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Author |
Shiqi Yang |
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Title |
Towards Source-Free Domain Adaption of Neural Networks in an Open World |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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Though they achieve great success, deep neural networks typically require a huge
amount of labeled data for training. However, collecting labeled data is often laborious and expensive. It would, therefore, be ideal if the knowledge obtained from label-rich datasets could be transferred to unlabeled data. However, deep networks are weak at generalizing to unseen domains, even when the differences are only subtle between the datasets. In real-world situations, a typical factor impairing the model generalization ability is the distribution shift between data from different domains, which is a long-standing problem usually termed as (unsupervised) domain adaptation.
A crucial requirement in the methodology of these domain adaptation methods is that they require access to source domain data during the adaptation process to the target domain. Accessibility to the source data of a trained source model is often impossible in real-world applications, for example, when deploying domain adaptation algorithms on mobile devices where the computational capacity is limited or in situations where data privacy rules limit access to the source domain data. Without access to the source domain data, existing methods suffer from inferior performance. Thus, in this thesis, we investigate domain adaptation without source data (termed as source-free domain adaptation) in multiple different scenarios that focus on image classification tasks.
We first study the source-free domain adaptation problem in a closed-set setting,
where the label space of different domains is identical. Only accessing the pretrained source model, we propose to address source-free domain adaptation from the perspective of unsupervised clustering. We achieve this based on nearest neighborhood clustering. In this way, we can transfer the challenging source-free domain adaptation task to a type of clustering problem. The final optimization objective is an upper bound containing only two simple terms, which can be explained as discriminability and diversity. We show that this allows us to relate several other methods in domain adaptation, unsupervised clustering and contrastive learning via the perspective of discriminability and diversity. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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IMPRIMA |
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Editor |
Joost |
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978-84-126409-3-9 |
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LAMP |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Yan2023 |
Serial |
3963 |
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Author |
Yi Xiao |
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Title |
Advancing Vision-based End-to-End Autonomous Driving |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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In autonomous driving, artificial intelligence (AI) processes the traffic environment to drive the vehicle to a desired destination. Currently, there are different paradigms that address the development of AI-enabled drivers. On the one hand, we find modular pipelines, which divide the driving task into sub-tasks such as perception, maneuver planning, and control. On the other hand, we find end-to-end driving approaches that attempt to learn the direct mapping of raw data from input sensors to vehicle control signals. The latter are relatively less studied but are gaining popularity as they are less demanding in terms of data labeling. Therefore, in this thesis, our goal is to investigate end-to-end autonomous driving.
We propose to evaluate three approaches to tackle the challenge of end-to-end
autonomous driving. First, we focus on the input, considering adding depth information as complementary to RGB data, in order to mimic the human being’s
ability to estimate the distance to obstacles. Notice that, in the real world, these depth maps can be obtained either from a LiDAR sensor, or a trained monocular
depth estimation module, where human labeling is not needed. Then, based on
the intuition that the latent space of end-to-end driving models encodes relevant
information for driving, we use it as prior knowledge for training an affordancebased driving model. In this case, the trained affordance-based model can achieve good performance while requiring less human-labeled data, and it can provide interpretability regarding driving actions. Finally, we present a new pure vision-based end-to-end driving model termed CIL++, which is trained by imitation learning.
