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Javier Vazquez, Maria Vanrell, & Robert Benavente. (2010). Color names as a constraint for Computer Vision problems. In Proceedings of The CREATE 2010 Conference (324–328).
Abstract: Computer Vision Problems are usually ill-posed. Constraining de gamut of possible solutions is then a necessary step. Many constrains for different problems have been developed during years. In this paper, we present a different way of constraining some of these problems: the use of color names. In particular, we will focus on segmentation, representation ans constancy.
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Fahad Shahbaz Khan, Joost Van de Weijer, & Maria Vanrell. (2010). Who Painted this Painting? In Proceedings of The CREATE 2010 Conference (329–333).
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Shida Beigpour, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2010). Photo-Realistic Color Alteration for Architecture and Design. In Proceedings of The CREATE 2010 Conference (84–88).
Abstract: As color is a strong stimuli we receive from the exterior world, choosing the right color can prove crucial in creating the desired architecture and desing. We propose a framework to apply a realistic color change on both objects and their illuminant lights for snapshots of architectural designs, in order to visualize and choose the right color before actully applying the change in the real world. The proposed framework is based on the laws of physics in order to accomplish realistic and physically plausible results.
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Simone Balocco, O. Basset, G. Courbebaisse, E. Boni, Alejandro F. Frangi, P. Tortoli, et al. (2010). Estimation Of Viscoelastic Properties Of Vessel Walls Using a Computational Model and Doppler Ultrasound. PMB - Physics in Medicine and Biology, 55(12), 3557–3575.
Abstract: Human arteries affected by atherosclerosis are characterized by altered wall viscoelastic properties. The possibility of noninvasively assessing arterial viscoelasticity in vivo would significantly contribute to the early diagnosis and prevention of this disease. This paper presents a noniterative technique to estimate the viscoelastic parameters of a vascular wall Zener model. The approach requires the simultaneous measurement of flow variations and wall displacements, which can be provided by suitable ultrasound Doppler instruments. Viscoelastic parameters are estimated by fitting the theoretical constitutive equations to the experimental measurements using an ARMA parameter approach. The accuracy and sensitivity of the proposed method are tested using reference data generated by numerical simulations of arterial pulsation in which the physiological conditions and the viscoelastic parameters of the model can be suitably varied. The estimated values quantitatively agree with the reference values, showing that the only parameter affected by changing the physiological conditions is viscosity, whose relative error was about 27% even when a poor signal-to-noise ratio is simulated. Finally, the feasibility of the method is illustrated through three measurements made at different flow regimes on a cylindrical vessel phantom, yielding a parameter mean estimation error of 25%.
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David Geronimo. (2010). A Global Approach to Vision-Based Pedestrian Detection for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (Antonio Lopez, Krystian Mikolajczyk, Jaume Amores, Dariu M. Gavrila, Oriol Pujol, & Felipe Lumbreras, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, Ediciones Graficas Rey, .
Abstract: At the beginning of the 21th century, traffic accidents have become a major problem not only for developed countries but also for emerging ones. As in other scientific areas in which Artificial Intelligence is becoming a key actor, advanced driver assistance systems, and concretely pedestrian protection systems based on Computer Vision, are becoming a strong topic of research aimed at improving the safety of pedestrians. However, the challenge is of considerable complexity due to the varying appearance of humans (e.g., clothes, size, aspect ratio, shape, etc.), the dynamic nature of on-board systems and the unstructured moving environments that urban scenarios represent. In addition, the required performance is demanding both in terms of computational time and detection rates. In this thesis, instead of focusing on improving specific tasks as it is frequent in the literature, we present a global approach to the problem. Such a global overview starts by the proposal of a generic architecture to be used as a framework both to review the literature and to organize the studied techniques along the thesis. We then focus the research on tasks such as foreground segmentation, object classification and refinement following a general viewpoint and exploring aspects that are not usually analyzed. In order to perform the experiments, we also present a novel pedestrian dataset that consists of three subsets, each one addressed to the evaluation of a different specific task in the system. The results presented in this thesis not only end with a proposal of a pedestrian detection system but also go one step beyond by pointing out new insights, formalizing existing and proposed algorithms, introducing new techniques and evaluating their performance, which we hope will provide new foundations for future research in the area.
