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Author |
Miquel Ferrer; Ernest Valveny; F. Serratosa; K. Riesen; Horst Bunke |
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Title |
Generalized Median Graph Computation by Means of Graph Embedding in Vector Spaces |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition |
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PR |
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43 |
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4 |
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1642–1655 |
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Graph matching; Weighted mean of graphs; Median graph; Graph embedding; Vector spaces |
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The median graph has been presented as a useful tool to represent a set of graphs. Nevertheless its computation is very complex and the existing algorithms are restricted to use limited amount of data. In this paper we propose a new approach for the computation of the median graph based on graph embedding. Graphs are embedded into a vector space and the median is computed in the vector domain. We have designed a procedure based on the weighted mean of a pair of graphs to go from the vector domain back to the graph domain in order to obtain a final approximation of the median graph. Experiments on three different databases containing large graphs show that we succeed to compute good approximations of the median graph. We have also applied the median graph to perform some basic classification tasks achieving reasonable good results. These experiments on real data open the door to the application of the median graph to a number of more complex machine learning algorithms where a representative of a set of graphs is needed. |
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DAG @ dag @ FVS2010 |
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1294 |
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Author |
Albert Gordo; Alicia Fornes; Ernest Valveny; Josep Llados |
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Title |
A Bag of Notes Approach to Writer Identification in Old Handwritten Music Scores |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2010 |
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9th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems |
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247–254 |
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Determining the authorship of a document, namely writer identification, can be an important source of information for document categorization. Contrary to text documents, the identification of the writer of graphical documents is still a challenge. In this paper we present a robust approach for writer identification in a particular kind of graphical documents, old music scores. This approach adapts the bag of visual terms method for coping with graphic documents. The identification is performed only using the graphical music notation. For this purpose, we generate a graphic vocabulary without recognizing any music symbols, and consequently, avoiding the difficulties in the recognition of hand-drawn symbols in old and degraded documents. The proposed method has been tested on a database of old music scores from the 17th to 19th centuries, achieving very high identification rates. |
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Boston; USA; |
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978-1-60558-773-8 |
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DAG @ dag @ GFV2010 |
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1320 |
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Author |
Alicia Fornes; Josep Llados |
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Title |
A Symbol-dependent Writer Identifcation Approach in Old Handwritten Music Scores |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
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12th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition |
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634 - 639 |
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Writer identification consists in determining the writer of a piece of handwriting from a set of writers. In this paper we introduce a symbol-dependent approach for identifying the writer of old music scores, which is based on two symbol recognition methods. The main idea is to use the Blurred Shape Model descriptor and a DTW-based method for detecting, recognizing and describing the music clefs and notes. The proposed approach has been evaluated in a database of old music scores, achieving very high writer identification rates. |
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Kolkata (India) |
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978-1-4244-8353-2 |
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ICFHR |
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DAG @ dag @ FoL2010 |
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1321 |
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Author |
Joan Mas |
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Title |
A Syntactic Pattern Recognition Approach based on a Distribution Tolerant Adjacency Grammar and a Spatial Indexed Parser. Application to Sketched Document Recognition |
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2010 |
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PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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Sketch recognition is a discipline which has gained an increasing interest in the last
20 years. This is due to the appearance of new devices such as PDA, Tablet PC’s
or digital pen & paper protocols. From the wide range of sketched documents we
focus on those that represent structured documents such as: architectural floor-plans,
engineering drawing, UML diagrams, etc. To recognize and understand these kinds
of documents, first we have to recognize the different compounding symbols and then
we have to identify the relations between these elements. From the way that a sketch
is captured, there are two categories: on-line and off-line. On-line input modes refer
to draw directly on a PDA or a Tablet PC’s while off-line input modes refer to scan
a previously drawn sketch.
This thesis is an overlapping of three different areas on Computer Science: Pattern
Recognition, Document Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction. The aim of this
thesis is to interpret sketched documents independently on whether they are captured
on-line or off-line. For this reason, the proposed approach should contain the following
features. First, as we are working with sketches the elements present in our input
contain distortions. Second, as we would work in on-line or off-line input modes, the
order in the input of the primitives is indifferent. Finally, the proposed method should
be applied in real scenarios, its response time must be slow.
