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Joakim Bruslund Haurum; Sergio Escalera; Graham W. Taylor; Thomas B. |
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Title |
Which Tokens to Use? Investigating Token Reduction in Vision Transformers |
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Conference Article |
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2023 |
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Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) Workshops |
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Since the introduction of the Vision Transformer (ViT), researchers have sought to make ViTs more efficient by removing redundant information in the processed tokens. While different methods have been explored to achieve this goal, we still lack understanding of the resulting reduction patterns and how those patterns differ across token reduction methods and datasets. To close this gap, we set out to understand the reduction patterns of 10 different token reduction methods using four image classification datasets. By systematically comparing these methods on the different classification tasks, we find that the Top-K pruning method is a surprisingly strong baseline. Through in-depth analysis of the different methods, we determine that: the reduction patterns are generally not consistent when varying the capacity of the backbone model, the reduction patterns of pruning-based methods significantly differ from fixed radial patterns, and the reduction patterns of pruning-based methods are correlated across classification datasets. Finally we report that the similarity of reduction patterns is a moderate-to-strong proxy for model performance. Project page at https://vap.aau.dk/tokens. |
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Paris; France; October 2023 |
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ICCVW |
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HUPBA |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ BET2023 |
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3940 |
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Author |
Hongxing Gao; Marçal Rusiñol; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Josep Llados |
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Title |
Embedding Document Structure to Bag-of-Words through Pair-wise Stable Key-regions |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
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22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition |
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2903 - 2908 |
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Since the document structure carries valuable discriminative information, plenty of efforts have been made for extracting and understanding document structure among which layout analysis approaches are the most commonly used. In this paper, Distance Transform based MSER (DTMSER) is employed to efficiently extract the document structure as a dendrogram of key-regions which roughly correspond to structural elements such as characters, words and paragraphs. Inspired by the Bag
of Words (BoW) framework, we propose an efficient method for structural document matching by representing the document image as a histogram of key-region pairs encoding structural relationships.
Applied to the scenario of document image retrieval, experimental results demonstrate a remarkable improvement when comparing the proposed method with typical BoW and pyramidal BoW methods. |
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Stockholm; Sweden; August 2014 |
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DAG; 600.056; 600.061; 600.077 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ GRK2014b |
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2497 |
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Antonio Lopez; David Vazquez; Gabriel Villalonga |
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Title |
Data for Training Models, Domain Adaptation |
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2018 |
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Intelligent Vehicles. Enabling Technologies and Future Developments |
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395–436 |
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Driving simulator; hardware; software; interface; traffic simulation; macroscopic simulation; microscopic simulation; virtual data; training data |
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Simulation can enable several developments in the field of intelligent vehicles. This chapter is divided into three main subsections. The first one deals with driving simulators. The continuous improvement of hardware performance is a well-known fact that is allowing the development of more complex driving simulators. The immersion in the simulation scene is increased by high fidelity feedback to the driver. In the second subsection, traffic simulation is explained as well as how it can be used for intelligent transport systems. Finally, it is rather clear that sensor-based perception and action must be based on data-driven algorithms. Simulation could provide data to train and test algorithms that are afterwards implemented in vehicles. These tools are explained in the third subsection. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ LVV2018 |
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3047 |
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Author |
Razieh Rastgoo; Kourosh Kiani; Sergio Escalera |
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Title |
Sign Language Recognition: A Deep Survey |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Expert Systems With Applications |
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ESWA |
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164 |
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113794 |
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Sign language, as a different form of the communication language, is important to large groups of people in society. There are different signs in each sign language with variability in hand shape, motion profile, and position of the hand, face, and body parts contributing to each sign. So, visual sign language recognition is a complex research area in computer vision. Many models have been proposed by different researchers with significant improvement by deep learning approaches in recent years. In this survey, we review the vision-based proposed models of sign language recognition using deep learning approaches from the last five years. While the overall trend of the proposed models indicates a significant improvement in recognition accuracy in sign language recognition, there are some challenges yet that need to be solved. We present a taxonomy to categorize the proposed models for isolated and continuous sign language recognition, discussing applications, datasets, hybrid models, complexity, and future lines of research in the field. |
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HUPBA; no proj |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ RKE2021a |
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3521 |
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Author |
Benjia Zhou; Zhigang Chen; Albert Clapes; Jun Wan; Yanyan Liang; Sergio Escalera; Zhen Lei; Du Zhang |
