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Author |
David Aldavert |
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Title |
Efficient and Scalable Handwritten Word Spotting on Historical Documents using Bag of Visual Words |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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Word spotting can be defined as the pattern recognition tasked aimed at locating and retrieving a specific keyword within a document image collection without explicitly transcribing the whole corpus. Its use is particularly interesting when applied in scenarios where Optical Character Recognition performs poorly or can not be used at all. This thesis focuses on such a scenario, word spotting on historical handwritten documents that have been written by a single author or by multiple authors with a similar calligraphy.
This problem requires a visual signature that is robust to image artifacts, flexible to accommodate script variations and efficient to retrieve information in a rapid manner. For this, we have developed a set of word spotting methods that on their foundation use the well known Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW) representation. This representation has gained popularity among the document image analysis community to characterize handwritten words
in an unsupervised manner. However, most approaches on this field rely on a basic BoVW configuration and disregard complex encoding and spatial representations. We determine which BoVW configurations provide the best performance boost to a spotting system.
Then, we extend the segmentation-based word spotting, where word candidates are given a priori, to segmentation-free spotting. The proposed approach seeds the document images with overlapping word location candidates and characterizes them with a BoVW signature. Retrieval is achieved comparing the query and candidate signatures and returning the locations that provide a higher consensus. This is a simple but powerful approach that requires a more compact signature than in a segmentation-based scenario. We first
project the BoVW signature into a reduced semantic topics space and then compress it further using Product Quantizers. The resulting signature only requires a few dozen bytes, allowing us to index thousands of pages on a common desktop computer. The final system still yields a performance comparable to the state-of-the-art despite all the information loss during the compression phases.
Afterwards, we also study how to combine different modalities of information in order to create a query-by-X spotting system where, words are indexed using an information modality and queries are retrieved using another. We consider three different information modalities: visual, textual and audio. Our proposal is to create a latent feature space where features which are semantically related are projected onto the same topics. Creating thus a new feature space where information from different modalities can be compared. Later, we consider the codebook generation and descriptor encoding problem. The codebooks used to encode the BoVW signatures are usually created using an unsupervised clustering algorithm and, they require to test multiple parameters to determine which configuration is best for a certain document collection. We propose a semantic clustering algorithm which allows to estimate the best parameter from data. Since gather annotated data is costly, we use synthetically generated word images. The resulting codebook is database agnostic, i. e. a codebook that yields a good performance on document collections that use the same script. We also propose the use of an additional codebook to approximate descriptors and reduce the descriptor encoding
complexity to sub-linear.
Finally, we focus on the problem of signatures dimensionality. We propose a new symbol probability signature where each bin represents the probability that a certain symbol is present a certain location of the word image. This signature is extremely compact and combined with compression techniques can represent word images with just a few bytes per signature. |
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April 2021 |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
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Publisher |
Ediciones Graficas Rey |
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Marçal Rusiñol;Josep Llados |
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978-84-122714-5-4 |
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DAG; 600.121 |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Ald2021 |
Serial |
3601 |
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Author |
Parichehr Behjati Ardakani; Pau Rodriguez; Armin Mehri; Isabelle Hupont; Carles Fernandez; Jordi Gonzalez |
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Title |
OverNet: Lightweight Multi-Scale Super-Resolution with Overscaling Network |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision |
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2693-2702 |
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Super-resolution (SR) has achieved great success due to the development of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, as the depth and width of the networks increase, CNN-based SR methods have been faced with the challenge of computational complexity in practice. More- over, most SR methods train a dedicated model for each target resolution, losing generality and increasing memory requirements. To address these limitations we introduce OverNet, a deep but lightweight convolutional network to solve SISR at arbitrary scale factors with a single model. We make the following contributions: first, we introduce a lightweight feature extractor that enforces efficient reuse of information through a novel recursive structure of skip and dense connections. Second, to maximize the performance of the feature extractor, we propose a model agnostic reconstruction module that generates accurate high-resolution images from overscaled feature maps obtained from any SR architecture. Third, we introduce a multi-scale loss function to achieve generalization across scales. Experiments show that our proposal outperforms previous state-of-the-art approaches in standard benchmarks, while maintaining relatively low computation and memory requirements. |