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Ignasi Rius. (2010). Motion Priors for Efficient Bayesian Tracking in Human Sequence Evaluation (Jordi Gonzalez, & Xavier Roca, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, Ediciones Graficas Rey, .
Abstract: Recovering human motion by visual analysis is a challenging computer vision research
area with a lot of potential applications. Model-based tracking approaches, and in particular particle lters, formulate the problem as a Bayesian inference task whose aim is to sequentially estimate the distribution of the parameters of a human body model over time. These approaches strongly rely on good dynamical and observation models to predict and update con gurations of the human body according to measurements from the image data. However, it is very di cult to design observation models which extract useful and reliable information from image sequences robustly. This results specially challenging in monocular tracking given that only one viewpoint from the scene is available. Therefore, to overcome these limitations strong motion priors are needed to guide the exploration of the state space. The work presented in this Thesis is aimed to retrieve the 3D motion parameters of a human body model from incomplete and noisy measurements of a monocular image sequence. These measurements consist of the 2D positions of a reduced set of joints in the image plane. Towards this end, we present a novel action-speci c model of human motion which is trained from several databases of real motion-captured performances of an action, and is used as a priori knowledge within a particle ltering scheme. Body postures are represented by means of a simple and compact stick gure model which uses direction cosines to represent the direction of body limbs in the 3D Cartesian space. Then, for a given action, Principal Component Analysis is applied to the training data to perform dimensionality reduction over the highly correlated input data. Before the learning stage of the action model, the input motion performances are synchronized by means of a novel dense matching algorithm based on Dynamic Programming. The algorithm synchronizes all the motion sequences of the same action class, nding an optimal solution in real-time. Then, a probabilistic action model is learnt, based on the synchronized motion examples, which captures the variability and temporal evolution of full-body motion within a speci c action. In particular, for each action, the parameters learnt are: a representative manifold for the action consisting of its mean performance, the standard deviation from the mean performance, the mean observed direction vectors from each motion subsequence of a given length and the expected error at a given time instant. Subsequently, the action-speci c model is used as a priori knowledge on human motion which improves the e ciency and robustness of the overall particle filtering tracking framework. First, the dynamic model guides the particles according to similar situations previously learnt. Then, the state space is constrained so only feasible human postures are accepted as valid solutions at each time step. As a result, the state space is explored more e ciently as the particle set covers the most probable body postures. Finally, experiments are carried out using test sequences from several motion databases. Results point out that our tracker scheme is able to estimate the rough 3D con guration of a full-body model providing only the 2D positions of a reduced set of joints. Separate tests on the sequence synchronization method and the subsequence probabilistic matching technique are also provided. |
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Ivan Huerta. (2010). Foreground Object Segmentation and Shadow Detection for Video Sequences in Uncontrolled Environments (Jordi Gonzalez, & Xavier Roca, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, Ediciones Graficas Rey, .
