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Maryam Asadi-Aghbolaghi, Albert Clapes, Marco Bellantonio, Hugo Jair Escalante, Victor Ponce, Xavier Baro, et al. (2017). Deep Learning for Action and Gesture Recognition in Image Sequences: A Survey. In Gesture Recognition (pp. 539–578).
Abstract: Interest in automatic action and gesture recognition has grown considerably in the last few years. This is due in part to the large number of application domains for this type of technology. As in many other computer vision areas, deep learning based methods have quickly become a reference methodology for obtaining state-of-the-art performance in both tasks. This chapter is a survey of current deep learning based methodologies for action and gesture recognition in sequences of images. The survey reviews both fundamental and cutting edge methodologies reported in the last few years. We introduce a taxonomy that summarizes important aspects of deep learning for approaching both tasks. Details of the proposed architectures, fusion strategies, main datasets, and competitions are reviewed. Also, we summarize and discuss the main works proposed so far with particular interest on how they treat the temporal dimension of data, their highlighting features, and opportunities and challenges for future research. To the best of our knowledge this is the first survey in the topic. We foresee this survey will become a reference in this ever dynamic field of research.
Keywords: Action recognition; Gesture recognition; Deep learning architectures; Fusion strategies
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Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez, Luis Lopez, M. Carmen Parafita, & C. Alejandro Parraga. (2018). Using two-alternative forced choice tasks and Thurstone law of comparative judgments for code-switching research. In Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism (pp. 67–97).
Abstract: This article argues that 2-alternative forced choice tasks and Thurstone’s law of comparative judgments (Thurstone, 1927) are well suited to investigate code-switching competence by means of acceptability judgments. We compare this method with commonly used Likert scale judgments and find that the 2-alternative forced choice task provides granular details that remain invisible in a Likert scale experiment. In order to compare and contrast both methods, we examined the syntactic phenomenon usually referred to as the Adjacency Condition (AC) (apud Stowell, 1981), which imposes a condition of adjacency between verb and object. Our interest in the AC comes from the fact that it is a subtle feature of English grammar which is absent in Spanish, and this provides an excellent springboard to create minimal code-switched pairs that allow us to formulate a clear research question that can be tested using both methods.
Keywords: two-alternative forced choice and Thurstone's law; acceptability judgment; code-switching
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Sergio Escalera, Vassilis Athitsos, & Isabelle Guyon. (2017). Challenges in Multi-modal Gesture Recognition. (pp. 1–60).
Abstract: This paper surveys the state of the art on multimodal gesture recognition and introduces the JMLR special topic on gesture recognition 2011–2015. We began right at the start of the Kinect TMTM revolution when inexpensive infrared cameras providing image depth recordings became available. We published papers using this technology and other more conventional methods, including regular video cameras, to record data, thus providing a good overview of uses of machine learning and computer vision using multimodal data in this area of application. Notably, we organized a series of challenges and made available several datasets we recorded for that purpose, including tens of thousands of videos, which are available to conduct further research. We also overview recent state of the art works on gesture recognition based on a proposed taxonomy for gesture recognition, discussing challenges and future lines of research.
Keywords: Gesture recognition; Time series analysis; Multimodal data analysis; Computer vision; Pattern recognition; Wearable sensors; Infrared cameras; Kinect TMTM
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Jose M. Armingol, Jorge Alfonso, Nourdine Aliane, Miguel Clavijo, Sergio Campos-Cordobes, Arturo de la Escalera, et al. (2018). Environmental Perception for Intelligent Vehicles. In Intelligent Vehicles. Enabling Technologies and Future Developments (23–101).
Abstract: Environmental perception represents, because of its complexity, a challenge for Intelligent Transport Systems due to the great variety of situations and different elements that can happen in road environments and that must be faced by these systems. In connection with this, so far there are a variety of solutions as regards sensors and methods, so the results of precision, complexity, cost, or computational load obtained by these works are different. In this chapter some systems based on computer vision and laser techniques are presented. Fusion methods are also introduced in order to provide advanced and reliable perception systems.
Keywords: Computer vision; laser techniques; data fusion; advanced driver assistance systems; traffic monitoring systems; intelligent vehicles
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Antonio Lopez, David Vazquez, & Gabriel Villalonga. (2018). Data for Training Models, Domain Adaptation. In Intelligent Vehicles. Enabling Technologies and Future Developments (395–436).
Abstract: Simulation can enable several developments in the field of intelligent vehicles. This chapter is divided into three main subsections. The first one deals with driving simulators. The continuous improvement of hardware performance is a well-known fact that is allowing the development of more complex driving simulators. The immersion in the simulation scene is increased by high fidelity feedback to the driver. In the second subsection, traffic simulation is explained as well as how it can be used for intelligent transport systems. Finally, it is rather clear that sensor-based perception and action must be based on data-driven algorithms. Simulation could provide data to train and test algorithms that are afterwards implemented in vehicles. These tools are explained in the third subsection.
