TY - JOUR AU - Joan Marc Llargues Asensio AU - Juan Peralta AU - Raul Arrabales AU - Manuel Gonzalez Bedia AU - Paulo Cortez AU - Antonio Lopez PY - 2014// TI - Artificial Intelligence Approaches for the Generation and Assessment of Believable Human-Like Behaviour in Virtual Characters T2 - EXSY JO - Expert Systems With Applications SP - 7281–7290 VL - 41 IS - 16 KW - Turing test KW - Human-like behaviour KW - Believability KW - Non-player characters KW - Cognitive architectures KW - Genetic algorithm KW - Artificial neural networks N2 - Having artificial agents to autonomously produce human-like behaviour is one of the most ambitious original goals of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and remains an open problem nowadays. The imitation game originally proposed by Turing constitute a very effective method to prove the indistinguishability of an artificial agent. The behaviour of an agent is said to be indistinguishable from that of a human when observers (the so-called judges in the Turing test) cannot tell apart humans and non-human agents. Different environments, testing protocols, scopes and problem domains can be established to develop limited versions or variants of the original Turing test. In this paper we use a specific version of the Turing test, based on the international BotPrize competition, built in a First-Person Shooter video game, where both human players and non-player characters interact in complex virtual environments. Based on our past experience both in the BotPrize competition and other robotics and computer game AI applications we have developed three new more advanced controllers for believable agents: two based on a combination of the CERA–CRANIUM and SOAR cognitive architectures and other based on ADANN, a system for the automatic evolution and adaptation of artificial neural networks. These two new agents have been put to the test jointly with CCBot3, the winner of BotPrize 2010 competition (Arrabales et al., 2012), and have showed a significant improvement in the humanness ratio. Additionally, we have confronted all these bots to both First-person believability assessment (BotPrize original judging protocol) and Third-person believability assessment, demonstrating that the active involvement of the judge has a great impact in the recognition of human-like behaviour. UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.05.004 N1 - ADAS; 600.055; 600.057; 600.076 ID - Joan Marc Llargues Asensio2014 ER -