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Virtual; January 2021 |
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WACV |
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Notes |
ISE; 600.119; 600.098 |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ BRM2021 |
Serial |
3512 |
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Author |
Mohamed Ali Souibgui; Alicia Fornes; Y.Kessentini; C.Tudor |
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Title |
A Few-shot Learning Approach for Historical Encoded Manuscript Recognition |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition |
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5413-5420 |
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Encoded (or ciphered) manuscripts are a special type of historical documents that contain encrypted text. The automatic recognition of this kind of documents is challenging because: 1) the cipher alphabet changes from one document to another, 2) there is a lack of annotated corpus for training and 3) touching symbols make the symbol segmentation difficult and complex. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a novel method for handwritten ciphers recognition based on few-shot object detection. Our method first detects all symbols of a given alphabet in a line image, and then a decoding step maps the symbol similarity scores to the final sequence of transcribed symbols. By training on synthetic data, we show that the proposed architecture is able to recognize handwritten ciphers with unseen alphabets. In addition, if few labeled pages with the same alphabet are used for fine tuning, our method surpasses existing unsupervised and supervised HTR methods for ciphers recognition. |
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Virtual; January 2021 |
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ICPR |
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Notes |
DAG; 600.121; 600.140 |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ SFK2021 |
Serial |
3449 |
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Author |
Carola Figueroa Flores |
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Title |
Visual Saliency for Object Recognition, and Object Recognition for Visual Saliency |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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computer vision; visual saliency; fine-grained object recognition; convolutional neural networks; images classification |
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Abstract |
For humans, the recognition of objects is an almost instantaneous, precise and
extremely adaptable process. Furthermore, we have the innate capability to learn
new object classes from only few examples. The human brain lowers the complexity
of the incoming data by filtering out part of the information and only processing
those things that capture our attention. This, mixed with our biological predisposition to respond to certain shapes or colors, allows us to recognize in a simple
glance the most important or salient regions from an image. This mechanism can
be observed by analyzing on which parts of images subjects place attention; where
they fix their eyes when an image is shown to them. The most accurate way to
record this behavior is to track eye movements while displaying images.
Computational saliency estimation aims to identify to what extent regions or
objects stand out with respect to their surroundings to human observers. Saliency
maps can be used in a wide range of applications including object detection, image
and video compression, and visual tracking. The majority of research in the field has
focused on automatically estimating saliency maps given an input image. Instead, in
this thesis, we set out to incorporate saliency maps in an object recognition pipeline:
we want to investigate whether saliency maps can improve object recognition
results.
In this thesis, we identify several problems related to visual saliency estimation.
First, to what extent the estimation of saliency can be exploited to improve the
training of an object recognition model when scarce training data is available. To
solve this problem, we design an image classification network that incorporates
saliency information as input. This network processes the saliency map through a
dedicated network branch and uses the resulting characteristics to modulate the
standard bottom-up visual characteristics of the original image input. We will refer to this technique as saliency-modulated image classification (SMIC). In extensive
experiments on standard benchmark datasets for fine-grained object recognition,
we show that our proposed architecture can significantly improve performance,
especially on dataset with scarce training data.
Next, we address the main drawback of the above pipeline: SMIC requires an
explicit saliency algorithm that must be trained on a saliency dataset. To solve this,
we implement a hallucination mechanism that allows us to incorporate the saliency
estimation branch in an end-to-end trained neural network architecture that only
needs the RGB image as an input. A side-effect of this architecture is the estimation
of saliency maps. In experiments, we show that this architecture can obtain similar
results on object recognition as SMIC but without the requirement of ground truth
saliency maps to train the system.
