Mireia Sole, Joan Blanco, Debora Gil, Oliver Valero, B. Cardenas, G. Fonseka, et al. (2022). Time to match; when do homologous chromosomes become closer? CHRO - Chromosoma, .
Abstract: In most eukaryotes, pairing of homologous chromosomes is an essential feature of meiosis that ensures homologous recombination and segregation. However, when the pairing process begins, it is still under investigation. Contrasting data exists in Mus musculus, since both leptotene DSB-dependent and preleptotene DSB-independent mechanisms have been described. To unravel this contention, we examined homologous pairing in pre-meiotic and meiotic Mus musculus cells using a threedimensional fuorescence in situ hybridization-based protocol, which enables the analysis of the entire karyotype using DNA painting probes. Our data establishes in an unambiguously manner that 73.83% of homologous chromosomes are already paired at premeiotic stages (spermatogonia-early preleptotene spermatocytes). The percentage of paired homologous chromosomes increases to 84.60% at mid-preleptotene-zygotene stage, reaching 100% at pachytene stage. Importantly, our results demonstrate a high percentage of homologous pairing observed before the onset of meiosis; this pairing does not occur randomly, as the percentage was higher than that observed in somatic cells (19.47%) and between nonhomologous chromosomes (41.1%). Finally, we have also observed that premeiotic homologous pairing is asynchronous and independent of the chromosome size, GC content, or presence of NOR regions.
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Aura Hernandez-Sabate, Jose Elias Yauri, Pau Folch, Miquel Angel Piera, & Debora Gil. (2022). Recognition of the Mental Workloads of Pilots in the Cockpit Using EEG Signals. APPLSCI - Applied Sciences, 12(5), 2298.
Abstract: The commercial flightdeck is a naturally multi-tasking work environment, one in which interruptions are frequent come in various forms, contributing in many cases to aviation incident reports. Automatic characterization of pilots’ workloads is essential to preventing these kind of incidents. In addition, minimizing the physiological sensor network as much as possible remains both a challenge and a requirement. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have shown high correlations with specific cognitive and mental states, such as workload. However, there is not enough evidence in the literature to validate how well models generalize in cases of new subjects performing tasks with workloads similar to the ones included during the model’s training. In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network to classify EEG features across different mental workloads in a continuous performance task test that partly measures working memory and working memory capacity. Our model is valid at the general population level and it is able to transfer task learning to pilot mental workload recognition in a simulated operational environment.
Keywords: Cognitive states; Mental workload; EEG analysis; Neural networks; Multimodal data fusion
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Debora Gil, Aura Hernandez-Sabate, Julien Enconniere, Saryani Asmayawati, Pau Folch, Juan Borrego-Carazo, et al. (2022). E-Pilots: A System to Predict Hard Landing During the Approach Phase of Commercial Flights. ACCESS - IEEE Access, 10, 7489–7503.
Abstract: More than half of all commercial aircraft operation accidents could have been prevented by executing a go-around. Making timely decision to execute a go-around manoeuvre can potentially reduce overall aviation industry accident rate. In this paper, we describe a cockpit-deployable machine learning system to support flight crew go-around decision-making based on the prediction of a hard landing event.
This work presents a hybrid approach for hard landing prediction that uses features modelling temporal dependencies of aircraft variables as inputs to a neural network. Based on a large dataset of 58177 commercial flights, the results show that our approach has 85% of average sensitivity with 74% of average specificity at the go-around point. It follows that our approach is a cockpit-deployable recommendation system that outperforms existing approaches.
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Giuseppe De Gregorio, Sanket Biswas, Mohamed Ali Souibgui, Asma Bensalah, Josep Llados, Alicia Fornes, et al. (2022). A Few Shot Multi-representation Approach for N-Gram Spotting in Historical Manuscripts. In Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR2022) (Vol. 13639, pp. 3–12). LNCS.
Abstract: Despite recent advances in automatic text recognition, the performance remains moderate when it comes to historical manuscripts. This is mainly because of the scarcity of available labelled data to train the data-hungry Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) models. The Keyword Spotting System (KWS) provides a valid alternative to HTR due to the reduction in error rate, but it is usually limited to a closed reference vocabulary. In this paper, we propose a few-shot learning paradigm for spotting sequences of a few characters (N-gram) that requires a small amount of labelled training data. We exhibit that recognition of important n-grams could reduce the system’s dependency on vocabulary. In this case, an out-of-vocabulary (OOV) word in an input handwritten line image could be a sequence of n-grams that belong to the lexicon. An extensive experimental evaluation of our proposed multi-representation approach was carried out on a subset of Bentham’s historical manuscript collections to obtain some really promising results in this direction.