Abstract: This Thesis is mainly divided in two parts. The first one presents a study of motion
segmentation problems. Based on this study, a novel algorithm for mobile-object segmentation from a static background scene is also presented. This approach is demonstrated robust and accurate under most of the common problems in motion segmentation. The second one tackles the problem of shadows in depth. Firstly, a bottom-up approach based on a chromatic shadow detector is presented to deal with umbra shadows. Secondly, a top-down approach based on a tracking system has been developed in order to enhance the chromatic shadow detection. In our first contribution, a case analysis of motion segmentation problems is presented by taking into account the problems associated with different cues, namely colour, edge and intensity. Our second contribution is a hybrid architecture which handles the main problems observed in such a case analysis, by fusing (i) the knowledge from these three cues and (ii) a temporal difference algorithm. On the one hand, we enhance the colour and edge models to solve both global/local illumination changes (shadows and highlights) and camouflage in intensity. In addition, local information is exploited to cope with a very challenging problem such as the camouflage in chroma. On the other hand, the intensity cue is also applied when colour and edge cues are not available, such as when beyond the dynamic range. Additionally, temporal difference is included to segment motion when these three cues are not available, such as that background not visible during the training period. Lastly, the approach is enhanced for allowing ghost detection. As a result, our approach obtains very accurate and robust motion segmentation in both indoor and outdoor scenarios, as quantitatively and qualitatively demonstrated in the experimental results, by comparing our approach with most best-known state-of-the-art approaches. Motion Segmentation has to deal with shadows to avoid distortions when detecting moving objects. Most segmentation approaches dealing with shadow detection are typically restricted to penumbra shadows. Therefore, such techniques cannot cope well with umbra shadows. Consequently, umbra shadows are usually detected as part of moving objects. Firstly, a bottom-up approach for detection and removal of chromatic moving shadows in surveillance scenarios is proposed. Secondly, a top-down approach based on kalman filters to detect and track shadows has been developed in order to enhance the chromatic shadow detection. In the Bottom-up part, the shadow detection approach applies a novel technique based on gradient and colour models for separating chromatic moving shadows from moving objects. Well-known colour and gradient models are extended and improved into an invariant colour cone model and an invariant gradient model, respectively, to perform automatic segmentation while detecting potential shadows. Hereafter, the regions corresponding to potential shadows are grouped by considering ”a bluish effect” and an edge partitioning. Lastly, (i) temporal similarities between local gradient structures and (ii) spatial similarities between chrominance angle and brightness distortions are analysed for all potential shadow regions in order to finally identify umbra shadows. In the top-down process, after detection of objects and shadows both are tracked using Kalman filters, in order to enhance the chromatic shadow detection, when it fails to detect a shadow. Firstly, this implies a data association between the blobs (foreground and shadow) and Kalman filters. Secondly, an event analysis of the different data association cases is performed, and occlusion handling is managed by a Probabilistic Appearance Model (PAM). Based on this association, temporal consistency is looked for the association between foregrounds and shadows and their respective Kalman Filters. From this association several cases are studied, as a result lost chromatic shadows are correctly detected. Finally, the tracking results are used as feedback to improve the shadow and object detection. Unlike other approaches, our method does not make any a-priori assumptions about camera location, surface geometries, surface textures, shapes and types of shadows, objects, and background. Experimental results show the performance and accuracy of our approach in different shadowed materials and illumination conditions. |
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Carles Fernandez. (2010). Understanding Image Sequences: the Role of Ontologies in Cognitive Vision (Jordi Gonzalez, & Xavier Roca, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, Ediciones Graficas Rey, .