Finally, we evaluated the accuracy of the saliency maps that occur as a sideeffect of object recognition. For this purpose, we use a set of benchmark datasets
for saliency evaluation based on eye-tracking experiments. Surprisingly, the estimated saliency maps are very similar to the maps that are computed from human
eye-tracking experiments. Our results show that these saliency maps can obtain
competitive results on benchmark saliency maps. On one synthetic saliency dataset
this method even obtains the state-of-the-art without the need of ever having seen
an actual saliency image for training. |
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Address |
March 2021 |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
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Publisher |
Ediciones Graficas Rey |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Joost Van de Weijer;Bogdan Raducanu |
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978-84-122714-4-7 |
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Notes |
LAMP; 600.120 |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Fig2021 |
Serial |
3600 |
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Author |
Diego Porres |
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Title |
Discriminator Synthesis: On reusing the other half of Generative Adversarial Networks |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Machine Learning for Creativity and Design, Neurips Workshop |
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Generative Adversarial Networks have long since revolutionized the world of computer vision and, tied to it, the world of art. Arduous efforts have gone into fully utilizing and stabilizing training so that outputs of the Generator network have the highest possible fidelity, but little has gone into using the Discriminator after training is complete. In this work, we propose to use the latter and show a way to use the features it has learned from the training dataset to both alter an image and generate one from scratch. We name this method Discriminator Dreaming, and the full code can be found at this https URL. |
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Address |
Virtual; December 2021 |
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NEURIPSW |
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Notes |
ADAS; 601.365 |
Approved |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Por2021 |
Serial |
3597 |
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Author |
Gabriel Villalonga |
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Title |
Leveraging Synthetic Data to Create Autonomous Driving Perception Systems |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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Manually annotating images to develop vision models has been a major bottleneck
since computer vision and machine learning started to walk together. This has
been more evident since computer vision falls on the shoulders of data-hungry
deep learning techniques. When addressing on-board perception for autonomous
driving, the curse of data annotation is exacerbated due to the use of additional
sensors such as LiDAR. Therefore, any approach aiming at reducing such a timeconsuming and costly work is of high interest for addressing autonomous driving
and, in fact, for any application requiring some sort of artificial perception. In the
last decade, it has been shown that leveraging from synthetic data is a paradigm
worth to pursue in order to minimizing manual data annotation. The reason is
that the automatic process of generating synthetic data can also produce different
types of associated annotations (e.g. object bounding boxes for synthetic images
and LiDAR pointclouds, pixel/point-wise semantic information, etc.). Directly
using synthetic data for training deep perception models may not be the definitive
solution in all circumstances since it can appear a synth-to-real domain shift. In
this context, this work focuses on leveraging synthetic data to alleviate manual
annotation for three perception tasks related to driving assistance and autonomous
driving. In all cases, we assume the use of deep convolutional neural networks
(CNNs) to develop our perception models.