Keywords: N-gram spotting; Few-shot learning; Multimodal understanding; Historical handwritten collections
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Arnau Baro, Carles Badal, Pau Torras, & Alicia Fornes. (2022). Handwritten Historical Music Recognition through Sequence-to-Sequence with Attention Mechanism. In 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS2021) (pp. 55–59).
Abstract: Despite decades of research in Optical Music Recognition (OMR), the recognition of old handwritten music scores remains a challenge because of the variabilities in the handwriting styles, paper degradation, lack of standard notation, etc. Therefore, the research in OMR systems adapted to the particularities of old manuscripts is crucial to accelerate the conversion of music scores existing in archives into digital libraries, fostering the dissemination and preservation of our music heritage. In this paper we explore the adaptation of sequence-to-sequence models with attention mechanism (used in translation and handwritten text recognition) and the generation of specific synthetic data for recognizing old music scores. The experimental validation demonstrates that our approach is promising, especially when compared with long short-term memory neural networks.
Keywords: Optical Music Recognition; Digits; Image Classification
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Pau Torras, Arnau Baro, Alicia Fornes, & Lei Kang. (2022). Improving Handwritten Music Recognition through Language Model Integration. In 4th International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS2022) (pp. 42–46).
Abstract: Handwritten Music Recognition, especially in the historical domain, is an inherently challenging endeavour; paper degradation artefacts and the ambiguous nature of handwriting make recognising such scores an error-prone process, even for the current state-of-the-art Sequence to Sequence models. In this work we propose a way of reducing the production of statistically implausible output sequences by fusing a Language Model into a recognition Sequence to Sequence model. The idea is leveraging visually-conditioned and context-conditioned output distributions in order to automatically find and correct any mistakes that would otherwise break context significantly. We have found this approach to improve recognition results to 25.15 SER (%) from a previous best of 31.79 SER (%) in the literature.
Keywords: optical music recognition; historical sources; diversity; music theory; digital humanities
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Joana Maria Pujadas-Mora, Alicia Fornes, Oriol Ramos Terrades, Josep Llados, Jialuo Chen, Miquel Valls-Figols, et al. (2022). The Barcelona Historical Marriage Database and the Baix Llobregat Demographic Database. From Algorithms for Handwriting Recognition to Individual-Level Demographic and Socioeconomic Data. HLCS - Historical Life Course Studies, 99–132.
Abstract: The Barcelona Historical Marriage Database (BHMD) gathers records of the more than 600,000 marriages celebrated in the Diocese of Barcelona and their taxation registered in Barcelona Cathedral's so-called Marriage Licenses Books for the long period 1451–1905 and the BALL Demographic Database brings together the individual information recorded in the population registers, censuses and fiscal censuses of the main municipalities of the county of Baix Llobregat (Barcelona). In this ongoing collection 263,786 individual observations have been assembled, dating from the period between 1828 and 1965 by December 2020. The two databases started as part of different interdisciplinary research projects at the crossroads of Historical Demography and Computer Vision. Their construction uses artificial intelligence and computer vision methods as Handwriting Recognition to reduce the time of execution. However, its current state still requires some human intervention which explains the implemented crowdsourcing and game sourcing experiences. Moreover, knowledge graph techniques have allowed the application of advanced record linkage to link the same individuals and families across time and space. Moreover, we will discuss the main research lines using both databases developed so far in historical demography.
Keywords: Individual demographic databases; Computer vision, Record linkage; Social mobility; Inequality; Migration; Word spotting; Handwriting recognition; Local censuses; Marriage Licences
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Asma Bensalah, Alicia Fornes, Cristina Carmona_Duarte, & Josep Llados. (2022). Easing Automatic Neurorehabilitation via Classification and Smoothness Analysis. In Intertwining Graphonomics with Human Movements. 20th International Conference of the International Graphonomics Society, IGS 2022 (Vol. 13424, pp. 336–348). LNCS.