CIL++ leverages modern best practices, such as a large horizontal field of view and
a self-attention mechanism, which are contributing to the agent’s understanding of
the driving scene and bringing a better imitation of human drivers. Using training
data without any human labeling, our model yields almost expert performance in
the CARLA NoCrash benchmark and could rival SOTA models that require large amounts of human-labeled data. |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
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IMPRIMA |
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Editor |
Antonio Lopez |
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978-84-126409-4-6 |
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ADAS |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Xia2023 |
Serial |
3964 |
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Author |
Diego Velazquez |
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Title |
Towards Robustness in Computer-based Image Understanding |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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This thesis embarks on an exploratory journey into robustness in deep learning,
with a keen focus on the intertwining facets of generalization, explainability, and
edge cases within the realm of computer vision. In deep learning, robustness
epitomizes a model’s resilience and flexibility, grounded on its capacity to generalize across diverse data distributions, explain its predictions transparently, and navigate the intricacies of edge cases effectively. The challenges associated with robust generalization are multifaceted, encompassing the model’s performance on unseen data and its defense against out-of-distribution data and adversarial attacks. Bridging this gap, the potential of Embedding Propagation (EP) for improving out-of-distribution generalization is explored. EP is depicted as a powerful tool facilitating manifold smoothing, which in turn fortifies the model’s robustness against adversarial onslaughts and bolsters performance in few-shot and self-/semi-supervised learning scenarios. In the labyrinth of deep learning models, the path to robustness often intersects with explainability. As model complexity increases, so does the urgency to decipher their decision-making
processes. Acknowledging this, the thesis introduces a robust framework for
evaluating and comparing various counterfactual explanation methods, echoing
the imperative of explanation quality over quantity and spotlighting the intricacies of diversifying explanations. Simultaneously, the deep learning landscape is fraught with edge cases – anomalies in the form of small objects or rare instances in object detection tasks that defy the norm. Confronting this, the
thesis presents an extension of the DETR (DEtection TRansformer) model to enhance small object detection. The devised DETR-FP, embedding the Feature Pyramid technique, demonstrating improvement in small objects detection accuracy, albeit facing challenges like high computational costs. With emergence of foundation models in mind, the thesis unveils EarthView, the largest scale remote sensing dataset to date, built for the self-supervised learning of a robust foundational model for remote sensing. Collectively, these studies contribute to the grand narrative of robustness in deep learning, weaving together the strands of generalization, explainability, and edge case performance. Through these methodological advancements and novel datasets, the thesis calls for continued exploration, innovation, and refinement to fortify the bastion of robust computer vision. |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
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IMPRIMA |
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Editor |
Jordi Gonzalez;Josep M. Gonfaus;Pau Rodriguez |
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978-81-126409-5-3 |
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ISE |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Vel2023 |
Serial |
3965 |
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Author |
Bonifaz Stuhr |
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Title |
Towards Unsupervised Representation Learning: Learning, Evaluating and Transferring Visual Representations |
Type |
Book Whole |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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Unsupervised representation learning aims at finding methods that learn representations from data without annotation-based signals. Abstaining from annotations not only leads to economic benefits but may – and to some extent already does – result in advantages regarding the representation’s structure, robustness, and generalizability to different tasks. In the long run, unsupervised methods are expected to surpass their supervised counterparts due to the reduction of human intervention and the inherently more general setup that does not bias the optimization towards an objective originating from specific annotation-based signals. While major advantages of unsupervised representation learning have been recently observed in natural language processing, supervised methods still dominate in vision domains for most tasks. In this dissertation, we contribute to the field of unsupervised (visual) representation learning from three perspectives: (i) Learning representations: We design unsupervised, backpropagation-free Convolutional Self-Organizing Neural Networks (CSNNs) that utilize self-organization- and Hebbian-based learning rules to learn convolutional kernels and masks to achieve deeper backpropagation-free models. Thereby, we observe that backpropagation-based and -free methods can suffer from an objective function mismatch between the unsupervised pretext task and the target task. This mismatch can lead to performance decreases for the target task. (ii) Evaluating representations: We build upon the widely used (non-)linear evaluation protocol to define pretext- and target-objective-independent metrics for measuring the objective function mismatch. With these metrics, we evaluate various pretext and target tasks and disclose dependencies of the objective function mismatch concerning different parts of the training and model setup. (iii) Transferring representations: We contribute CARLANE, the first 3-way sim-to-real domain adaptation benchmark for 2D lane detection. We adopt several well-known unsupervised domain adaptation methods as baselines and propose a method based on prototypical cross-domain self-supervised learning. Finally, we focus on pixel-based unsupervised domain adaptation and contribute a content-consistent unpaired image-to-image translation method that utilizes masks, global and local discriminators, and similarity sampling to mitigate content inconsistencies, as well as feature-attentive denormalization to fuse content-based statistics into the generator stream. In addition, we propose the cKVD metric to incorporate class-specific content inconsistencies into perceptual metrics for measuring translation quality. |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
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Publisher |
IMPRIA |
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Editor |
Jordi Gonzalez;Jurgen Brauer |
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978-84-126409-6-0 |
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Notes |
ISE |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Stu2023 |
Serial |
3966 |
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Author |
Ruben Perez Tito |
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Title |
Exploring the role of Text in Visual Question Answering on Natural Scenes and Documents |
Type |
Book Whole |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC |
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Visual Question Answering (VQA) is the task where given an image and a natural language question, the objective is to generate a natural language answer. At the intersection between computer vision and natural language processing, this task can be seen as a measure of image understanding capabilities, as it requires to reason about objects, actions, colors, positions, the relations between the different elements as well as commonsense reasoning, world knowledge, arithmetic skills and natural language understanding. However, even though the text present in the images conveys important semantically rich information that is explicit and not available in any other form, most VQA methods remained illiterate, largely
ignoring the text despite its potential significance. In this thesis, we set out on a journey to bring reading capabilities to computer vision models applied to the VQA task, creating new datasets and methods that can read, reason and integrate the text with other visual cues in natural scene images and documents.
