@Article{FranciscoJavierOrozco2013,
author="Francisco Javier Orozco
and Ognjen Rudovic
and Jordi Gonzalez
and Maja Pantic",
title="Hierarchical On-line Appearance-Based Tracking for 3D Head Pose, Eyebrows, Lips, Eyelids and Irises",
journal="Image and Vision Computing",
year="2013",
publisher="Elsevier",
volume="31",
number="4",
pages="322--340",
optkeywords="On-line appearance models",
optkeywords="Levenberg--Marquardt algorithm",
optkeywords="Line-search optimization",
optkeywords="3D face tracking",
optkeywords="Facial action tracking",
optkeywords="Eyelid tracking",
optkeywords="Iris tracking",
abstract="In this paper, we propose an On-line Appearance-Based Tracker (OABT) for simultaneous tracking of 3D head pose, lips, eyebrows, eyelids and irises in monocular video sequences. In contrast to previously proposed tracking approaches, which deal with face and gaze tracking separately, our OABT can also be used for eyelid and iris tracking, as well as 3D head pose, lips and eyebrows facial actions tracking. Furthermore, our approach applies an on-line learning of changes in the appearance of the tracked target. Hence, the prior training of appearance models, which usually requires a large amount of labeled facial images, is avoided. Moreover, the proposed method is built upon a hierarchical combination of three OABTs, which are optimized using a Levenberg--Marquardt Algorithm (LMA) enhanced with line-search procedures. This, in turn, makes the proposed method robust to changes in lighting conditions, occlusions and translucent textures, as evidenced by our experiments. Finally, the proposed method achieves head and facial actions tracking in real-time.",
optnote="ISE; 605.203; 302.012; 302.018; 600.049",
optnote="exported from refbase (http://refbase.cvc.uab.es/show.php?record=2221), last updated on Thu, 21 Jan 2016 12:40:30 +0100",
doi="10.1016/j.imavis.2013.02.001",
opturl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2013.02.001",
file=":http://refbase.cvc.uab.es/files/ORG2013.pdf:PDF"
}