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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; Petia Radeva
	Title	Separability of Ternary Codes for Sparse Designs of Error-Correcting Output Codes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Pattern Recognition Letters	Abbreviated Journal	PRL
	Volume	30	Issue	3	Pages	285–297
	Keywords
	Abstract	Error Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) represent a successful framework to deal with multi-class categorization problems based on combining binary classiﬁers. In this paper, we present a new formulation of the ternary ECOC distance and the error-correcting capabilities in the ternary ECOC framework. Based on the new measure, we stress on how to design coding matrices preventing codiﬁcation ambiguity and propose a new Sparse Random coding matrix with ternary distance maximization. The results on the UCI Repository and in a real speed trafﬁc categorization problem show that when the coding design satisﬁes the new ternary measures, signiﬁcant performance improvement is obtained independently of the decoding strategy applied.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MILAB;HuPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPR2009a			Serial	1153
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; Petia Radeva
	Title	Recoding Error-Correcting Output Codes			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	8th International Workshop of Multiple Classifier Systems	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5519	Issue		Pages	11–21
	Keywords
	Abstract	One of the most widely applied techniques to deal with multi- class categorization problems is the pairwise voting procedure. Recently, this classical approach has been embedded in the Error-Correcting Output Codes framework (ECOC). This framework is based on a coding step, where a set of binary problems are learnt and coded in a matrix, and a decoding step, where a new sample is tested and classified according to a comparison with the positions of the coded matrix. In this paper, we present a novel approach to redefine without retraining, in a problem-dependent way, the one-versus-one coding matrix so that the new coded information increases the generalization capability of the system. Moreover, the final classification can be tuned with the inclusion of a weighting matrix in the decoding step. The approach has been validated over several UCI Machine Learning repository data sets and two real multi-class problems: traffic sign and face categorization. The results show that performance improvements are obtained when comparing the new approach to one of the best ECOC designs (one-versus-one). Furthermore, the novel methodology obtains at least the same performance than the one-versus-one ECOC design.
	Address	Reykjavik (Iceland)
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-642-02325-5	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	MCS
	Notes	MILAB;HuPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPR2009d			Serial	1190
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; Petia Radeva
	Title	Traffic sign recognition system with β -correction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Machine Vision and Applications	Abbreviated Journal	MVA
	Volume	21	Issue	2	Pages	99–111
	Keywords
	Abstract	Traffic sign classification represents a classical application of multi-object recognition processing in uncontrolled adverse environments. Lack of visibility, illumination changes, and partial occlusions are just a few problems. In this paper, we introduce a novel system for multi-class classification of traffic signs based on error correcting output codes (ECOC). ECOC is based on an ensemble of binary classifiers that are trained on bi-partition of classes. We classify a wide set of traffic signs types using robust error correcting codings. Moreover, we introduce the novel β-correction decoding strategy that outperforms the state-of-the-art decoding techniques, classifying a high number of classes with great success.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer-Verlag	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0932-8092	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MILAB;HUPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPR2010a			Serial	1276
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; Petia Radeva
	Title	On the Decoding Process in Ternary Error-Correcting Output Codes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	IEEE on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence	Abbreviated Journal	TPAMI
	Volume	32	Issue	1	Pages	120–134
	Keywords
	Abstract	A common way to model multiclass classification problems is to design a set of binary classifiers and to combine them. Error-correcting output codes (ECOC) represent a successful framework to deal with these type of problems. Recent works in the ECOC framework showed significant performance improvements by means of new problem-dependent designs based on the ternary ECOC framework. The ternary framework contains a larger set of binary problems because of the use of a ldquodo not carerdquo symbol that allows us to ignore some classes by a given classifier. However, there are no proper studies that analyze the effect of the new symbol at the decoding step. In this paper, we present a taxonomy that embeds all binary and ternary ECOC decoding strategies into four groups. We show that the zero symbol introduces two kinds of biases that require redefinition of the decoding design. A new type of decoding measure is proposed, and two novel decoding strategies are defined. We evaluate the state-of-the-art coding and decoding strategies over a set of UCI machine learning repository data sets and into a real traffic sign categorization problem. The experimental results show that, following the new decoding strategies, the performance of the ECOC design is significantly improved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0162-8828	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MILAB;HUPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPR2010b			Serial	1277
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; Petia Radeva
	Title	Error-Correcting Output Codes Library			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Journal of Machine Learning Research	Abbreviated Journal	JMLR
	Volume	11	Issue		Pages	661-664
	Keywords