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Title |
Gloss-free Sign Language Translation: Improving from Visual-Language Pretraining |
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Conference Article |
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2023 |
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IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) Workshops |
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Sign Language Translation (SLT) is a challenging task due to its cross-domain nature, involving the translation of visual-gestural language to text. Many previous methods employ an intermediate representation, i.e., gloss sequences, to facilitate SLT, thus transforming it into a two-stage task of sign language recognition (SLR) followed by sign language translation (SLT). However, the scarcity of gloss-annotated sign language data, combined with the information bottleneck in the mid-level gloss representation, has hindered the further development of the SLT task. To address this challenge, we propose a novel Gloss-Free SLT based on Visual-Language Pretraining (GFSLT-VLP), which improves SLT by inheriting language-oriented prior knowledge from pre-trained models, without any gloss annotation assistance. Our approach involves two stages: (i) integrating Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) with masked self-supervised learning to create pre-tasks that bridge the semantic gap between visual and textual representations and restore masked sentences, and (ii) constructing an end-to-end architecture with an encoder-decoder-like structure that inherits the parameters of the pre-trained Visual Encoder and Text Decoder from the first stage. The seamless combination of these novel designs forms a robust sign language representation and significantly improves gloss-free sign language translation. In particular, we have achieved unprecedented improvements in terms of BLEU-4 score on the PHOENIX14T dataset (>+5) and the CSL-Daily dataset (>+3) compared to state-of-the-art gloss-free SLT methods. Furthermore, our approach also achieves competitive results on the PHOENIX14T dataset when compared with most of the gloss-based methods. |
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Vancouver; Canada; June 2023 |
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ICCVW |
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HUPBA; |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ ZCC2023 |
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3839 |
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Author |
Razieh Rastgoo; Kourosh Kiani; Sergio Escalera |
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Title |
A transformer model for boundary detection in continuous sign language |
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Journal Article |
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2024 |
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Multimedia Tools and Applications |
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MTAP |
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Sign Language Recognition (SLR) has garnered significant attention from researchers in recent years, particularly the intricate domain of Continuous Sign Language Recognition (CSLR), which presents heightened complexity compared to Isolated Sign Language Recognition (ISLR). One of the prominent challenges in CSLR pertains to accurately detecting the boundaries of isolated signs within a continuous video stream. Additionally, the reliance on handcrafted features in existing models poses a challenge to achieving optimal accuracy. To surmount these challenges, we propose a novel approach utilizing a Transformer-based model. Unlike traditional models, our approach focuses on enhancing accuracy while eliminating the need for handcrafted features. The Transformer model is employed for both ISLR and CSLR. The training process involves using isolated sign videos, where hand keypoint features extracted from the input video are enriched using the Transformer model. Subsequently, these enriched features are forwarded to the final classification layer. The trained model, coupled with a post-processing method, is then applied to detect isolated sign boundaries within continuous sign videos. The evaluation of our model is conducted on two distinct datasets, including both continuous signs and their corresponding isolated signs, demonstrates promising results. |
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HUPBA |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ RKE2024 |
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4016 |
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Author |
Razieh Rastgoo; Kourosh Kiani; Sergio Escalera; Mohammad Sabokrou |
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Title |
Sign Language Production: A Review |
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Conference Article |
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2021 |
Publication |
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops |
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3472-3481 |
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Sign Language is the dominant yet non-primary form of communication language used in the deaf and hearing-impaired community. To make an easy and mutual communication between the hearing-impaired and the hearing communities, building a robust system capable of translating the spoken language into sign language and vice versa is fundamental. To this end, sign language recognition and production are two necessary parts for making such a two-way system. Sign language recognition and production need to cope with some critical challenges. In this survey, we review recent advances in Sign Language Production (SLP) and related areas using deep learning. This survey aims to briefly summarize recent achievements in SLP, discussing their advantages, limitations, and future directions of research. |
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Virtual; June 2021 |
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CVPRW |
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HUPBA; no proj |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ RKE2021b |
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3603 |
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Author |
Razieh Rastgoo; Kourosh Kiani; Sergio Escalera; Vassilis Athitsos; Mohammad Sabokrou |
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Title |
All You Need In Sign Language Production |
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Miscellaneous |
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2022 |
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Arxiv |
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Sign Language Production; Sign Language Recog- nition; Sign Language Translation; Deep Learning; Survey; Deaf |
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Abstract |
Sign Language is the dominant form of communication language used in the deaf and hearing-impaired community. To make an easy and mutual communication between the hearing-impaired and the hearing communities, building a robust system capable of translating the spoken language into sign language and vice versa is fundamental.
