| Records |
| Author |
Katerine Diaz; Francesc J. Ferri; Aura Hernandez-Sabate |
| Title |
An overview of incremental feature extraction methods based on linear subspaces |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Knowledge-Based Systems |
Abbreviated Journal |
KBS |
| Volume |
145 |
Issue |
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Pages |
219-235 |
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| Abstract |
With the massive explosion of machine learning in our day-to-day life, incremental and adaptive learning has become a major topic, crucial to keep up-to-date and improve classification models and their corresponding feature extraction processes. This paper presents a categorized overview of incremental feature extraction based on linear subspace methods which aim at incorporating new information to the already acquired knowledge without accessing previous data. Specifically, this paper focuses on those linear dimensionality reduction methods with orthogonal matrix constraints based on global loss function, due to the extensive use of their batch approaches versus other linear alternatives. Thus, we cover the approaches derived from Principal Components Analysis, Linear Discriminative Analysis and Discriminative Common Vector methods. For each basic method, its incremental approaches are differentiated according to the subspace model and matrix decomposition involved in the updating process. Besides this categorization, several updating strategies are distinguished according to the amount of data used to update and to the fact of considering a static or dynamic number of classes. Moreover, the specific role of the size/dimension ratio in each method is considered. Finally, computational complexity, experimental setup and the accuracy rates according to published results are compiled and analyzed, and an empirical evaluation is done to compare the best approach of each kind. |
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0950-7051 |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Admin @ si @ DFH2018 |
Serial |
3090 |
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| Author |
Katerine Diaz; Jesus Martinez del Rincon; Aura Hernandez-Sabate; Debora Gil |
| Title |
Continuous head pose estimation using manifold subspace embedding and multivariate regression |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
IEEE Access |
Abbreviated Journal |
ACCESS |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
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Pages |
18325 - 18334 |
| Keywords |
Head Pose estimation; HOG features; Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors; B-splines; Multiple linear regression |
| Abstract |
In this paper, a continuous head pose estimation system is proposed to estimate yaw and pitch head angles from raw facial images. Our approach is based on manifold learningbased methods, due to their promising generalization properties shown for face modelling from images. The method combines histograms of oriented gradients, generalized discriminative common vectors and continuous local regression to achieve successful performance. Our proposal was tested on multiple standard face datasets, as well as in a realistic scenario. Results show a considerable performance improvement and a higher consistence of our model in comparison with other state-of-art methods, with angular errors varying between 9 and 17 degrees. |
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2169-3536 |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ DMH2018b |
Serial |
3091 |
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| Author |
Adrien Gaidon; Antonio Lopez; Florent Perronnin |
| Title |
The Reasonable Effectiveness of Synthetic Visual Data |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
International Journal of Computer Vision |
Abbreviated Journal |
IJCV |
| Volume |
126 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
899–901 |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ GLP2018 |
Serial |
3180 |
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| Author |
Jiaolong Xu; Liang Xiao; Antonio Lopez |
| Title |
Self-supervised Domain Adaptation for Computer Vision Tasks |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
IEEE Access |
Abbreviated Journal |
ACCESS |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
156694 - 156706 |
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Recent progress of self-supervised visual representation learning has achieved remarkable success on many challenging computer vision benchmarks. However, whether these techniques can be used for domain adaptation has not been explored. In this work, we propose a generic method for self-supervised domain adaptation, using object recognition and semantic segmentation of urban scenes as use cases. Focusing on simple pretext/auxiliary tasks (e.g. image rotation prediction), we assess different learning strategies to improve domain adaptation effectiveness by self-supervision. Additionally, we propose two complementary strategies to further boost the domain adaptation accuracy on semantic segmentation within our method, consisting of prediction layer alignment and batch normalization calibration. The experimental results show adaptation levels comparable to most studied domain adaptation methods, thus, bringing self-supervision as a new alternative for reaching domain adaptation. The code is available at this link. https://github.com/Jiaolong/self-supervised-da. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Admin @ si @ XXL2019 |