Keywords: Driving simulator; hardware; software; interface; traffic simulation; macroscopic simulation; microscopic simulation; virtual data; training data
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Lluis Pere de las Heras, Oriol Ramos Terrades, & Josep Llados. (2017). Ontology-Based Understanding of Architectural Drawings. In International Workshop on Graphics Recognition. GREC 2015.Graphic Recognition. Current Trends and Challenges (Vol. 9657, pp. 75–85). LNCS.
Abstract: In this paper we present a knowledge base of architectural documents aiming at improving existing methods of floor plan classification and understanding. It consists of an ontological definition of the domain and the inclusion of real instances coming from both, automatically interpreted and manually labeled documents. The knowledge base has proven to be an effective tool to structure our knowledge and to easily maintain and upgrade it. Moreover, it is an appropriate means to automatically check the consistency of relational data and a convenient complement of hard-coded knowledge interpretation systems.
Keywords: Graphics recognition; Floor plan analysi; Domain ontology
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Rain Eric Haamer, Eka Rusadze, Iiris Lusi, Tauseef Ahmed, Sergio Escalera, & Gholamreza Anbarjafari. (2018). Review on Emotion Recognition Databases. In Human-Robot Interaction: Theory and Application.
Abstract: Over the past few decades human-computer interaction has become more important in our daily lives and research has developed in many directions: memory research, depression detection, and behavioural deficiency detection, lie detection, (hidden) emotion recognition etc. Because of that, the number of generic emotion and face databases or those tailored to specific needs have grown immensely large. Thus, a comprehensive yet compact guide is needed to help researchers find the most suitable database and understand what types of databases already exist. In this paper, different elicitation methods are discussed and the databases are primarily organized into neat and informative tables based on the format.
Keywords: emotion; computer vision; databases
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Antonio Lopez. (2018). Pedestrian Detection Systems. In Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Abstract: Pedestrian detection is a highly relevant topic for both advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving. In this entry, we review the ideas behind pedestrian detection systems from the point of view of perception based on computer vision and machine learning.
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Raul Gomez, Lluis Gomez, Jaume Gibert, & Dimosthenis Karatzas. (2019). Self-Supervised Learning from Web Data for Multimodal Retrieval. In Multi-Modal Scene Understanding Book (pp. 279–306).
Abstract: Self-Supervised learning from multimodal image and text data allows deep neural networks to learn powerful features with no need of human annotated data. Web and Social Media platforms provide a virtually unlimited amount of this multimodal data. In this work we propose to exploit this free available data to learn a multimodal image and text embedding, aiming to leverage the semantic knowledge learnt in the text domain and transfer it to a visual model for semantic image retrieval. We demonstrate that the proposed pipeline can learn from images with associated text without supervision and analyze the semantic structure of the learnt joint image and text embeddingspace. Weperformathoroughanalysisandperformancecomparisonoffivedifferentstateof the art text embeddings in three different benchmarks. We show that the embeddings learnt with Web and Social Media data have competitive performances over supervised methods in the text basedimageretrievaltask,andweclearlyoutperformstateoftheartintheMIRFlickrdatasetwhen training in the target data. Further, we demonstrate how semantic multimodal image retrieval can be performed using the learnt embeddings, going beyond classical instance-level retrieval problems. Finally, we present a new dataset, InstaCities1M, composed by Instagram images and their associated texts that can be used for fair comparison of image-text embeddings.
Keywords: self-supervised learning; webly supervised learning; text embeddings; multimodal retrieval; multimodal embedding
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Sergio Escalera, Marti Soler, Stephane Ayache, Umut Guçlu, Jun Wan, Meysam Madadi, et al. (2019). ChaLearn Looking at People: Inpainting and Denoising Challenges. In The Springer Series on Challenges in Machine Learning (pp. 23–44).
Abstract: Dealing with incomplete information is a well studied problem in the context of machine learning and computational intelligence. However, in the context of computer vision, the problem has only been studied in specific scenarios (e.g., certain types of occlusions in specific types of images), although it is common to have incomplete information in visual data. This chapter describes the design of an academic competition focusing on inpainting of images and video sequences that was part of the competition program of WCCI2018 and had a satellite event collocated with ECCV2018. The ChaLearn Looking at People Inpainting Challenge aimed at advancing the state of the art on visual inpainting by promoting the development of methods for recovering missing and occluded information from images and video. Three tracks were proposed in which visual inpainting might be helpful but still challenging: human body pose estimation, text overlays removal and fingerprint denoising. This chapter describes the design of the challenge, which includes the release of three novel datasets, and the description of evaluation metrics, baselines and evaluation protocol. The results of the challenge are analyzed and discussed in detail and conclusions derived from this event are outlined.
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Joana Maria Pujadas-Mora, Alicia Fornes, Josep Llados, Gabriel Brea-Martinez, & Miquel Valls-Figols. (2019). The Baix Llobregat (BALL) Demographic Database, between Historical Demography and Computer Vision (nineteenth–twentieth centuries. In Nominative Data in Demographic Research in the East and the West: monograph (pp. 29–61).
