolution thermal image dataset acquired with three different thermal sensors. Results report better performance benchmarking results on the 2nd CVPR-PBVS-2021 thermal image super-resolution challenge than state-of-the-art methods. The code of this work is available online.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MSIAU;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RSV2022b			Serial	3688
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	Author	Aura Hernandez-Sabate; Jose Elias Yauri; Pau Folch; Daniel Alvarez; Debora Gil
	Title	EEG Dataset Collection for Mental Workload Predictions in Flight-Deck Environment			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	24	Issue	4	Pages	1174
	Keywords
	Abstract	High mental workload reduces human performance and the ability to correctly carry out complex tasks. In particular, aircraft pilots enduring high mental workloads are at high risk of failure, even with catastrophic outcomes. Despite progress, there is still a lack of knowledge about the interrelationship between mental workload and brain functionality, and there is still limited data on flight-deck scenarios. Although recent emerging deep-learning (DL) methods using physiological data have presented new ways to find new physiological markers to detect and assess cognitive states, they demand large amounts of properly annotated datasets to achieve good performance. We present a new dataset of electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings specifically collected for the recognition of different levels of mental workload. The data were recorded from three experiments, where participants were induced to different levels of workload through tasks of increasing cognition demand. The first involved playing the N-back test, which combines memory recall with arithmetical skills. The second was playing Heat-the-Chair, a serious game specifically designed to emphasize and monitor subjects under controlled concurrent tasks. The third was flying in an Airbus320 simulator and solving several critical situations. The design of the dataset has been validated on three different levels: (1) correlation of the theoretical difficulty of each scenario to the self-perceived difficulty and performance of subjects; (2) significant difference in EEG temporal patterns across the theoretical difficulties and (3) usefulness for the training and evaluation of AI models.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	IAM			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ HYF2024			Serial	4019
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	Author	Saad Minhas; Zeba Khanam; Shoaib Ehsan; Klaus McDonald Maier; Aura Hernandez-Sabate
	Title	Weather Classification by Utilizing Synthetic Data			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	22	Issue	9	Pages	3193
	Keywords	Weather classification; synthetic data; dataset; autonomous car; computer vision; advanced driver assistance systems; deep learning; intelligent transportation systems
	Abstract	Weather prediction from real-world images can be termed a complex task when targeting classification using neural networks. Moreover, the number of images throughout the available datasets can contain a huge amount of variance when comparing locations with the weather those images are representing. In this article, the capabilities of a custom built driver simulator are explored specifically to simulate a wide range of weather conditions. Moreover, the performance of a new synthetic dataset generated by the above simulator is also assessed. The results indicate that the use of synthetic datasets in conjunction with real-world datasets can increase the training efficiency of the CNNs by as much as 74%. The article paves a way forward to tackle the persistent problem of bias in vision-based datasets.
	Address	21 April 2022
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	MDPI	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	IAM; 600.139; 600.159; 600.166; 600.145;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ MKE2022			Serial	3761
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