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	Author	Nicola Bellotto; Eric Sommerlade; Ben Benfold; Charles Bibby; I. Reid; Daniel Roth; Luc Van Gool; Carles Fernandez; Jordi Gonzalez
	Title	A Distributed Camera System for Multi-Resolution Surveillance			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	10.1109/ICDSC.2009.5289413
	Abstract	We describe an architecture for a multi-camera, multi-resolution surveillance system. The aim is to support a set of distributed static and pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras and visual tracking algorithms, together with a central supervisor unit. Each camera (and possibly pan-tilt device) has a dedicated process and processor. Asynchronous interprocess communications and archiving of data are achieved in a simple and effective way via a central repository, implemented using an SQL database. Visual tracking data from static views are stored dynamically into tables in the database via client calls to the SQL server. A supervisor process running on the SQL server determines if active zoom cameras should be dispatched to observe a particular target, and this message is effected via writing demands into another database table. We show results from a real implementation of the system comprising one static camera overviewing the environment under consideration and a PTZ camera operating under closed-loop velocity control, which uses a fast and robust level-set-based region tracker. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and its feasibility to multi-camera systems for intelligent surveillance.
	Address	Como, Italy
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICDSC
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	ISE @ ise @ BSB2009			Serial	1205
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	Author	Pierluigi Casale; Oriol Pujol; Petia Radeva
	Title	Face-to-face social activity detection using data collected with a wearable device			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	4th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5524	Issue		Pages	56–63
	Keywords
	Abstract	In this work the feasibility of building a socially aware badge that learns from user activities is explored. A wearable multisensor device has been prototyped for collecting data about user movements and photos of the environment where the user acts. Using motion data, speaking and other activities have been classified. Images have been analysed in order to complement motion data and help for the detection of social behaviours. A face detector and an activity classifier are both used for detecting if users have a social activity in the time they worn the device. Good results encourage the improvement of the system at both hardware and software level
	Address	Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-642-02171-8	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IbPRIA
	Notes	MILAB;HuPBA			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ CPR2009b			Serial	1206
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	Author	Mikhail Mozerov; Ariel Amato; Xavier Roca
	Title	Occlusion Handling in Trinocular Stereo using Composite Disparity Space Image			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	19th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	69–73
	Keywords
	Abstract	In this paper we propose a method that smartly improves occlusion handling in stereo matching using trinocular stereo. The main idea is based on the assumption that any occluded region in a matched stereo pair (middle-left images) in general is not occluded in the opposite matched pair (middle-right images). Then two disparity space images (DSI) can be merged in one composite DSI. The proposed integration differs from the known approach that uses a cumulative cost. A dense disparity map is obtained with a global optimization algorithm using the proposed composite DSI. The experimental results are evaluated on the Middlebury data set, showing high performance of the proposed algorithm especially in the occluded regions. One of the top positions in the rank of the Middlebury website confirms the performance of our method to be competitive with the best stereo matching.