Abstract: The increasing ubiquitousness of digital information in our daily lives has positioned
video as a favored information vehicle, and given rise to an astonishing generation of social media and surveillance footage. This raises a series of technological demands for automatic video understanding and management, which together with the compromising attentional limitations of human operators, have motivated the research community to guide its steps towards a better attainment of such capabilities. As a result, current trends on cognitive vision promise to recognize complex events and self-adapt to different environments, while managing and integrating several types of knowledge. Future directions suggest to reinforce the multi-modal fusion of information sources and the communication with end-users. In this thesis we tackle the problem of recognizing and describing meaningful events in video sequences from different domains, and communicating the resulting knowledge to end-users by means of advanced interfaces for human–computer interaction. This problem is addressed by designing the high-level modules of a cognitive vision framework exploiting ontological knowledge. Ontologies allow us to define the relevant concepts in a domain and the relationships among them; we prove that the use of ontologies to organize, centralize, link, and reuse different types of knowledge is a key factor in the materialization of our objectives. The proposed framework contributes to: (i) automatically learn the characteristics of different scenarios in a domain; (ii) reason about uncertain, incomplete, or vague information from visual –camera’s– or linguistic –end-user’s– inputs; (iii) derive plausible interpretations of complex events from basic spatiotemporal developments; (iv) facilitate natural interfaces that adapt to the needs of end-users, and allow them to communicate efficiently with the system at different levels of interaction; and finally, (v) find mechanisms to guide modeling processes, maintain and extend the resulting models, and to exploit multimodal resources synergically to enhance the former tasks. We describe a holistic methodology to achieve these goals. First, the use of prior taxonomical knowledge is proved useful to guide MAP-MRF inference processes in the automatic identification of semantic regions, with independence of a particular scenario. Towards the recognition of complex video events, we combine fuzzy metric-temporal reasoning with SGTs, thus assessing high-level interpretations from spatiotemporal data. Here, ontological resources like T–Boxes, onomasticons, or factual databases become useful to derive video indexing and retrieval capabilities, and also to forward highlighted content to smart user interfaces. There, we explore the application of ontologies to discourse analysis and cognitive linguistic principles, or scene augmentation techniques towards advanced communication by means of natural language dialogs and synthetic visualizations. Ontologies become fundamental to coordinate, adapt, and reuse the different modules in the system. The suitability of our ontological framework is demonstrated by a series of applications that especially benefit the field of smart video surveillance, viz. automatic generation of linguistic reports about the content of video sequences in multiple natural languages; content-based filtering and summarization of these reports; dialogue-based interfaces to query and browse video contents; automatic learning of semantic regions in a scenario; and tools to evaluate the performance of components and models in the system, via simulation and augmented reality. |
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Joan Mas. (2010). A Syntactic Pattern Recognition Approach based on a Distribution Tolerant Adjacency Grammar and a Spatial Indexed Parser. Application to Sketched Document Recognition (Gemma Sanchez, & Josep Llados, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, Ediciones Graficas Rey, .
Abstract: Sketch recognition is a discipline which has gained an increasing interest in the last
20 years. This is due to the appearance of new devices such as PDA, Tablet PC’s or digital pen & paper protocols. From the wide range of sketched documents we focus on those that represent structured documents such as: architectural floor-plans, engineering drawing, UML diagrams, etc. To recognize and understand these kinds of documents, first we have to recognize the different compounding symbols and then we have to identify the relations between these elements. From the way that a sketch is captured, there are two categories: on-line and off-line. On-line input modes refer to draw directly on a PDA or a Tablet PC’s while off-line input modes refer to scan a previously drawn sketch. This thesis is an overlapping of three different areas on Computer Science: Pattern Recognition, Document Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction. The aim of this thesis is to interpret sketched documents independently on whether they are captured on-line or off-line. For this reason, the proposed approach should contain the following features. First, as we are working with sketches the elements present in our input contain distortions. Second, as we would work in on-line or off-line input modes, the order in the input of the primitives is indifferent. Finally, the proposed method should be applied in real scenarios, its response time must be slow. To interpret a sketched document we propose a syntactic approach. A syntactic approach is composed of two correlated components: a grammar and a parser. The grammar allows describing the different elements on the document as well as their relations. The parser, given a document checks whether it belongs to the language generated by the grammar or not. Thus, the grammar should be able to cope with the distortions appearing on the instances of the elements. Moreover, it would be necessary to define a symbol independently of the order of their primitives. Concerning to the parser when analyzing 2D sentences, it does not assume an order in the primitives. Then, at each new primitive in the input, the parser searches among the previous analyzed symbols candidates to produce a