Abstract: Assessing the quality of movements for post-stroke patients during the rehabilitation phase is vital given that there is no standard stroke rehabilitation plan for all the patients. In fact, it depends basically on the patient’s functional independence and its progress along the rehabilitation sessions. To tackle this challenge and make neurorehabilitation more agile, we propose an automatic assessment pipeline that starts by recognising patients’ movements by means of a shallow deep learning architecture, then measuring the movement quality using jerk measure and related measures. A particularity of this work is that the dataset used is clinically relevant, since it represents movements inspired from Fugl-Meyer a well common upper-limb clinical stroke assessment scale for stroke patients. We show that it is possible to detect the contrast between healthy and patients movements in terms of smoothness, besides achieving conclusions about the patients’ progress during the rehabilitation sessions that correspond to the clinicians’ findings about each case.
Keywords: Neurorehabilitation; Upper-lim; Movement classification; Movement smoothness; Deep learning; Jerk
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Alicia Fornes, Asma Bensalah, Cristina Carmona_Duarte, Jialuo Chen, Miguel A. Ferrer, Andreas Fischer, et al. (2022). The RPM3D Project: 3D Kinematics for Remote Patient Monitoring. In Intertwining Graphonomics with Human Movements. 20th International Conference of the International Graphonomics Society, IGS 2022 (Vol. 13424, pp. 217–226). LNCS.
Abstract: This project explores the feasibility of remote patient monitoring based on the analysis of 3D movements captured with smartwatches. We base our analysis on the Kinematic Theory of Rapid Human Movement. We have validated our research in a real case scenario for stroke rehabilitation at the Guttmann Institute (https://www.guttmann.com/en/) (neurorehabilitation hospital), showing promising results. Our work could have a great impact in remote healthcare applications, improving the medical efficiency and reducing the healthcare costs. Future steps include more clinical validation, developing multi-modal analysis architectures (analysing data from sensors, images, audio, etc.), and exploring the application of our technology to monitor other neurodegenerative diseases.
Keywords: Healthcare applications; Kinematic; Theory of Rapid Human Movements; Human activity recognition; Stroke rehabilitation; 3D kinematics
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Arnau Baro, Pau Riba, & Alicia Fornes. (2022). Musigraph: Optical Music Recognition Through Object Detection and Graph Neural Network. In Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR2022) (Vol. 13639, pp. 171–184). LNCS.
Abstract: During the last decades, the performance of optical music recognition has been increasingly improving. However, and despite the 2-dimensional nature of music notation (e.g. notes have rhythm and pitch), most works treat musical scores as a sequence of symbols in one dimension, which make their recognition still a challenge. Thus, in this work we explore the use of graph neural networks for musical score recognition. First, because graphs are suited for n-dimensional representations, and second, because the combination of graphs with deep learning has shown a great performance in similar applications. Our methodology consists of: First, we will detect each isolated/atomic symbols (those that can not be decomposed in more graphical primitives) and the primitives that form a musical symbol. Then, we will build the graph taking as root node the notehead and as leaves those primitives or symbols that modify the note’s rhythm (stem, beam, flag) or pitch (flat, sharp, natural). Finally, the graph is translated into a human-readable character sequence for a final transcription and evaluation. Our method has been tested on more than five thousand measures, showing promising results.
Keywords: Object detection; Optical music recognition; Graph neural network
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Carlos Boned Riera, & Oriol Ramos Terrades. (2022). Discriminative Neural Variational Model for Unbalanced Classification Tasks in Knowledge Graph. In 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (pp. 2186–2191).
Abstract: Nowadays the paradigm of link discovery problems has shown significant improvements on Knowledge Graphs. However, method performances are harmed by the unbalanced nature of this classification problem, since many methods are easily biased to not find proper links. In this paper we present a discriminative neural variational auto-encoder model, called DNVAE from now on, in which we have introduced latent variables to serve as embedding vectors. As a result, the learnt generative model approximate better the underlying distribution and, at the same time, it better differentiate the type of relations in the knowledge graph. We have evaluated this approach on benchmark knowledge graph and Census records. Results in this last data set are quite impressive since we reach the highest possible score in the evaluation metrics. However, further experiments are still needed to deeper evaluate the performance of the method in more challenging tasks.
Keywords: Measurement; Couplings; Semantics; Ear; Benchmark testing; Data models; Pattern recognition
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Lu Yu, Xialei Liu, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2022). Self-Training for Class-Incremental Semantic Segmentation. TNNLS - IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, .