	Address	Moscow (Russia)
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-5-317-02975-3	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	GRAPHICON
	Notes	ISE			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISE @ ise @ MAR2009b			Serial	1207
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	Author	Mikhail Mozerov; Ignasi Rius; Xavier Roca; Jordi Gonzalez
	Title	Nonlinear synchronization for automatic learning of 3D pose variability in human motion sequences			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing	Abbreviated Journal	EURASIPJ
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Article ID 507247 A dense matching algorithm that solves the problem of synchronizing prerecorded human motion sequences, which show different speeds and accelerations, is proposed. The approach is based on minimization of MRF energy and solves the problem by using Dynamic Programming. Additionally, an optimal sequence is automatically selected from the input dataset to be a time-scale pattern for all other sequences. The paper utilizes an action specific model which automatically learns the variability of 3D human postures observed in a set of training sequences. The model is trained using the public CMU motion capture dataset for the walking action, and a mean walking performance is automatically learnt. Additionally, statistics about the observed variability of the postures and motion direction are also computed at each time step. The synchronized motion sequences are used to learn a model of human motion for action recognition and full-body tracking purposes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1110-8657	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISE			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISE @ ise @ MRR2010			Serial	1208
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	Author	Pau Baiget
	Title	Modeling Human Behavior for Image Sequence Understanding and Generation			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2009	Publication	PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	The comprehension of animal behavior, especially human behavior, is one of the most ancient and studied problems since the beginning of civilization. The big list of factors that interact to determine a person action require the collaboration of different disciplines, such as psichology, biology, or sociology. In the last years the analysis of human behavior has received great attention also from the computer vision community, given the latest advances in the acquisition of human motion data from image sequences. Despite the increasing availability of that data, there still exists a gap towards obtaining a conceptual representation of the obtained observations. Human behavior analysis is based on a qualitative interpretation of the results, and therefore the assignment of concepts to quantitative data is linked to a certain ambiguity. This Thesis tackles the problem of obtaining a proper representation of human behavior in the contexts of computer vision and animation. On the one hand, a good behavior model should permit the recognition and explanation the observed activity in image sequences. On the other hand, such a model must allow the generation of new synthetic instances, which model the behavior of virtual agents. First, we propose methods to automatically learn the models from observations. Given a set of quantitative results output by a vision system, a normal behavior model is learnt. This results provides a tool to determine the normality or abnormality of future observations. However, machine learning methods are unable to provide a richer description of the observations. We confront this problem by means of a new method that incorporates prior knowledge about the enviornment and about the expected behaviors. This framework, formed by the reasoning engine FMTL and the modeling tool SGT allows the generation of conceptual descriptions of activity in new image sequences. Finally, we demonstrate the suitability of the proposed framework to simulate behavior of virtual agents, which are introduced into real image sequences and interact with observed real agents, thereby easing the generation of augmented reality sequences. The set of approaches presented in this Thesis has a growing set of potential applications. The analysis and description of behavior in image sequences has its principal application in the domain of smart video--surveillance, in order to detect suspicious or dangerous behaviors. Other applications include automatic sport commentaries, elderly monitoring, road traffic analysis, and the development of semantic video search engines. Alternatively, behavioral virtual agents allow to simulate accurate real situations, such as fires or crowds. Moreover, the inclusion of virtual agents into real image sequences has been widely deployed in the games and cinema industries.
	Address	Bellaterra (Spain)
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher	Ediciones Graficas Rey	Place of Publication		Editor	Jordi Gonzalez;Xavier Roca
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ Bai2009			Serial	1210
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	Author	Jordi Gonzalez; Dani Rowe; Javier Varona; Xavier Roca
	Title	Understanding Dynamic Scenes based on Human Sequence Evaluation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Image and Vision Computing	Abbreviated Journal	IMAVIS
	Volume	27	Issue	10	Pages	1433–1444
	Keywords	Image Sequence Evaluation; High-level processing of monitored scenes; Segmentation and tracking in complex scenes; Event recognition in dynamic scenes; Human motion understanding; Human behaviour interpretation; Natural-language text generation; Realistic demonstrators
	Abstract	In this paper, a Cognitive Vision System (CVS) is presented, which explains the human behaviour of monitored scenes using natural-language texts. This cognitive analysis of human movements recorded in image sequences is here referred to as Human Sequence Evaluation (HSE) which defines a set of transformation modules involved in the automatic generation of semantic descriptions from pixel values. In essence, the trajectories of human agents are obtained to generate textual interpretations of their motion, and also to infer the conceptual relationships of each agent w.r.t. its environment. For this purpose, a human behaviour model based on Situation Graph Trees (SGTs) is considered, which permits both bottom-up (hypothesis generation) and top-down (hypothesis refinement) analysis of dynamic scenes. The resulting system prototype interprets different kinds of behaviour and reports textual descriptions in multiple languages.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISE			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISE @ ise @ GRV2009			Serial	1211
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	Author	Carles Fernandez; Pau Baiget; Xavier Roca; Jordi Gonzalez
	Title	Exploiting Natural Language Generation in Scene Interpretation			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2009	Publication	Human–Centric Interfaces for Ambient Intelligence	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	71–93
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Elsevier Science and Tech	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISE			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISE @ ise @ FBR2009			Serial	1212
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	Author	Ivan Huerta; Michael Holte; Thomas B. Moeslund; Jordi Gonzalez
	Title	Detection and Removal of Chromatic Moving Shadows in Surveillance Scenarios			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	12th International Conference on Computer Vision	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1499 - 1506
	Keywords
	Abstract	Segmentation in the surveillance domain has to deal with shadows to avoid distortions when detecting moving objects. Most segmentation approaches dealing with shadow detection are typically restricted to penumbra shadows. Therefore, such techniques cannot cope well with umbra shadows. Consequently, umbra shadows are usually detected as part of moving objects. In this paper we present a novel technique based on gradient and colour models for separating chromatic moving cast shadows from detected moving objects. Firstly, both a chromatic invariant colour cone model and an invariant gradient model are built to perform automatic segmentation while detecting potential shadows. In a second step, regions corresponding to potential shadows are grouped by considering “a bluish effect” and an edge partitioning. Lastly, (i) temporal similarities between textures and (ii) spatial similarities between chrominance angle and brightness distortions are analysed for all potential shadow regions in order to finally identify umbra shadows. Unlike other approaches, our method does not make any a-priori assumptions about camera location, surface geometries, surface textures, shapes and types of shadows, objects, and background. Experimental results show the performance and accuracy of our approach in different shadowed materials and illumination conditions.