	Abstract	(Feb):661−664 In this paper, we present an open source Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) library. The ECOC framework is a powerful tool to deal with multi-class categorization problems. This library contains both state-of-the-art coding (one-versus-one, one-versus-all, dense random, sparse random, DECOC, forest-ECOC, and ECOC-ONE) and decoding designs (hamming, euclidean, inverse hamming, laplacian, β-density, attenuated, loss-based, probabilistic kernel-based, and loss-weighted) with the parameters defined by the authors, as well as the option to include your own coding, decoding, and base classifier.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1532-4435	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MILAB;HUPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPR2010c			Serial	1286
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; Petia Radeva
	Title	Re-coding ECOCs without retraining			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Pattern Recognition Letters	Abbreviated Journal	PRL
	Volume	31	Issue	7	Pages	555–562
	Keywords
	Abstract	A standard way to deal with multi-class categorization problems is by the combination of binary classifiers in a pairwise voting procedure. Recently, this classical approach has been formalized in the Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) framework. In the ECOC framework, the one-versus-one coding demonstrates to achieve higher performance than the rest of coding designs. The binary problems that we train in the one-versus-one strategy are significantly smaller than in the rest of designs, and usually easier to be learnt, taking into account the smaller overlapping between classes. However, a high percentage of the positions coded by zero of the coding matrix, which implies a high sparseness degree, does not codify meta-class membership information. In this paper, we show that using the training data we can redefine without re-training, in a problem-dependent way, the one-versus-one coding matrix so that the new coded information helps the system to increase its generalization capability. Moreover, the new re-coding strategy is generalized to be applied over any binary code. The results over several UCI Machine Learning repository data sets and two real multi-class problems show that performance improvements can be obtained re-coding the classical one-versus-one and Sparse random designs compared to different state-of-the-art ECOC configurations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Elsevier	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MILAB;HUPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPR2010e			Serial	1338
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; J. Mauri; Petia Radeva
	Title	IVUS Tissue Characterization with Sub-class Error-correcting Output Codes			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2008. CVPR Workshops 2008. IEEE Computer Society Conference on, pp. 1–8, 23–28 juny 2008.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) represents a powerful imaging technique to explore coronary vessels and to study their morphology and histologic properties. In this paper, we characterize different tissues based on Radio Frequency, texture-based, slope-based, and combined features. To deal with the classification of multiple tissues, we require the use of robust multi-class learning techniques. In this context, we propose a strategy to model multi-class classification tasks using sub-classes information in the ECOC framework. The new strategy splits the classes into different subsets according to the applied base classifier. Complex IVUS data sets containing overlapping data are learnt by splitting the original set of classes into sub-classes, and embedding the binary problems in a problem-dependent ECOC design. The method automatically characterizes different tissues, showing performance improvements over the state-of-the-art ECOC techniques for different base classifiers and feature sets.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CVPR
	Notes	MILAB;HuPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPM2008			Serial	1041
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; J. Mauri; Petia Radeva
	Title	Intravascular Ultrasound Tissue Characterization with Sub-class Error-Correcting Output Codes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Journal of Signal Processing Systems	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	55	Issue	1-3	Pages	35–47
	Keywords
	Abstract	Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) represents a powerful imaging technique to explore coronary vessels and to study their morphology and histologic properties. In this paper, we characterize different tissues based on radial frequency, texture-based, and combined features. To deal with the classification of multiple tissues, we require the use of robust multi-class learning techniques. In this sense, error-correcting output codes (ECOC) show to robustly combine binary classifiers to solve multi-class problems. In this context, we propose a strategy to model multi-class classification tasks using sub-classes information in the ECOC framework. The new strategy splits the classes into different sub-sets according to the applied base classifier. Complex IVUS data sets containing overlapping data are learnt by splitting the original set of classes into sub-classes, and embedding the binary problems in a problem-dependent ECOC design. The method automatically characterizes different tissues, showing performance improvements over the state-of-the-art ECOC techniques for different base classifiers. Furthermore, the combination of RF and texture-based features also shows improvements over the state-of-the-art approaches.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1939-8018	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MILAB;HuPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPM2009			Serial	1258
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; Eric Laciar; Jordi Vitria; Esther Pueyo; Petia Radeva
	Title	Coronary Damage Classification of Patients with the Chagas Disease with Error-Correcting Output Codes			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Intelligent Systems, 4th International IEEE Conference, 6–8 setembre 2008.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	12–17
	Keywords
	Abstract	The Chagaspsila disease is endemic in all Latin America, affecting millions of people in the continent. In order to diagnose and treat the Chagaspsila disease, it is important to detect and measure the coronary damage of the patient. In this paper, we analyze and categorize patients into different groups based on the coronary damage produced by the disease. Based on the features of the heart cycle extracted using high resolution ECG, a multi-class scheme of error-correcting output codes (ECOC) is formulated and successfully applied. The results show that the proposed scheme obtains significant performance improvements compared to previous works and state-of-the-art ECOC designs.