To this end, sign language recognition and production are two necessary parts for making such a two-way system. Signlanguage recognition and production need to cope with some critical challenges. In this survey, we review recent advances in
Sign Language Production (SLP) and related areas using deep learning. To have more realistic perspectives to sign language, we present an introduction to the Deaf culture, Deaf centers, psychological perspective of sign language, the main differences between spoken language and sign language. Furthermore, we present the fundamental components of a bi-directional sign language translation system, discussing the main challenges in this area. Also, the backbone architectures and methods in SLP are briefly introduced and the proposed taxonomy on SLP is presented. Finally, a general framework for SLP and performance evaluation, and also a discussion on the recent developments, advantages, and limitations in SLP, commenting on possible lines for future research are presented. |
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HuPBA; no menciona |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ RKE2022c |
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3698 |
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Author |
Lichao Zhang; Abel Gonzalez-Garcia; Joost Van de Weijer; Martin Danelljan; Fahad Shahbaz Khan |
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Title |
Learning the Model Update for Siamese Trackers |
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2019 |
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18th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision |
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4009-4018 |
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Siamese approaches address the visual tracking problem by extracting an appearance template from the current frame, which is used to localize the target in the next frame. In general, this template is linearly combined with the accumulated template from the previous frame, resulting in an exponential decay of information over time. While such an approach to updating has led to improved results, its simplicity limits the potential gain likely to be obtained by learning to update. Therefore, we propose to replace the handcrafted update function with a method which learns to update. We use a convolutional neural network, called UpdateNet, which given the initial template, the accumulated template and the template of the current frame aims to estimate the optimal template for the next frame. The UpdateNet is compact and can easily be integrated into existing Siamese trackers. We demonstrate the generality of the proposed approach by applying it to two Siamese trackers, SiamFC and DaSiamRPN. Extensive experiments on VOT2016, VOT2018, LaSOT, and TrackingNet datasets demonstrate that our UpdateNet effectively predicts the new target template, outperforming the standard linear update. On the large-scale TrackingNet dataset, our UpdateNet improves the results of DaSiamRPN with an absolute gain of 3.9% in terms of success score. |
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Seul; Corea; October 2019 |
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ICCV |
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LAMP; 600.109; 600.141; 600.120 |
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Admin @ si @ ZGW2019 |
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3295 |
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Alicia Fornes; Sergio Escalera; Josep Llados; Ernest Valveny |
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Title |
Symbol Classification using Dynamic Aligned Shape Descriptor |
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2010 |
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20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition |
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1957–1960 |
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Shape representation is a difficult task because of several symbol distortions, such as occlusions, elastic deformations, gaps or noise. In this paper, we propose a new descriptor and distance computation for coping with the problem of symbol recognition in the domain of Graphical Document Image Analysis. The proposed D-Shape descriptor encodes the arrangement information of object parts in a circular structure, allowing different levels of distortion. The classification is performed using a cyclic Dynamic Time Warping based method, allowing distortions and rotation. The methodology has been validated on different data sets, showing very high recognition rates. |
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Istanbul (Turkey) |
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1051-4651 |
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978-1-4244-7542-1 |
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DAG; HUPBA; MILAB |
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BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ FEL2010 |
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1421 |
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Mohammad Rouhani |
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Shape Representation and Registration using Implicit Functions |
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2012 |
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PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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Shape representation and registration are two important problems in computer vision and graphics. Representing the given cloud of points through an implicit function provides a higher level information describing the data. This representation can be more compact more robust to noise and outliers, hence it can be exploited in different computer vision application. In the first part of this thesis implicit shape representations, including both implicit B-spline and polynomial, are tackled. First, an approximation of a geometric distance is proposed to measure the closeness of the given cloud of points and the implicit surface. The analysis of the proposed distance shows an accurate estimation with smooth behavior. The distance by itself is used in a RANSAC based quadratic fitting method. Moreover, since the gradient information of the distance with respect to the surface parameters can be analytically computed, it is used in Levenberg-Marquadt algorithm to refine the surface parameters. In a different approach, an algebraic fitting method is used to represent an object through implicit B-splines. The outcome is a smooth flexible surface and can be represented in different levels from coarse to fine. This property has been exploited to solve the registration problem in the second part of the thesis. In the proposed registration technique the model set is replaced with an implicit representation provided in the first part; then, the point-to-point registration is converted to a point-to-model one in a higher level. This registration error can benefit from different distance estimations to speed up the registration process even without need of correspondence search. Finally, the non-rigid registration problem is tackled through a quadratic distance approximation that is based on the curvature information of the model set. This approximation is used in a free form deformation model to update its control lattice. Then it is shown how an accurate distance approximation can benefit non-rigid registration problems. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Ediciones Graficas Rey |
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Angel Sappa |
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ADAS |
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Admin @ si @ Rou2012 |
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2205 |
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Carme Julia; Angel Sappa; Felipe Lumbreras; Joan Serrat; Antonio Lopez |
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An iterative multiresolution scheme for SFM with missing data |
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2009 |
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Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision |
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JMIV |
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34 |
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3 |
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240–258 |
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Several techniques have been proposed for tackling the Structure from Motion problem through factorization in the case of missing data. However, when the percentage of unknown data is high, most of them may not perform as well as expected. Focussing on this problem, an iterative multiresolution scheme, which aims at recovering missing entries in the originally given input matrix, is proposed. Information recovered following a coarse-to-fine strategy is used for filling in the missing entries. The objective is to recover, as much as possible, missing data in the given matrix.