The first task addresses traffic sign recognition (TSR), a kind of multi-class
classification problem. We assume that the number of sign classes to be recognized
must be suddenly increased without having annotated samples to perform the
corresponding TSR CNN re-training. We show that leveraging synthetic samples of
such new classes and transforming them by a generative adversarial network (GAN)
trained on the known classes (i.e. without using samples from the new classes), it is
possible to re-train the TSR CNN to properly classify all the signs for a ∼ 1/4 ratio of
new/known sign classes. The second task addresses on-board 2D object detection,
focusing on vehicles and pedestrians. In this case, we assume that we receive a set
of images without the annotations required to train an object detector, i.e. without
object bounding boxes. Therefore, our goal is to self-annotate these images so
that they can later be used to train the desired object detector. In order to reach
this goal, we leverage from synthetic data and propose a semi-supervised learning
approach based on the co-training idea. In fact, we use a GAN to reduce the synthto-real domain shift before applying co-training. Our quantitative results show
that co-training and GAN-based image-to-image translation complement each
other up to allow the training of object detectors without manual annotation, and still almost reaching the upper-bound performances of the detectors trained from
human annotations. While in previous tasks we focus on vision-based perception,
the third task we address focuses on LiDAR pointclouds. Our initial goal was to
develop a 3D object detector trained on synthetic LiDAR-style pointclouds. While
for images we may expect synth/real-to-real domain shift due to differences in
their appearance (e.g. when source and target images come from different camera
sensors), we did not expect so for LiDAR pointclouds since these active sensors
factor out appearance and provide sampled shapes. However, in practice, we have
seen that it can be domain shift even among real-world LiDAR pointclouds. Factors
such as the sampling parameters of the LiDARs, the sensor suite configuration onboard the ego-vehicle, and the human annotation of 3D bounding boxes, do induce
a domain shift. We show it through comprehensive experiments with different
publicly available datasets and 3D detectors. This redirected our goal towards the
design of a GAN for pointcloud-to-pointcloud translation, a relatively unexplored
topic.
Finally, it is worth to mention that all the synthetic datasets used for these three
tasks, have been designed and generated in the context of this PhD work and will
be publicly released. Overall, we think this PhD presents several steps forward to
encourage leveraging synthetic data for developing deep perception models in the
field of driving assistance and autonomous driving. |
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Address |
February 2021 |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
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Publisher |
Ediciones Graficas Rey |
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Editor |
Antonio Lopez;German Ros |
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978-84-122714-2-3 |
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Notes |
ADAS; 600.118 |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Vil2021 |
Serial |
3599 |
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Author |
Andres Mafla; Sounak Dey; Ali Furkan Biten; Lluis Gomez; Dimosthenis Karatzas |
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Title |
Multi-modal reasoning graph for scene-text based fine-grained image classification and retrieval |
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Conference Article |
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2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision |
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4022-4032 |
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Virtual; January 2021 |
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WACV |
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DAG; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ MDB2021 |
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3491 |
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Author |
Andres Mafla; Rafael S. Rezende; Lluis Gomez; Diana Larlus; Dimosthenis Karatzas |
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Title |
StacMR: Scene-Text Aware Cross-Modal Retrieval |
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2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision |
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2219-2229 |
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Virtual; January 2021 |
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DAG; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ MRG2021a |
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3492 |
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Author |
Minesh Mathew; Dimosthenis Karatzas; C.V. Jawahar |
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Title |
DocVQA: A Dataset for VQA on Document Images |
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Conference Article |
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2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision |
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2200-2209 |
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We present a new dataset for Visual Question Answering (VQA) on document images called DocVQA. The dataset consists of 50,000 questions defined on 12,000+ document images. Detailed analysis of the dataset in comparison with similar datasets for VQA and reading comprehension is presented. We report several baseline results by adopting existing VQA and reading comprehension models. Although the existing models perform reasonably well on certain types of questions, there is large performance gap compared to human performance (94.36% accuracy). The models need to improve specifically on questions where understanding structure of the document is crucial. The dataset, code and leaderboard are available at docvqa. org |