	Address	Varna (Bulgaria)
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IS’08
	Notes	MILAB; OR;HuPBA;MV			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPL2008			Serial	1042
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol; Eric Laciar; Jordi Vitria; Esther Pueyo; Petia Radeva
	Title	Classification of Coronary Damage in Chronic Chagasic Patients			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Intelligent Systems – From Theory to Practice. Studies in Computational Intelligence	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	299	Issue		Pages	461-478
	Keywords	Chagas disease; Error-Correcting Output Codes; High resolution ECG; Decoding
	Abstract	Post Conference IEEE-IS 2008 The Chagas’ disease is endemic in all Latin America, affecting millions of people in the continent. In order to diagnose and treat the chagas’ disease, it is important to detect and measure the coronary damage of the patient. In this paper, we analyze and categorize patients into different groups based on the coronary damage produced by the disease. Based on the features of the heart cycle extracted using high resolution ECG, a multi-class scheme of Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC)is formulated and successfully applied. The results show that the proposed scheme obtains significant performance improvements compared to previous works and state-of-the-art ECOC designs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer-Verlag	Place of Publication		Editor	V. Sgurev, M. Hadjiski (eds)
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	OR;MILAB;HUPBA;MV			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ EPL2010			Serial	1452
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Mercedes Torres-Torres; Brais Martinez; Xavier Baro; Hugo Jair Escalante; Isabelle Guyon; Georgios Tzimiropoulos; Ciprian Corneanu; Marc Oliu Simón; Mohammad Ali Bagheri; Michel Valstar
	Title	ChaLearn Looking at People and Faces of the World: Face AnalysisWorkshop and Challenge 2016			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2016	Publication	29th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	We present the 2016 ChaLearn Looking at People and Faces of the World Challenge and Workshop, which ran three competitions on the common theme of face analysis from still images. The first one, Looking at People, addressed age estimation, while the second and third competitions, Faces of the World, addressed accessory classification and smile and gender classification, respectively. We present two crowd-sourcing methodologies used to collect manual annotations. A custom-build application was used to collect and label data about the apparent age of people (as opposed to the real age). For the Faces of the World data, the citizen-science Zooniverse platform was used. This paper summarizes the three challenges and the data used, as well as the results achieved by the participants of the competitions. Details of the ChaLearn LAP FotW competitions can be found at http://gesture.chalearn.org.