To interpret a sketched document we propose a syntactic approach. A syntactic
approach is composed of two correlated components: a grammar and a parser. The
grammar allows describing the different elements on the document as well as their
relations. The parser, given a document checks whether it belongs to the language
generated by the grammar or not. Thus, the grammar should be able to cope with
the distortions appearing on the instances of the elements. Moreover, it would be
necessary to define a symbol independently of the order of their primitives. Concerning to the parser when analyzing 2D sentences, it does not assume an order in the
primitives. Then, at each new primitive in the input, the parser searches among the
previous analyzed symbols candidates to produce a valid reduction.
Taking into account these features, we have proposed a grammar based on Adjacency Grammars. This kind of grammars defines their productions as a multiset
of symbols rather than a list. This allows describing a symbol without an order in
their components. To cope with distortion we have proposed a distortion model.
This distortion model is an attributed estimated over the constraints of the grammar and passed through the productions. This measure gives an idea on how far is the
symbol from its ideal model. In addition to the distortion on the constraints other
distortions appear when working with sketches. These distortions are: overtracing,
overlapping, gaps or spurious strokes. Some grammatical productions have been defined to cope with these errors. Concerning the recognition, we have proposed an
incremental parser with an indexation mechanism. Incremental parsers analyze the
input symbol by symbol given a response to the user when a primitive is analyzed.
This makes incremental parser suitable to work in on-line as well as off-line input
modes. The parser has been adapted with an indexation mechanism based on a spatial division. This indexation mechanism allows setting the primitives in the space
and reducing the search to a neighbourhood.
A third contribution is a grammatical inference algorithm. This method given a
set of symbols captures the production describing it. In the field of formal languages,
different approaches has been proposed but in the graphical domain not so much work
is done in this field. The proposed method is able to capture the production from
a set of symbol although they are drawn in different order. A matching step based
on the Haussdorff distance and the Hungarian method has been proposed to match
the primitives of the different symbols. In addition the proposed approach is able to
capture the variability in the parameters of the constraints.
From the experimental results, we may conclude that we have proposed a robust
approach to describe and recognize sketches. Moreover, the addition of new symbols
to the alphabet is not restricted to an expert. Finally, the proposed approach has
been used in two real scenarios obtaining a good performance. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Ediciones Graficas Rey |
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Gemma Sanchez;Josep Llados |
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978-84-937261-4-0 |
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Call Number |
DAG @ dag @ Mas2010 |
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1334 |
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Author |
Joan Mas; Josep Llados; Gemma Sanchez; J.A. Jorge |
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Title |
A syntactic approach based on distortion-tolerant Adjacency Grammars and a spatial-directed parser to interpret sketched diagrams |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition |
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PR |
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Volume |
43 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
4148–4164 |
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Keywords |
Syntactic Pattern Recognition; Symbol recognition; Diagram understanding; Sketched diagrams; Adjacency Grammars; Incremental parsing; Spatial directed parsing |
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Abstract |
This paper presents a syntactic approach based on Adjacency Grammars (AG) for sketch diagram modeling and understanding. Diagrams are a combination of graphical symbols arranged according to a set of spatial rules defined by a visual language. AG describe visual shapes by productions defined in terms of terminal and non-terminal symbols (graphical primitives and subshapes), and a set functions describing the spatial arrangements between symbols. Our approach to sketch diagram understanding provides three main contributions. First, since AG are linear grammars, there is a need to define shapes and relations inherently bidimensional using a sequential formalism. Second, our parsing approach uses an indexing structure based on a spatial tessellation. This serves to reduce the search space when finding candidates to produce a valid reduction. This allows order-free parsing of 2D visual sentences while keeping combinatorial explosion in check. Third, working with sketches requires a distortion model to cope with the natural variations of hand drawn strokes. To this end we extended the basic grammar with a distortion measure modeled on the allowable variation on spatial constraints associated with grammar productions. Finally, the paper reports on an experimental framework an interactive system for sketch analysis. User tests performed on two real scenarios show that our approach is usable in interactive settings. |
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Elsevier |
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DAG @ dag @ MLS2010 |
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1336 |
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Author |
Umapada Pal; Partha Pratim Roy; N. Tripathya; Josep Llados |
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Title |
Multi-oriented Bangla and Devnagari text recognition |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
Publication |
Pattern Recognition |
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PR |
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43 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
4124–4136 |
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There are printed complex documents where text lines of a single page may have different orientations or the text lines may be curved in shape. As a result, it is difficult to detect the skew of such documents and hence character segmentation and recognition of such documents are a complex task. In this paper, using background and foreground information we propose a novel scheme towards the recognition of Indian complex documents of Bangla and Devnagari script. In Bangla and Devnagari documents usually characters in a word touch and they form cavity regions. To take care of these cavity regions, background information of such documents is used. Convex hull and water reservoir principle have been applied for this purpose. Here, at first, the characters are segmented from the documents using the background information of the text. Next, individual characters are recognized using rotation invariant features obtained from the foreground part of the characters.