	Address	Kyoto, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1550-5499	ISBN	978-1-4244-4420-5	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICCV
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	ISE @ ise @ HHM2009			Serial	1213
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	Author	Marco Pedersoli; Jordi Gonzalez; Juan J. Villanueva
	Title	High-Speed Human Detection Using a Multiresolution Cascade of Histograms of Oriented Gradients			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	4th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5524	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper presents a new method for human detection based on a multiresolution cascade of Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) that can highly reduce the computational cost of the detection search without affecting accuracy. The method consists of a cascade of sliding window detectors. Each detector is a Support Vector Machine (SVM) composed by features at different resolution, from coarse for the first level to fine for the last one. Considering that the spatial stride of the sliding window search is affected by the HOG features size, unlike previous methods based on Adaboost cascades, we can adopt a spatial stride inversely proportional to the features resolution. This produces that the speed-up of the cascade is not only due to the low number of features that need to be computed in the first levels, but also to the lower number of detection windows that needs to be evaluated. Experimental results shows that our method permits a detection rate comparable with the state of the art, but at the same time a gain in the speed of the detection search of 10-20 times depending on the cascade configuration.
	Address	Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-642-02171-8	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IbPRIA
	Notes	ISE			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISE @ ise @ PGV2009			Serial	1214
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	Author	Bhaskar Chakraborty; Andrew Bagdanov; Jordi Gonzalez
	Title	Towards Real-Time Human Action Recognition			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	4th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5524	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	This work presents a novel approach to human detection based action-recognition in real-time. To realize this goal our method first detects humans in different poses using a correlation-based approach. Recognition of actions is done afterward based on the change of the angular values subtended by various body parts. Real-time human detection and action recognition are very challenging, and most state-of-the-art approaches employ complex feature extraction and classification techniques, which ultimately becomes a handicap for real-time recognition. Our correlation-based method, on the other hand, is computationally efficient and uses very simple gradient-based features. For action recognition angular features of body parts are extracted using a skeleton technique. Results for action recognition are comparable with the present state-of-the-art.
	Address	Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-642-02171-8	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IbPRIA
	Notes	ISE			Approved	no
	Call Number	DAG @ dag @ CBG2009			Serial	1215
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	Author	Murad Al Haj; Andrew Bagdanov; Jordi Gonzalez; Xavier Roca
	Title	Robust and Efficient Multipose Face Detection Using Skin Color Segmentation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	4th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5524	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	In this paper we describe an efficient technique for detecting faces in arbitrary images and video sequences. The approach is based on segmentation of images or video frames into skin-colored blobs using a pixel-based heuristic. Scale and translation invariant features are then computed from these segmented blobs which are used to perform statistical discrimination between face and non-face classes. We train and evaluate our method on a standard, publicly available database of face images and analyze its performance over a range of statistical pattern classifiers. The generalization of our approach is illustrated by testing on an independent sequence of frames containing many faces and non-faces. These experiments indicate that our proposed approach obtains false positive rates comparable to more complex, state-of-the-art techniques, and that it generalizes better to new data. Furthermore, the use of skin blobs and invariant features requires fewer training samples since significantly fewer non-face candidate regions must be considered when compared to AdaBoost-based approaches.
