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Ernest Valveny and Enric Marti. 2000. Deformable Template Matching within a Bayesian Framework for Hand-Written Graphic Symbol Recognition. Graphics Recognition Recent Advances, 1941, 193–208.
Abstract: We describe a method for hand-drawn symbol recognition based on deformable template matching able to handle uncertainty and imprecision inherent to hand-drawing. Symbols are represented as a set of straight lines and their deformations as geometric transformations of these lines. Matching, however, is done over the original binary image to avoid loss of information during line detection. It is defined as an energy minimization problem, using a Bayesian framework which allows to combine fidelity to ideal shape of the symbol and flexibility to modify the symbol in order to get the best fit to the binary input image. Prior to matching, we find the best global transformation of the symbol to start the recognition process, based on the distance between symbol lines and image lines. We have applied this method to the recognition of dimensions and symbols in architectural floor plans and we show its flexibility to recognize distorted symbols.
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Ernest Valveny and Enric Marti. 2000. Hand-drawn symbol recognition in graphic documents using deformable template matching and a Bayesian framework. Proc. 15th Int Pattern Recognition Conf.239–242.
Abstract: Hand-drawn symbols can take many different and distorted shapes from their ideal representation. Then, very flexible methods are needed to be able to handle unconstrained drawings. We propose here to extend our previous work in hand-drawn symbol recognition based on a Bayesian framework and deformable template matching. This approach gets flexibility enough to fit distorted shapes in the drawing while keeping fidelity to the ideal shape of the symbol. In this work, we define the similarity measure between an image and a symbol based on the distance from every pixel in the image to the lines in the symbol. Matching is carried out using an implementation of the EM algorithm. Thus, we can improve recognition rates and computation time with respect to our previous formulation based on a simulated annealing algorithm.
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Ernest Valveny and Enric Marti. 1999. Application of deformable template matching to symbol recognition in hand-written architectural draw. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on. Bangalore (India).
Abstract: We propose to use deformable template matching as a new approach to recognize characters and lineal symbols in hand-written line drawings, instead of traditional methods based on vectorization and feature extraction. Bayesian formulation of the deformable template matching allows combining fidelity to the ideal shape of the symbol with maximum flexibility to get the best fit to the input image. Lineal nature of symbols can be exploited to define a suitable representation of models and the set of deformations to be applied to them. Matching, however, is done over the original binary image to avoid losing relevant features during vectorization. We have applied this method to hand-written architectural drawings and experimental results demonstrate that symbols with high distortions from ideal shape can be accurately identified.
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Ernest Valveny and Enric Marti. 1999. Recognition of lineal symbols in hand-written drawings using deformable template matching. Proceedings of the VIII Symposium Nacional de Reconocimiento de Formas y Análisis de Imágenes.
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Ernest Valveny and Enric Marti. 1997. Dimensions analysis in hand-drawn architectural drawings. VII National Simposium of Pattern Recognition and image Analysis, SNRFAI´97. CVC-UAB, 90–91.
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Ernest Valveny, Ricardo Toledo, Ramon Baldrich and Enric Marti. 2002. Combining recognition-based in segmentation-based approaches for graphic symol recognition using deformable template matching. Proceeding of the Second IASTED International Conference Visualization, Imaging and Image Proceesing VIIP 2002.502–507.
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Salvatore Tabbone and Oriol Ramos Terrades. 2014. An Overview of Symbol Recognition. In D. Doermann and K. Tombre, eds. Handbook of Document Image Processing and Recognition. Springer London, 523–551.
Abstract: According to the Cambridge Dictionaries Online, a symbol is a sign, shape, or object that is used to represent something else. Symbol recognition is a subfield of general pattern recognition problems that focuses on identifying, detecting, and recognizing symbols in technical drawings, maps, or miscellaneous documents such as logos and musical scores. This chapter aims at providing the reader an overview of the different existing ways of describing and recognizing symbols and how the field has evolved to attain a certain degree of maturity.
Keywords: Pattern recognition; Shape descriptors; Structural descriptors; Symbolrecognition; Symbol spotting
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Jon Almazan, Ernest Valveny and Alicia Fornes. 2011. Deforming the Blurred Shape Model for Shape Description and Recognition. In Jordi Vitria, Joao Miguel Raposo and Mario Hernandez, eds. 5th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1–8. (LNCS.)
Abstract: This paper presents a new model for the description and recognition of distorted shapes, where the image is represented by a pixel density distribution based on the Blurred Shape Model combined with a non-linear image deformation model. This leads to an adaptive structure able to capture elastic deformations in shapes. This method has been evaluated using thee different datasets where deformations are present, showing the robustness and good performance of the new model. Moreover, we show that incorporating deformation and flexibility, the new model outperforms the BSM approach when classifying shapes with high variability of appearance.
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Lluis Pere de las Heras and Gemma Sanchez. 2011. And-Or Graph Grammar for Architectural Floorplan Representation, Learning and Recognition. A Semantic, Structural and Hierarchical Model. 5th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis.17–24.
Abstract: This paper presents a syntactic model for architectural floor plan interpretation. A stochastic image grammar over an And-Or graph is inferred to represent the hierarchical, structural and semantic relations between elements of all possible floor plans. This grammar is augmented with three different probabilistic models, learnt from a training set, to account the frequency of that relations. Then, a Bottom-Up/Top-Down parser with a pruning strategy has been used for floor plan recognition. For a given input, the parser generates the most probable parse graph for that document. This graph not only contains the structural and semantic relations of its elements, but also its hierarchical composition, that allows to interpret the floor plan at different levels of abstraction.
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Marçal Rusiñol, David Aldavert, Dimosthenis Karatzas, Ricardo Toledo and Josep Llados. 2011. Interactive Trademark Image Retrieval by Fusing Semantic and Visual Content. Advances in Information Retrieval. In P. Clough and 6 others, eds. 33rd European Conference on Information Retrieval. Berlin, Springer, 314–325. (LNCS.)
Abstract: In this paper we propose an efficient queried-by-example retrieval system which is able to retrieve trademark images by similarity from patent and trademark offices' digital libraries. Logo images are described by both their semantic content, by means of the Vienna codes, and their visual contents, by using shape and color as visual cues. The trademark descriptors are then indexed by a locality-sensitive hashing data structure aiming to perform approximate k-NN search in high dimensional spaces in sub-linear time. The resulting ranked lists are combined by using the Condorcet method and a relevance feedback step helps to iteratively revise the query and refine the obtained results. The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of this system on a realistic and large dataset.
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