In Chapter 3, we address the combination of scene text with visual information to fully understand all the nuances of natural scene images. To achieve this objective, we define a new sub-task of VQA that requires reading the text in the image, and highlight the limitations of the current methods. In addition, we propose a new architecture that integrates both modalities and jointly reasons about textual and visual features. In Chapter 5, we shift the domain of VQA with reading capabilities and apply it on scanned industry document images, providing a high-level end-purpose perspective to Document Understanding, which has been
primarily focused on digitizing the document’s contents and extracting key values without considering the ultimate purpose of the extracted information. For this, we create a dataset which requires methods to reason about the unique and challenging elements of documents, such as text, images, tables, graphs and complex layouts, to provide accurate answers in natural language. However, we observed that explicit visual features provide a slight contribution in the overall performance, since the main information is usually conveyed within the text and its position. In consequence, in Chapter 6, we propose VQA on infographic images, seeking for document images with more visually rich elements that require to fully exploit visual information in order to answer the questions. We show the performance gap of
different methods when used over industry scanned and infographic images, and propose a new method that integrates the visual features in early stages, which allows the transformer architecture to exploit the visual features during the self-attention operation. Instead, in Chapter 7, we apply VQA on a big collection of single-page documents, where the methods must find which documents are relevant to answer the question, and provide the answer itself. Finally, in Chapter 8, mimicking real-world application problems where systems must process documents with multiple pages, we address the multipage document visual question answering task. We demonstrate the limitations of existing methods, including models specifically designed to process long sequences. To overcome these limitations, we propose
a hierarchical architecture that can process long documents, answer questions, and provide the index of the page where the information to answer the question is located as an explainability measure. |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
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Publisher |
IMPRIMA |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Ernest Valveny |
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978-84-124793-5-5 |
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Notes |
DAG |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ Per2023 |
Serial |
3967 |
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Author |
Trevor Canham; Javier Vazquez; D Long; Richard F. Murray; Michael S Brown |
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Title |
Noise Prism: A Novel Multispectral Visualization Technique |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
31st Color and Imaging Conference |
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A novel technique for visualizing multispectral images is proposed. Inspired by how prisms work, our method spreads spectral information over a chromatic noise pattern. This is accomplished by populating the pattern with pixels representing each measurement band at a count proportional to its measured intensity. The method is advantageous because it allows for lightweight encoding and visualization of spectral information
while maintaining the color appearance of the stimulus. A four alternative forced choice (4AFC) experiment was conducted to validate the method’s information-carrying capacity in displaying metameric stimuli of varying colors and spectral basis functions. The scores ranged from 100% to 20% (less than chance given the 4AFC task), with many conditions falling somewhere in between at statistically significant intervals. Using this data, color and texture difference metrics can be evaluated and optimized to predict the legibility of the visualization technique. |
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CIC |
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Notes |
MACO; CIC |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ CVL2021 |
Serial |
4000 |
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Author |
Francesco Ciompi; Oriol Pujol; Carlo Gatta; Oriol Rodriguez-Leor; J. Mauri; Petia Radeva |
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Title |
Fusing in-vitro and in-vivo intravascular ultrasound data for plaque characterization |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging |
Abbreviated Journal |
IJCI |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
763–779 |
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Abstract |
Accurate detection of in-vivo vulnerable plaque in coronary arteries is still an open problem. Recent studies show that it is highly related to tissue structure and composition. Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) is a powerful imaging technique that gives a detailed cross-sectional image of the vessel, allowing to explore arteries morphology. IVUS data validation is usually performed by comparing post-mortem (in-vitro) IVUS data and corresponding histological analysis of the tissue. The main drawback of this method is the few number of available case studies and validated data due to the complex procedure of histological analysis of the tissue. On the other hand, IVUS data from in-vivo cases is easy to obtain but it can not be histologically validated. In this work, we propose to enhance the in-vitro training data set by selectively including examples from in-vivo plaques. For this purpose, a Sequential Floating Forward Selection method is reformulated in the context of plaque characterization. The enhanced classifier performance is validated on in-vitro data set, yielding an overall accuracy of 91.59% in discriminating among fibrotic, lipidic and calcified plaques, while reducing the gap between in-vivo and in-vitro data analysis. Experimental results suggest that the obtained classifier could be properly applied on in-vivo plaque characterization and also demonstrate that the common hypothesis of assuming the difference between in-vivo and in-vitro as negligible is incorrect. |
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1569-5794 |
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MILAB;HUPBA |
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no |
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Call Number |
BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ CPG2010 |
Serial |
1305 |
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Author |
Josep M. Gonfaus; Xavier Boix; Joost Van de Weijer; Andrew Bagdanov; Joan Serrat; Jordi Gonzalez |
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Title |
Harmony Potentials for Joint Classification and Segmentation |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