	Address	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-642-02171-8	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IbPRIA
	Notes	ISE			Approved	no
	Call Number	DAG @ dag @ ABG2009			Serial	1216
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	Author	D. Jayagopi; Bogdan Raducanu; D. Gatica-Perez
	Title	Characterizing conversational group dynamics using nonverbal behaviour			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	10th IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	370–373
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper addresses the novel problem of characterizing conversational group dynamics. It is well documented in social psychology that depending on the objectives a group, the dynamics are different. For example, a competitive meeting has a different objective from that of a collaborative meeting. We propose a method to characterize group dynamics based on the joint description of a group members' aggregated acoustical nonverbal behaviour to classify two meeting datasets (one being cooperative-type and the other being competitive-type). We use 4.5 hours of real behavioural multi-party data and show that our methodology can achieve a classification rate of upto 100%.
	Address	New York, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1945-7871	ISBN	978-1-4244-4290-4	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICME
	Notes	OR;MV			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ JRG2009			Serial	1217
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	Author	Fadi Dornaika; Bogdan Raducanu
	Title	Three-Dimensional Face Pose Detection and Tracking Using Monocular Videos: Tool and Application			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics part B	Abbreviated Journal	TSMCB
	Volume	39	Issue	4	Pages	935–944
	Keywords
	Abstract	Recently, we have proposed a real-time tracker that simultaneously tracks the 3-D head pose and facial actions in monocular video sequences that can be provided by low quality cameras. This paper has two main contributions. First, we propose an automatic 3-D face pose initialization scheme for the real-time tracker by adopting a 2-D face detector and an eigenface system. Second, we use the proposed methods-the initialization and tracking-for enhancing the human-machine interaction functionality of an AIBO robot. More precisely, we show how the orientation of the robot's camera (or any active vision system) can be controlled through the estimation of the user's head pose. Applications based on head-pose imitation such as telepresence, virtual reality, and video games can directly exploit the proposed techniques. Experiments on real videos confirm the robustness and usefulness of the proposed methods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	OR;MV			Approved	no
	Call Number	BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ DoR2009a			Serial	1218
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	Author	Miquel Ferrer; Ernest Valveny; F. Serratosa; I. Bardaji; Horst Bunke
	Title	Graph-based k-means clustering: A comparison of the set versus the generalized median graph			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	13th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5702	Issue		Pages	342–350
	Keywords
	Abstract	In this paper we propose the application of the generalized median graph in a graph-based k-means clustering algorithm. In the graph-based k-means algorithm, the centers of the clusters have been traditionally represented using the set median graph. We propose an approximate method for the generalized median graph computation that allows to use it to represent the centers of the clusters. Experiments on three databases show that using the generalized median graph as the clusters representative yields better results than the set median graph.
	Address	Münster, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-642-03766-5	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CAIP
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	DAG @ dag @ FVS2009d			Serial	1219
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	Author	Oriol Ramos Terrades; Ernest Valveny; Salvatore Tabbone
	Title	Optimal Classifier Fusion in a Non-Bayesian Probabilistic Framework			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence	Abbreviated Journal	TPAMI
	Volume	31	Issue	9	Pages	1630–1644
	Keywords
	Abstract	The combination of the output of classifiers has been one of the strategies used to improve classification rates in general purpose classification systems. Some of the most common approaches can be explained using the Bayes' formula. In this paper, we tackle the problem of the combination of classifiers using a non-Bayesian probabilistic framework. This approach permits us to derive two linear combination rules that minimize misclassification rates under some constraints on the distribution of classifiers. In order to show the validity of this approach we have compared it with other popular combination rules from a theoretical viewpoint using a synthetic data set, and experimentally using two standard databases: the MNIST handwritten digit database and the GREC symbol database. Results on the synthetic data set show the validity of the theoretical approach. Indeed, results on real data show that the proposed methods outperform other common combination schemes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0162-8828	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	DAG @ dag @ RVT2009			Serial	1220
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