For character segmentation, at first, writing mode of a touching component (word) is detected using water reservoir principle based features. Next, depending on writing mode and the reservoir base-region of the touching component, a set of candidate envelope points is then selected from the contour points of the component. Based on these candidate points, the touching component is finally segmented into individual characters. For recognition of multi-sized/multi-oriented characters the features are computed from different angular information obtained from the external and internal contour pixels of the characters. These angular information are computed in such a way that they do not depend on the size and rotation of the characters. Circular and convex hull rings have been used to divide a character into smaller zones to get zone-wise features for higher recognition results. We combine circular and convex hull features to improve the results and these features are fed to support vector machines (SVM) for recognition. From our experiment we obtained recognition results of 99.18% (98.86%) accuracy when tested on 7515 (7874) Devnagari (Bangla) characters. |
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DAG @ dag @ PRT2010 |
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1337 |
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Author |
Anjan Dutta |
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Title |
Symbol Spotting in Graphical Documents by Serialized Subgraph Matching |
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Report |
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2010 |
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CVC Technical Report |
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159 |
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Master's thesis |
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Admin @ si @ Dut2010 |
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1351 |
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Author |
David Fernandez |
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Title |
Handwritten Word Spotting in Old Manuscript Images using Shape Descriptors |
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2010 |
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CVC Technical Report |
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161 |
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Admin @ si @ Fer2010b |
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1353 |
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Author |
Albert Gordo; Jaume Gibert; Ernest Valveny; Marçal Rusiñol |
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Title |
A Kernel-based Approach to Document Retrieval |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
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9th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems |
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377–384 |
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In this paper we tackle the problem of document image retrieval by combining a similarity measure between documents and the probability that a given document belongs to a certain class. The membership probability to a specific class is computed using Support Vector Machines in conjunction with similarity measure based kernel applied to structural document representations. In the presented experiments, we use different document representations, both visual and structural, and we apply them to a database of historical documents. We show how our method based on similarity kernels outperforms the usual distance-based retrieval. |
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Boston; USA; |
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978-1-60558-773-8 |
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DAG @ dag @ GGV2010 |
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1431 |
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Author |
Antonio Clavelli; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Josep Llados |
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Title |
A framework for the assessment of text extraction algorithms on complex colour images |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
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9th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems |
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19–26 |
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The availability of open, ground-truthed datasets and clear performance metrics is a crucial factor in the development of an application domain. The domain of colour text image analysis (real scenes, Web and spam images, scanned colour documents) has traditionally suffered from a lack of a comprehensive performance evaluation framework. Such a framework is extremely difficult to specify, and corresponding pixel-level accurate information tedious to define. In this paper we discuss the challenges and technical issues associated with developing such a framework. Then, we describe a complete framework for the evaluation of text extraction methods at multiple levels, provide a detailed ground-truth specification and present a case study on how this framework can be used in a real-life situation. |
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Boston; USA; |
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978-1-60558-773-8 |
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DAG @ dag @ CKL2010 |
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1432 |
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