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Virtual; January 2021 |
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WACV |
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DAG; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ MKJ2021 |
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3498 |
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Author |
Gemma Rotger |
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Title |
Lifelike Humans: Detailed Reconstruction of Expressive Human Faces |
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2021 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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Developing human-like digital characters is a challenging task since humans are used to recognizing our fellows, and find the computed generated characters inadequately humanized. To fulfill the standards of the videogame and digital film productions it is necessary to model and animate these characters the most closely to human beings. However, it is an arduous and expensive task, since many artists and specialists are required to work on a single character. Therefore, to fulfill these requirements we found an interesting option to study the automatic creation of detailed characters through inexpensive setups. In this work, we develop novel techniques to bring detailed characters by combining different aspects that stand out when developing realistic characters, skin detail, facial hairs, expressions, and microexpressions. We examine each of the mentioned areas with the aim of automatically recover each of the parts without user interaction nor training data. We study the problems for their robustness but also for the simplicity of the setup, preferring single-image with uncontrolled illumination and methods that can be easily computed with the commodity of a standard laptop. A detailed face with wrinkles and skin details is vital to develop a realistic character. In this work, we introduce our method to automatically describe facial wrinkles on the image and transfer to the recovered base face. Then we advance to facial hair recovery by resolving a fitting problem with a novel parametrization model. As of last, we develop a mapping function that allows transfer expressions and microexpressions between different meshes, which provides realistic animations to our detailed mesh. We cover all the mentioned points with the focus on key aspects as (i) how to describe skin wrinkles in a simple and straightforward manner, (ii) how to recover 3D from 2D detections, (iii) how to recover and model facial hair from 2D to 3D, (iv) how to transfer expressions between models holding both skin detail and facial hair, (v) how to perform all the described actions without training data nor user interaction. In this work, we present our proposals to solve these aspects with an efficient and simple setup. We validate our work with several datasets both synthetic and real data, prooving remarkable results even in challenging cases as occlusions as glasses, thick beards, and indeed working with different face topologies like single-eyed cyclops. |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
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Publisher |
Ediciones Graficas Rey |
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Editor |
Felipe Lumbreras;Antonio Agudo |
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978-84-122714-3-0 |
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Notes |
ADAS |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Rot2021 |
Serial |
3513 |
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Author |
Cristina Palmero; Javier Selva; Sorina Smeureanu; Julio C. S. Jacques Junior; Albert Clapes; Alexa Mosegui; Zejian Zhang; David Gallardo; Georgina Guilera; David Leiva; Sergio Escalera |
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Title |
Context-Aware Personality Inference in Dyadic Scenarios: Introducing the UDIVA Dataset |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision |
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Pages |
1-12 |
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Abstract |
This paper introduces UDIVA, a new non-acted dataset of face-to-face dyadic interactions, where interlocutors perform competitive and collaborative tasks with different behavior elicitation and cognitive workload. The dataset consists of 90.5 hours of dyadic interactions among 147 participants distributed in 188 sessions, recorded using multiple audiovisual and physiological sensors. Currently, it includes sociodemographic, self- and peer-reported personality, internal state, and relationship profiling from participants. As an initial analysis on UDIVA, we propose a
transformer-based method for self-reported personality inference in dyadic scenarios, which uses audiovisual data and different sources of context from both interlocutors to
regress a target person’s personality traits. Preliminary results from an incremental study show consistent improvements when using all available context information. |
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Address |
Virtual; January 2021 |
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WACV |
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Notes |
HUPBA |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ PSS2021 |
Serial |
3532 |
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Author |
Julio C. S. Jacques Junior; Agata Lapedriza; Cristina Palmero; Xavier Baro; Sergio Escalera |
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Title |
Person Perception Biases Exposed: Revisiting the First Impressions Dataset |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision |
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Pages |
13-21 |
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Abstract |
This work revisits the ChaLearn First Impressions database, annotated for personality perception using pairwise comparisons via crowdsourcing. We analyse for the first time the original pairwise annotations, and reveal existing person perception biases associated to perceived attributes like gender, ethnicity, age and face attractiveness.