23rd IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition |
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3280–3287 |
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Hierarchical conditional random fields have been successfully applied to object segmentation. One reason is their ability to incorporate contextual information at different scales. However, these models do not allow multiple labels to be assigned to a single node. At higher scales in the image, this yields an oversimplified model, since multiple classes can be reasonable expected to appear within one region. This simplified model especially limits the impact that observations at larger scales may have on the CRF model. Neglecting the information at larger scales is undesirable since class-label estimates based on these scales are more reliable than at smaller, noisier scales. To address this problem, we propose a new potential, called harmony potential, which can encode any possible combination of class labels. We propose an effective sampling strategy that renders tractable the underlying optimization problem. Results show that our approach obtains state-of-the-art results on two challenging datasets: Pascal VOC 2009 and MSRC-21. |
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San Francisco CA, USA |
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1063-6919 |
ISBN |
978-1-4244-6984-0 |
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CVPR |
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ADAS;CIC;ISE |
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Call Number |
ADAS @ adas @ GBW2010 |
Serial |
1296 |
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Author |
Jose Seabra; F. Javier Sanchez; Francesco Ciompi; Petia Radeva |
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Title |
Ultrasonographic Plaque Characterization using a Rayleigh Mixture Model |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
7th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging |
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1–4 |
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From Nano to Macro
A correct modelling of tissue morphology is determinant for the identification of vulnerable plaques. This paper aims at describing the plaque composition by means of a Rayleigh Mixture Model applied to ultrasonic data. The effectiveness of using a mixture of distributions is established through synthetic and real ultrasonic data samples. Furthermore, the proposed mixture model is used in a plaque classification problem in Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) images of coronary plaques. A classifier tested on a set of 67 in-vitro plaques, yields an overall accuracy of 86% and sensitivity of 92%, 94% and 82%, for fibrotic, calcified and lipidic tissues, respectively. These results strongly suggest that different plaques types can be distinguished by means of the coefficients and Rayleigh parameters of the mixture distribution. |
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Rotterdam (Netherlands) |
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ISSN |
1945-7928 |
ISBN |
978-1-4244-4125-9 |
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ISBI |
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MILAB |
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no |
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Call Number |
BCNPCL @ bcnpcl @ SSC2010 |
Serial |
1366 |
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Author |
Patricia Suarez; Dario Carpio; Angel Sappa; Henry Velesaca |
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Title |
Transformer based Image Dehazing |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
16th IEEE International Conference on Signal Image Technology & Internet Based System |
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atmospheric light; brightness component; computational cost; dehazing quality; haze-free image |
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This paper presents a novel approach to remove non homogeneous haze from real images. The proposed method consists mainly of image feature extraction, haze removal, and image reconstruction. To accomplish this challenging task, we propose an architecture based on transformers, which have been recently introduced and have shown great potential in different computer vision tasks. Our model is based on the SwinIR an image restoration architecture based on a transformer, but by modifying the deep feature extraction module, the depth level of the model, and by applying a combined loss function that improves styling and adapts the model for the non-homogeneous haze removal present in images. The obtained results prove to be superior to those obtained by state-of-the-art models. |
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Dijon; France; October 2022 |
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SITIS |
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MSIAU; no proj |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ SCS2022 |
Serial |
3803 |
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Author |
Dawid Rymarczyk; Joost van de Weijer; Bartosz Zielinski; Bartlomiej Twardowski |
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Title |
ICICLE: Interpretable Class Incremental Continual Learning. Dawid Rymarczyk |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
20th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision |
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1887-1898 |
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Continual learning enables incremental learning of new tasks without forgetting those previously learned, resulting in positive knowledge transfer that can enhance performance on both new and old tasks. However, continual learning poses new challenges for interpretability, as the rationale behind model predictions may change over time, leading to interpretability concept drift. We address this problem by proposing Interpretable Class-InCremental LEarning (ICICLE), an exemplar-free approach that adopts a prototypical part-based approach. It consists of three crucial novelties: interpretability regularization that distills previously learned concepts while preserving user-friendly positive reasoning; proximity-based prototype initialization strategy dedicated to the fine-grained setting; and task-recency bias compensation devoted to prototypical parts. Our experimental results demonstrate that ICICLE reduces the interpretability concept drift and outperforms the existing exemplar-free methods of common class-incremental learning when applied to concept-based models. |
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Paris; France; October 2023 |
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ICCV |
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LAMP |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ RWZ2023 |
Serial |
3947 |
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Author |
Naila Murray; Sandra Skaff; Luca Marchesotti; Florent Perronnin |