valid reduction. Taking into account these features, we have proposed a grammar based on Adjacency Grammars. This kind of grammars defines their productions as a multiset of symbols rather than a list. This allows describing a symbol without an order in their components. To cope with distortion we have proposed a distortion model. This distortion model is an attributed estimated over the constraints of the grammar and passed through the productions. This measure gives an idea on how far is the symbol from its ideal model. In addition to the distortion on the constraints other distortions appear when working with sketches. These distortions are: overtracing, overlapping, gaps or spurious strokes. Some grammatical productions have been defined to cope with these errors. Concerning the recognition, we have proposed an incremental parser with an indexation mechanism. Incremental parsers analyze the input symbol by symbol given a response to the user when a primitive is analyzed. This makes incremental parser suitable to work in on-line as well as off-line input modes. The parser has been adapted with an indexation mechanism based on a spatial division. This indexation mechanism allows setting the primitives in the space and reducing the search to a neighbourhood. A third contribution is a grammatical inference algorithm. This method given a set of symbols captures the production describing it. In the field of formal languages, different approaches has been proposed but in the graphical domain not so much work is done in this field. The proposed method is able to capture the production from a set of symbol although they are drawn in different order. A matching step based on the Haussdorff distance and the Hungarian method has been proposed to match the primitives of the different symbols. In addition the proposed approach is able to capture the variability in the parameters of the constraints. From the experimental results, we may conclude that we have proposed a robust approach to describe and recognize sketches. Moreover, the addition of new symbols to the alphabet is not restricted to an expert. Finally, the proposed approach has been used in two real scenarios obtaining a good performance. |
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Francisco Javier Orozco. (2010). Human Emotion Evaluation on Facial Image Sequences (Jordi Gonzalez, & Xavier Roca, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, Ediciones Graficas Rey, .
Abstract: Psychological evidence has emphasized the importance of affective behaviour understanding due to its high impact in nowadays interaction humans and computers. All
type of affective and behavioural patterns such as gestures, emotions and mental states are highly displayed through the face, head and body. Therefore, this thesis is focused to analyse affective behaviours on head and face. To this end, head and facial movements are encoded by using appearance based tracking methods. Specifically, a wise combination of deformable models captures rigid and non-rigid movements of different kinematics; 3D head pose, eyebrows, mouth, eyelids and irises are taken into account as basis for extracting features from databases of video sequences. This approach combines the strengths of adaptive appearance models, optimization methods and backtracking techniques. For about thirty years, computer sciences have addressed the investigation on human emotions to the automatic recognition of six prototypic emotions suggested by Darwin and systematized by Paul Ekman in the seventies. The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) which uses discrete movements of the face (called Action units or AUs) to code the six facial emotions named anger, disgust, fear, happy-Joy, sadness and surprise. However, human emotions are much complex patterns that have not received the same attention from computer scientists. Simon Baron-Cohen proposed a new taxonomy of emotions and mental states without a system coding of the facial actions. These 426 affective behaviours are more challenging for the understanding of human emotions. Beyond of classically classifying the six basic facial expressions, more subtle gestures, facial actions and spontaneous emotions are considered here. By assessing confidence on the recognition results, exploring spatial and temporal relationships of the features, some methods are combined and enhanced for developing new taxonomy of expressions and emotions. The objective of this dissertation is to develop a computer vision system, including both facial feature extraction, expression recognition and emotion understanding by building a bottom-up reasoning process. Building a detailed taxonomy of human affective behaviours is an interesting challenge for head-face-based image analysis methods. In this paper, we exploit the strengths of Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to enhance an on-line head-face tracker. A relationship between head pose and local facial movements is studied according to their cognitive interpretation on affective expressions and emotions. Active Shape Models are synthesized for AAMs based on CCA-regression. Head pose and facial actions are fused into a maximally correlated space in order to assess expressiveness, confidence and classification in a CBR system. The CBR solutions are also correlated to the cognitive features, which allow avoiding exhaustive search when recognizing new head-face features. Subsequently, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Bayesian Networks are applied for learning the spatial relationships of facial expressions. Similarly, the temporal evolution of facial expressions, emotion and mental states are analysed based on Factorized Dynamic Bayesian Networks (FaDBN). As results, the bottom-up system recognizes six facial expressions, six basic emotions and six mental states, plus enhancing this categorization with confidence assessment at each level, intensity of expressions and a complete taxonomy |
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Jose Manuel Alvarez. (2010). Combining Context and Appearance for Road Detection (Antonio Lopez, & Theo Gevers, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, Ediciones Graficas Rey, .