Thus, when a factorization technique is applied to the partially or totally filled in matrix, instead of to the originally given input one, better results will be obtained. An evaluation study about the robustness to missing and noisy data is reported.
Experimental results obtained with synthetic and real video sequences are presented to show the viability of the proposed approach. |
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ADAS @ adas @ JSL2009a |
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1163 |
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Marcel P. Lucassen; Theo Gevers; Arjan Gijsenij |
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Title |
Texture Affects Color Emotion |
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2011 |
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Color Research & Applications |
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CRA |
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36 |
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6 |
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426–436 |
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color;texture;color emotion;observer variability;ranking |
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Several studies have recorded color emotions in subjects viewing uniform color (UC) samples. We conduct an experiment to measure and model how these color emotions change when texture is added to the color samples. Using a computer monitor, our subjects arrange samples along four scales: warm–cool, masculine–feminine, hard–soft, and heavy–light. Three sample types of increasing visual complexity are used: UC, grayscale textures, and color textures (CTs). To assess the intraobserver variability, the experiment is repeated after 1 week. Our results show that texture fully determines the responses on the Hard-Soft scale, and plays a role of decreasing weight for the masculine–feminine, heavy–light, and warm–cool scales. Using some 25,000 observer responses, we derive color emotion functions that predict the group-averaged scale responses from the samples' color and texture parameters. For UC samples, the accuracy of our functions is significantly higher (average R2 = 0.88) than that of previously reported functions applied to our data. The functions derived for CT samples have an accuracy of R2 = 0.80. We conclude that when textured samples are used in color emotion studies, the psychological responses may be strongly affected by texture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010 |
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ALTRES;ISE |
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Admin @ si @ LGG2011 |
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1844 |
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Simone Zini; Alex Gomez-Villa; Marco Buzzelli; Bartlomiej Twardowski; Andrew D. Bagdanov; Joost Van de Weijer |
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Title |
Planckian Jitter: countering the color-crippling effects of color jitter on self-supervised training |
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2023 |
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11th International Conference on Learning Representations |
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Several recent works on self-supervised learning are trained by mapping different augmentations of the same image to the same feature representation. The data augmentations used are of crucial importance to the quality of learned feature representations. In this paper, we analyze how the color jitter traditionally used in data augmentation negatively impacts the quality of the color features in learned feature representations. To address this problem, we propose a more realistic, physics-based color data augmentation – which we call Planckian Jitter – that creates realistic variations in chromaticity and produces a model robust to illumination changes that can be commonly observed in real life, while maintaining the ability to discriminate image content based on color information. Experiments confirm that such a representation is complementary to the representations learned with the currently-used color jitter augmentation and that a simple concatenation leads to significant performance gains on a wide range of downstream datasets. In addition, we present a color sensitivity analysis that documents the impact of different training methods on model neurons and shows that the performance of the learned features is robust with respect to illuminant variations. |
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1 -5 May 2023, Kigali, Ruanda |
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ICLR |
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LAMP; 600.147; 611.008; 5300006 |
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Admin @ si @ ZGB2023 |
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3820 |
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Author |
Bartlomiej Twardowski; Pawel Zawistowski; Szymon Zaborowski |
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Title |
Metric Learning for Session-Based Recommendations |
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2021 |
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43rd edition of the annual BCS-IRSG European Conference on Information Retrieval |
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12656 |
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650-665 |
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Session-based recommendations; Deep metric learning; Learning to rank |
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Session-based recommenders, used for making predictions out of users’ uninterrupted sequences of actions, are attractive for many applications. Here, for this task we propose using metric learning, where a common embedding space for sessions and items is created, and distance measures dissimilarity between the provided sequence of users’ events and the next action. We discuss and compare metric learning approaches to commonly used learning-to-rank methods, where some synergies exist. We propose a simple architecture for problem analysis and demonstrate that neither extensively big nor deep architectures are necessary in order to outperform existing methods. The experimental results against strong baselines on four datasets are provided with an ablation study. |
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Virtual; March 2021 |
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ECIR |
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LAMP; 600.120 |
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Admin @ si @ TZZ2021 |
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3586 |
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