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Title |
Towards Automatic Concept Transfer |
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Conference Article |
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2011 |
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Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering |
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167.176 |
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Keywords |
chromatic modeling, color concepts, color transfer, concept transfer |
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This paper introduces a novel approach to automatic concept transfer; examples of concepts are “romantic”, “earthy”, and “luscious”. The approach modifies the color content of an input image given only a concept specified by a user in natural language, thereby requiring minimal user input. This approach is particularly useful for users who are aware of the message they wish to convey in the transferred image while being unsure of the color combination needed to achieve the corresponding transfer. The user may adjust the intensity level of the concept transfer to his/her liking with a single parameter. The proposed approach uses a convex clustering algorithm, with a novel pruning mechanism, to automatically set the complexity of models of chromatic content. It also uses the Earth-Mover's Distance to compute a mapping between the models of the input image and the target chromatic concept. Results show that our approach yields transferred images which effectively represent concepts, as confirmed by a user study. |
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ACM Press |
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978-1-4503-0907-3 |
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NPAR |
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CIC |
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no |
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Call Number |
Admin @ si @ MSM2011 |
Serial |
1866 |
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Author |
Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Joost Van de Weijer; Maria Vanrell |
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Title |
Top-Down Color Attention for Object Recognition |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
12th International Conference on Computer Vision |
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979 - 986 |
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Generally the bag-of-words based image representation follows a bottom-up paradigm. The subsequent stages of the process: feature detection, feature description, vocabulary construction and image representation are performed independent of the intentioned object classes to be detected. In such a framework, combining multiple cues such as shape and color often provides below-expected results. This paper presents a novel method for recognizing object categories when using multiple cues by separating the shape and color cue. Color is used to guide attention by means of a top-down category-specific attention map. The color attention map is then further deployed to modulate the shape features by taking more features from regions within an image that are likely to contain an object instance. This procedure leads to a category-specific image histogram representation for each category. Furthermore, we argue that the method combines the advantages of both early and late fusion. We compare our approach with existing methods that combine color and shape cues on three data sets containing varied importance of both cues, namely, Soccer ( color predominance), Flower (color and shape parity), and PASCAL VOC Challenge 2007 (shape predominance). The experiments clearly demonstrate that in all three data sets our proposed framework significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for combining color and shape information. |
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Kyoto, Japan |
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1550-5499 |
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978-1-4244-4420-5 |
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ICCV |
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Notes |
CIC |
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no |
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Call Number |
CAT @ cat @ SWV2009 |
Serial |
1196 |
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Author |
Joost Van de Weijer; Cordelia Schmid; Jakob Verbeek; Diane Larlus |
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Title |
Learning Color Names for Real-World Applications |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
IEEE Transaction in Image Processing |
Abbreviated Journal |
TIP |
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Volume |
18 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1512–1524 |
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Abstract |
Color names are required in real-world applications such as image retrieval and image annotation. Traditionally, they are learned from a collection of labelled color chips. These color chips are labelled with color names within a well-defined experimental setup by human test subjects. However naming colors in real-world images differs significantly from this experimental setting. In this paper, we investigate how color names learned from color chips compare to color names learned from real-world images. To avoid hand labelling real-world images with color names we use Google Image to collect a data set. Due to limitations of Google Image this data set contains a substantial quantity of wrongly labelled data. We propose several variants of the PLSA model to learn color names from this noisy data. Experimental results show that color names learned from real-world images significantly outperform color names learned from labelled color chips for both image retrieval and image annotation. |
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1057-7149 |
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no |
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CAT @ cat @ WSV2009 |
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1195 |
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Author |
Jaume Amores; N. Sebe; Petia Radeva |
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Title |
Fast Spatial Pattern Discovery Integrating Boosting with Constellations of Contextual Descriptors |
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Miscellaneous |
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2005 |
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IEEE Computer Society, International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’05), 2(2):769–774 |
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San Diego, CA (USA) |
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MILAB |
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Call Number |
ADAS @ adas @ ASR2005a |
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541 |
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