Abstract: Road traffic crashes have become a major cause of death and injury throughout the world.
Hence, in order to improve road safety, the automobile manufacture is moving towards the development of vehicles with autonomous functionalities such as keeping in the right lane, safe distance keeping between vehicles or regulating the speed of the vehicle according to the traffic conditions. A key component of these systems is vision–based road detection that aims to detect the free road surface ahead the moving vehicle. Detecting the road using a monocular vision system is very challenging since the road is an outdoor scenario imaged from a mobile platform. Hence, the detection algorithm must be able to deal with continuously changing imaging conditions such as the presence ofdifferent objects (vehicles, pedestrians), different environments (urban, highways, off–road), different road types (shape, color), and different imaging conditions (varying illumination, different viewpoints and changing weather conditions). Therefore, in this thesis, we focus on vision–based road detection using a single color camera. More precisely, we first focus on analyzing and grouping pixels according to their low–level properties. In this way, two different approaches are presented to exploit color and photometric invariance. Then, we focus the research of the thesis on exploiting context information. This information provides relevant knowledge about the road not using pixel features from road regions but semantic information from the analysis of the scene. In this way, we present two different approaches to infer the geometry of the road ahead the moving vehicle. Finally, we focus on combining these context and appearance (color) approaches to improve the overall performance of road detection algorithms. The qualitative and quantitative results presented in this thesis on real–world driving sequences show that the proposed method is robust to varying imaging conditions, road types and scenarios going beyond the state–of–the–art. |
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Partha Pratim Roy. (2010). Multi-Oriented and Multi-Scaled Text Character Analysis and Recognition in Graphical Documents and their Applications to Document Image Retrieval (Josep Llados, & Umapada Pal, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, Ediciones Graficas Rey, .
Abstract: With the advent research of Document Image Analysis and Recognition (DIAR), an
important line of research is explored on indexing and retrieval of graphics rich documents. It aims at finding relevant documents relying on segmentation and recognition of text and graphics components underlying in non-standard layout where commercial OCRs can not be applied due to complexity. This thesis is focused towards text information extraction approaches in graphical documents and retrieval of such documents using text information. Automatic text recognition in graphical documents (map, engineering drawing, etc.) involves many challenges because text characters are usually printed in multioriented and multi-scale way along with different graphical objects. Text characters are used to annotate the graphical curve lines and hence, many times they follow curvi-linear paths too. For OCR of such documents, individual text lines and their corresponding words/characters need to be extracted. For recognition of multi-font, multi-scale and multi-oriented characters, we have proposed a feature descriptor for character shape using angular information from contour pixels to take care of the invariance nature. To improve the efficiency of OCR, an approach towards the segmentation of multi-oriented touching strings into individual characters is also discussed. Convex hull based background information is used to segment a touching string into possible primitive segments and later these primitive segments are merged to get optimum segmentation using dynamic programming. To overcome the touching/overlapping problem of text with graphical lines, a character spotting approach using SIFT and skeleton information is included. Afterwards, we propose a novel method to extract individual curvi-linear text lines using the foreground and background information of the characters of the text and a water reservoir concept is used to utilize the background information. We have also formulated the methodologies for graphical document retrieval applications using query words and seals. The retrieval approaches are performed using recognition results of individual components in the document. Given a query text, the system extracts positional knowledge from the query word and uses the same to generate hypothetical locations in the document. Indexing of documents is also performed based on automatic detection of seals from documents containing cluttered background. A seal is characterized by scale and rotation invariant spatial feature descriptors computed from labelled text characters and a concept based on the Generalized Hough Transform is used to locate the seal in documents. |
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C. Alejandro Parraga, Robert Benavente, & Maria Vanrell. (2010). Towards a general model of colour categorization which considers context. PER - Perception. ECVP Abstract Supplement, 39, 86.