Abstract: In class-incremental semantic segmentation, we have no access to the labeled data of previous tasks. Therefore, when incrementally learning new classes, deep neural networks suffer from catastrophic forgetting of previously learned knowledge. To address this problem, we propose to apply a self-training approach that leverages unlabeled data, which is used for rehearsal of previous knowledge. Specifically, we first learn a temporary model for the current task, and then, pseudo labels for the unlabeled data are computed by fusing information from the old model of the previous task and the current temporary model. In addition, conflict reduction is proposed to resolve the conflicts of pseudo labels generated from both the old and temporary models. We show that maximizing self-entropy can further improve results by smoothing the overconfident predictions. Interestingly, in the experiments, we show that the auxiliary data can be different from the training data and that even general-purpose, but diverse auxiliary data can lead to large performance gains. The experiments demonstrate the state-of-the-art results: obtaining a relative gain of up to 114% on Pascal-VOC 2012 and 8.5% on the more challenging ADE20K compared to previous state-of-the-art methods.
Keywords: Class-incremental learning; Self-training; Semantic segmentation.
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Iban Berganzo-Besga, Hector A. Orengo, Felipe Lumbreras, Paloma Aliende, & Monica N. Ramsey. (2022). Automated detection and classification of multi-cell Phytoliths using Deep Learning-Based Algorithms. JArchSci - Journal of Archaeological Science, 148, 105654.
Abstract: This paper presents an algorithm for automated detection and classification of multi-cell phytoliths, one of the major components of many archaeological and paleoenvironmental deposits. This identification, based on phytolith wave pattern, is made using a pretrained VGG19 deep learning model. This approach has been tested in three key phytolith genera for the study of agricultural origins in Near East archaeology: Avena, Hordeum and Triticum. Also, this classification has been validated at species-level using Triticum boeoticum and dicoccoides images. Due to the diversity of microscopes, cameras and chemical treatments that can influence images of phytolith slides, three types of data augmentation techniques have been implemented: rotation of the images at 45-degree angles, random colour and brightness jittering, and random blur/sharpen. The implemented workflow has resulted in an overall accuracy of 93.68% for phytolith genera, improving previous attempts. The algorithm has also demonstrated its potential to automatize the classification of phytoliths species with an overall accuracy of 100%. The open code and platforms employed to develop the algorithm assure the method's accessibility, reproducibility and reusability.
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Shiqi Yang, Yaxing Wang, Kai Wang, Shangling Jui, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2022). Attracting and Dispersing: A Simple Approach for Source-free Domain Adaptation. In 36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems.
Abstract: We propose a simple but effective source-free domain adaptation (SFDA) method.
Treating SFDA as an unsupervised clustering problem and following the intuition
that local neighbors in feature space should have more similar predictions than
other features, we propose to optimize an objective of prediction consistency. This
objective encourages local neighborhood features in feature space to have similar
predictions while features farther away in feature space have dissimilar predictions, leading to efficient feature clustering and cluster assignment simultaneously. For efficient training, we seek to optimize an upper-bound of the objective resulting in two simple terms. Furthermore, we relate popular existing methods in domain adaptation, source-free domain adaptation and contrastive learning via the perspective of discriminability and diversity. The experimental results prove the superiority of our method, and our method can be adopted as a simple but strong baseline for future research in SFDA. Our method can be also adapted to source-free open-set and partial-set DA which further shows the generalization ability of our method.
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Saiping Zhang, Luis Herranz, Marta Mrak, Marc Gorriz Blanch, Shuai Wan, & Fuzheng Yang. (2022). DCNGAN: A Deformable Convolution-Based GAN with QP Adaptation for Perceptual Quality Enhancement of Compressed Video. In 47th International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a deformable convolution-based generative adversarial network (DCNGAN) for perceptual quality enhancement of compressed videos. DCNGAN is also adaptive to the quantization parameters (QPs). Compared with optical flows, deformable convolutions are more effective and efficient to align frames. Deformable convolutions can operate on multiple frames, thus leveraging more temporal information, which is beneficial for enhancing the perceptual quality of compressed videos. Instead of aligning frames in a pairwise manner, the deformable convolution can process multiple frames simultaneously, which leads to lower computational complexity. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DCNGAN outperforms other state-of-the-art compressed video quality enhancement algorithms.
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