	Address	Las Vegas; USA; June 2016
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CVPRW
	Notes	HuPBA;MV;			Approved	no
	Call Number	ETM2016			Serial	2849
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Marti Soler; Stephane Ayache; Umut Guçlu; Jun Wan; Meysam Madadi; Xavier Baro; Hugo Jair Escalante; Isabelle Guyon
	Title	ChaLearn Looking at People: Inpainting and Denoising Challenges			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2019	Publication	The Springer Series on Challenges in Machine Learning	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	23-44
	Keywords
	Abstract	Dealing with incomplete information is a well studied problem in the context of machine learning and computational intelligence. However, in the context of computer vision, the problem has only been studied in specific scenarios (e.g., certain types of occlusions in specific types of images), although it is common to have incomplete information in visual data. This chapter describes the design of an academic competition focusing on inpainting of images and video sequences that was part of the competition program of WCCI2018 and had a satellite event collocated with ECCV2018. The ChaLearn Looking at People Inpainting Challenge aimed at advancing the state of the art on visual inpainting by promoting the development of methods for recovering missing and occluded information from images and video. Three tracks were proposed in which visual inpainting might be helpful but still challenging: human body pose estimation, text overlays removal and fingerprint denoising. This chapter describes the design of the challenge, which includes the release of three novel datasets, and the description of evaluation metrics, baselines and evaluation protocol. The results of the challenge are analyzed and discussed in detail and conclusions derived from this event are outlined.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	HuPBA; no proj			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ ESA2019			Serial	3327
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Markus Weimer; Mikhail Burtsev; Valentin Malykh; Varvara Logacheva; Ryan Lowe; Iulian Vlad Serban; Yoshua Bengio; Alexander Rudnicky; Alan W. Black; Shrimai Prabhumoye; Łukasz Kidzinski; Mohanty Sharada; Carmichael Ong; Jennifer Hicks; Sergey Levine; Marcel Salathe; Scott Delp; Iker Huerga; Alexander Grigorenko; Leifur Thorbergsson; Anasuya Das; Kyla Nemitz; Jenna Sandker; Stephen King; Alexander S. Ecker; Leon A. Gatys; Matthias Bethge; Jordan Boyd Graber; Shi Feng; Pedro Rodriguez; Mohit Iyyer; He He; Hal Daume III; Sean McGregor; Amir Banifatemi; Alexey Kurakin; Ian Goodfellow; Samy Bengio
	Title	Introduction to NIPS 2017 Competition Track			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2018	Publication	The NIPS ’17 Competition: Building Intelligent Systems	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-23
	Keywords
	Abstract	Competitions have become a popular tool in the data science community to solve hard problems, assess the state of the art and spur new research directions. Companies like Kaggle and open source platforms like Codalab connect people with data and a data science problem to those with the skills and means to solve it. Hence, the question arises: What, if anything, could NIPS add to this rich ecosystem? In 2017, we embarked to find out. We attracted 23 potential competitions, of which we selected five to be NIPS 2017 competitions. Our final selection features competitions advancing the state of the art in other sciences such as “Classifying Clinically Actionable Genetic Mutations” and “Learning to Run”. Others, like “The Conversational Intelligence Challenge” and “Adversarial Attacks and Defences” generated new data sets that we expect to impact the progress in their respective communities for years to come. And “Human-Computer Question Answering Competition” showed us just how far we as a field have come in ability and efficiency since the break-through performance of Watson in Jeopardy. Two additional competitions, DeepArt and AI XPRIZE Milestions, were also associated to the NIPS 2017 competition track, whose results are also presented within this chapter.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer	Place of Publication		Editor	Sergio Escalera; Markus Weimer
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-319-94042-7	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	HUPBA; no proj			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ EWB2018			Serial	3200
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sergio Escalera; Junior Fabian; Pablo Pardo; Xavier Baro; Jordi Gonzalez; Hugo Jair Escalante; Marc Oliu; Dusan Misevic; Ulrich Steiner; Isabelle Guyon
	Title	ChaLearn Looking at People 2015: Apparent Age and Cultural Event Recognition Datasets and Results			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	16th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	243 - 251
	Keywords
	Abstract	Following previous series on Looking at People (LAP) competitions [14, 13, 11, 12, 2], in 2015 ChaLearn ran two new competitions within the field of Looking at People: (1) age estimation, and (2) cultural event recognition, both in still images. We developed a crowd-sourcing application to collect and label data about the apparent age of people (as opposed to the real age). In terms of cultural event recognition, one hundred categories had to be recognized. These tasks involved scene understanding and human body analysis. This paper summarizes both challenges and data, as well as the results achieved by the participants of the competition.
	Address	Santiago de Chile; December 2015
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICCVW
	Notes	ISE; 600.063; 600.078;MV			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ EFP2015			Serial	2704
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sergio Escalera; Josep Moya; Laura Igual; Veronica Violant; Maria Teresa Anguera
	Title	Automatic Human Behavior Analysis in ADHD			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Eunethydis 2nd International ADHD Conference	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Poster
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	EUNETHYDIS
	Notes	MILAB;HuPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ EMI2012a			Serial	2058
Permanent link to this record