Abstract: In two previous experiments [Parraga et al, 2009 J. of Im. Sci. and Tech 53(3) 031106; Benavente et al,2009 Perception 38 ECVP Supplement, 36] the boundaries of basic colour categories were measured.
In the first experiment, samples were presented in isolation (ie on a dark background) and boundaries were measured using a yes/no paradigm. In the second, subjects adjusted the chromaticity of a sample presented on a random Mondrian background to find the boundary between pairs of adjacent colours. Results from these experiments showed significant di erences but it was not possible to conclude whether this discrepancy was due to the absence/presence of a colourful background or to the di erences in the paradigms used. In this work, we settle this question by repeating the first experiment (ie samples presented on a dark background) using the second paradigm. A comparison of results shows that although boundary locations are very similar, boundaries measured in context are significantly di erent(more di use) than those measured in isolation (confirmed by a Student’s t-test analysis on the subject’s answers statistical distributions). In addition, we completed the mapping of colour name space by measuring the boundaries between chromatic colours and the achromatic centre. With these results we completed our parametric fuzzy-sets model of colour naming space. |
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Olivier Penacchio, C. Alejandro Parraga, & Maria Vanrell. (2010). Natural Scene Statistics account for Human Cones Ratios. PER - Perception. ECVP Abstract Supplement, 39, 101.
Abstract: In two previous experiments [Parraga et al, 2009 J. of Im. Sci. and Tech 53(3) 031106; Benavente et al,2009 Perception 38 ECVP Supplement, 36] the boundaries of basic colour categories were measured.
In the first experiment, samples were presented in isolation (ie on a dark background) and boundaries were measured using a yes/no paradigm. In the second, subjects adjusted the chromaticity of a sample presented on a random Mondrian background to find the boundary between pairs of adjacent colours. Results from these experiments showed significant di erences but it was not possible to conclude whether this discrepancy was due to the absence/presence of a colourful background or to the di erences in the paradigms used. In this work, we settle this question by repeating the first experiment (ie samples presented on a dark background) using the second paradigm. A comparison of results shows that although boundary locations are very similar, boundaries measured in context are significantly di erent(more di use) than those measured in isolation (confirmed by a Student’s t-test analysis on the subject’s answers statistical distributions). In addition, we completed the mapping of colour name space by measuring the boundaries between chromatic colours and the achromatic centre. With these results we completed our parametric fuzzy-sets model of colour naming space. |
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Marçal Rusiñol, Agnes Borras, & Josep Llados. (2010). Relational Indexing of Vectorial Primitives for Symbol Spotting in Line-Drawing Images. PRL - Pattern Recognition Letters, 31(3), 188–201.
Abstract: This paper presents a symbol spotting approach for indexing by content a database of line-drawing images. As line-drawings are digital-born documents designed by vectorial softwares, instead of using a pixel-based approach, we present a spotting method based on vector primitives. Graphical symbols are represented by a set of vectorial primitives which are described by an off-the-shelf shape descriptor. A relational indexing strategy aims to retrieve symbol locations into the target documents by using a combined numerical-relational description of 2D structures. The zones which are likely to contain the queried symbol are validated by a Hough-like voting scheme. In addition, a performance evaluation framework for symbol spotting in graphical documents is proposed. The presented methodology has been evaluated with a benchmarking set of architectural documents achieving good performance results.
Keywords: Document image analysis and recognition, Graphics recognition, Symbol spotting ,Vectorial representations, Line-drawings
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