Abstract: The Baix Llobregat (BALL) Demographic Database is an ongoing database project containing individual census data from the Catalan region of Baix Llobregat (Spain) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The BALL Database is built within the project ‘NETWORKS: Technology and citizen innovation for building historical social networks to understand the demographic past’ directed by Alícia Fornés from the Center for Computer Vision and Joana Maria Pujadas-Mora from the Center for Demographic Studies, both at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, funded by the Recercaixa program (2017–2019).
Its webpage is http://dag.cvc.uab.es/xarxes/.The aim of the project is to develop technologies facilitating massive digitalization of demographic sources, and more specifically the padrones (local censuses), in order to reconstruct historical ‘social’ networks employing computer vision technology. Such virtual networks can be created thanks to the linkage of nominative records compiled in the local censuses across time and space. Thus, digitized versions of individual and family lifespans are established, and individuals and families can be located spatially.
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Estefania Talavera, Alexandre Cola, Nicolai Petkov, & Petia Radeva. (2019). Towards Egocentric Person Re-identification and Social Pattern Analysis. In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications (Vol. 310, pp. 203–211).
Abstract: CoRR abs/1905.04073
Wearable cameras capture a first-person view of the daily activities of the camera wearer, offering a visual diary of the user behaviour. Detection of the appearance of people the camera user interacts with for social interactions analysis is of high interest. Generally speaking, social events, lifestyle and health are highly correlated, but there is a lack of tools to monitor and analyse them. We consider that egocentric vision provides a tool to obtain information and understand users social interactions. We propose a model that enables us to evaluate and visualize social traits obtained by analysing social interactions appearance within egocentric photostreams. Given sets of egocentric images, we detect the appearance of faces within the days of the camera wearer, and rely on clustering algorithms to group their feature descriptors in order to re-identify persons. Recurrence of detected faces within photostreams allows us to shape an idea of the social pattern of behaviour of the user. We validated our model over several weeks recorded by different camera wearers. Our findings indicate that social profiles are potentially useful for social behaviour interpretation.
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Jun Wan, Guodong Guo, Sergio Escalera, Hugo Jair Escalante, & Stan Z Li. (2023). Face Presentation Attack Detection (PAD) Challenges. In Advances in Face Presentation Attack Detection (17–35). SLCV.
Abstract: In recent years, the security of face recognition systems has been increasingly threatened. Face Anti-spoofing (FAS) is essential to secure face recognition systems primarily from various attacks. In order to attract researchers and push forward the state of the art in Face Presentation Attack Detection (PAD), we organized three editions of Face Anti-spoofing Workshop and Competition at CVPR 2019, CVPR 2020, and ICCV 2021, which have attracted more than 800 teams from academia and industry, and greatly promoted the algorithms to overcome many challenging problems. In this chapter, we introduce the detailed competition process, including the challenge phases, timeline and evaluation metrics. Along with the workshop, we will introduce the corresponding dataset for each competition including data acquisition details, data processing, statistics, and evaluation protocol. Finally, we provide the available link to download the datasets used in the challenges.
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Jun Wan, Guodong Guo, Sergio Escalera, Hugo Jair Escalante, & Stan Z Li. (2023). Best Solutions Proposed in the Context of the Face Anti-spoofing Challenge Series. In Advances in Face Presentation Attack Detection (37–78).
Abstract: The PAD competitions we organized attracted more than 835 teams from home and abroad, most of them from the industry, which shows that the topic of face anti-spoofing is closely related to daily life, and there is an urgent need for advanced algorithms to solve its application needs. Specifically, the Chalearn LAP multi-modal face anti-spoofing attack detection challenge attracted more than 300 teams for the development phase with a total of 13 teams qualifying for the final round; the Chalearn Face Anti-spoofing Attack Detection Challenge attracted 340 teams in the development stage, and finally, 11 and 8 teams have submitted their codes in the single-modal and multi-modal face anti-spoofing recognition challenges, respectively; the 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challenge attracted 195 teams for the development phase with a total of 18 teams qualifying for the final round. All the results were verified and re-run by the organizing team, and the results were used for the final ranking. In this chapter, we briefly the methods developed by the teams participating in each competition, and introduce the algorithm details of the top-three ranked teams in detail.
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Jun Wan, Guodong Guo, Sergio Escalera, Hugo Jair Escalante, & Stan Z Li. (2023). Face Anti-spoofing Progress Driven by Academic Challenges. In Advances in Face Presentation Attack Detection (1–15). SLCV.
Abstract: With the ubiquity of facial authentication systems and the prevalence of security cameras around the world, the impact that facial presentation attack techniques may have is huge. However, research progress in this field has been slowed by a number of factors, including the lack of appropriate and realistic datasets, ethical and privacy issues that prevent the recording and distribution of facial images, the little attention that the community has given to potential ethnic biases among others. This chapter provides an overview of contributions derived from the organization of academic challenges in the context of face anti-spoofing detection. Specifically, we discuss the limitations of benchmarks and summarize our efforts in trying to boost research by the community via the participation in academic challenges
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