We show how person perception bias can influence data labelling of a subjective task, which has received little attention from the computer vision and machine learning communities by now. We further show that the mechanism used to convert pairwise annotations to continuous values may magnify the biases if no special treatment is considered. The findings of this study are relevant for the computer vision community that is still creating new datasets on subjective tasks, and using them for practical applications, ignoring these perceptual biases. |
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Address |
Virtual; January 2021 |
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WACV |
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Notes |
HUPBA |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ JLP2021 |
Serial |
3533 |
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Author |
Kai Wang; Luis Herranz; Joost Van de Weijer |
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Title |
Continual learning in cross-modal retrieval |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
2nd CLVISION workshop |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
3628-3638 |
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Abstract |
Multimodal representations and continual learning are two areas closely related to human intelligence. The former considers the learning of shared representation spaces where information from different modalities can be compared and integrated (we focus on cross-modal retrieval between language and visual representations). The latter studies how to prevent forgetting a previously learned task when learning a new one. While humans excel in these two aspects, deep neural networks are still quite limited. In this paper, we propose a combination of both problems into a continual cross-modal retrieval setting, where we study how the catastrophic interference caused by new tasks impacts the embedding spaces and their cross-modal alignment required for effective retrieval. We propose a general framework that decouples the training, indexing and querying stages. We also identify and study different factors that may lead to forgetting, and propose tools to alleviate it. We found that the indexing stage pays an important role and that simply avoiding reindexing the database with updated embedding networks can lead to significant gains. We evaluated our methods in two image-text retrieval datasets, obtaining significant gains with respect to the fine tuning baseline. |
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Address |
Virtual; June 2021 |
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CVPRW |
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Notes |
LAMP; 600.120; 600.141; 600.147; 601.379 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ WHW2021 |
Serial |
3566 |
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Author |
Vincenzo Lomonaco; Lorenzo Pellegrini; Andrea Cossu; Antonio Carta; Gabriele Graffieti; Tyler L. Hayes; Matthias De Lange; Marc Masana; Jary Pomponi; Gido van de Ven; Martin Mundt; Qi She; Keiland Cooper; Jeremy Forest; Eden Belouadah; Simone Calderara; German I. Parisi; Fabio Cuzzolin; Andreas Tolias; Simone Scardapane; Luca Antiga; Subutai Amhad; Adrian Popescu; Christopher Kanan; Joost Van de Weijer; Tinne Tuytelaars; Davide Bacciu; Davide Maltoni |
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Title |
Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learning |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
34th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops |
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Pages |
3595-3605 |
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Learning continually from non-stationary data streams is a long-standing goal and a challenging problem in machine learning. Recently, we have witnessed a renewed and fast-growing interest in continual learning, especially within the deep learning community. However, algorithmic solutions are often difficult to re-implement, evaluate and port across different settings, where even results on standard benchmarks are hard to reproduce. In this work, we propose Avalanche, an open-source end-to-end library for continual learning research based on PyTorch. Avalanche is designed to provide a shared and collaborative codebase for fast prototyping, training, and reproducible evaluation of continual learning algorithms. |
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Address |
Virtual; June 2021 |
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CVPRW |
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Notes |
LAMP; 600.120 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ LPC2021 |
Serial |
3567 |
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Author |
Idoia Ruiz; Lorenzo Porzi; Samuel Rota Bulo; Peter Kontschieder; Joan Serrat |
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Title |
Weakly Supervised Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops |
Abbreviated Journal |
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125-133 |
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Abstract |
We introduce the problem of weakly supervised MultiObject Tracking and Segmentation, i.e. joint weakly supervised instance segmentation and multi-object tracking, in which we do not provide any kind of mask annotation.
To address it, we design a novel synergistic training strategy by taking advantage of multi-task learning, i.e. classification and tracking tasks guide the training of the unsupervised instance segmentation. For that purpose, we extract weak foreground localization information, provided by
Grad-CAM heatmaps, to generate a partial ground truth to learn from. Additionally, RGB image level information is employed to refine the mask prediction at the edges of the
objects. We evaluate our method on KITTI MOTS, the most representative benchmark for this task, reducing the performance gap on the MOTSP metric between the fully supervised and weakly supervised approach to just 12% and 12.7 % for cars and pedestrians, respectively. |
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Address |
Virtual; January 2021 |
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WACVW |
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Notes |
ADAS; 600.118; 600.124 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ RPR2021 |
Serial |
3548 |
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