Serial |
3302 |
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| Author |
Zhijie Fang; Antonio Lopez |
| Title |
Intention Recognition of Pedestrians and Cyclists by 2D Pose Estimation |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems |
Abbreviated Journal |
TITS |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
4773 - 4783 |
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| Abstract |
Anticipating the intentions of vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians and cyclists is critical for performing safe and comfortable driving maneuvers. This is the case for human driving and, thus, should be taken into account by systems providing any level of driving assistance, from advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) to fully autonomous vehicles (AVs). In this paper, we show how the latest advances on monocular vision-based human pose estimation, i.e. those relying on deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), enable to recognize the intentions of such VRUs. In the case of cyclists, we assume that they follow traffic rules to indicate future maneuvers with arm signals. In the case of pedestrians, no indications can be assumed. Instead, we hypothesize that the walking pattern of a pedestrian allows to determine if he/she has the intention of crossing the road in the path of the ego-vehicle, so that the ego-vehicle must maneuver accordingly (e.g. slowing down or stopping). In this paper, we show how the same methodology can be used for recognizing pedestrians and cyclists' intentions. For pedestrians, we perform experiments on the JAAD dataset. For cyclists, we did not found an analogous dataset, thus, we created our own one by acquiring and annotating videos which we share with the research community. Overall, the proposed pipeline provides new state-of-the-art results on the intention recognition of VRUs. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Admin @ si @ FaL2019 |
Serial |
3305 |
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| Author |
Akhil Gurram; Ahmet Faruk Tuna; Fengyi Shen; Onay Urfalioglu; Antonio Lopez |
| Title |
Monocular Depth Estimation through Virtual-world Supervision and Real-world SfM Self-Supervision |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems |
Abbreviated Journal |
TITS |
| Volume |
23 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
12738-12751 |
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Depth information is essential for on-board perception in autonomous driving and driver assistance. Monocular depth estimation (MDE) is very appealing since it allows for appearance and depth being on direct pixelwise correspondence without further calibration. Best MDE models are based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) trained in a supervised manner, i.e., assuming pixelwise ground truth (GT). Usually, this GT is acquired at training time through a calibrated multi-modal suite of sensors. However, also using only a monocular system at training time is cheaper and more scalable. This is possible by relying on structure-from-motion (SfM) principles to generate self-supervision. Nevertheless, problems of camouflaged objects, visibility changes, static-camera intervals, textureless areas, and scale ambiguity, diminish the usefulness of such self-supervision. In this paper, we perform monocular depth estimation by virtual-world supervision (MonoDEVS) and real-world SfM self-supervision. We compensate the SfM self-supervision limitations by leveraging virtual-world images with accurate semantic and depth supervision and addressing the virtual-to-real domain gap. Our MonoDEVSNet outperforms previous MDE CNNs trained on monocular and even stereo sequences. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Admin @ si @ GTS2021 |
Serial |
3598 |
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| Author |
Gabriel Villalonga; Antonio Lopez |
| Title |
Co-Training for On-Board Deep Object Detection |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
IEEE Access |
Abbreviated Journal |
ACCESS |
| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
194441 - 194456 |
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Providing ground truth supervision to train visual models has been a bottleneck over the years, exacerbated by domain shifts which degenerate the performance of such models. This was the case when visual tasks relied on handcrafted features and shallow machine learning and, despite its unprecedented performance gains, the problem remains open within the deep learning paradigm due to its data-hungry nature. Best performing deep vision-based object detectors are trained in a supervised manner by relying on human-labeled bounding boxes which localize class instances (i.e. objects) within the training images. Thus, object detection is one of such tasks for which human labeling is a major bottleneck. In this article, we assess co-training as a semi-supervised learning method for self-labeling objects in unlabeled images, so reducing the human-labeling effort for developing deep object detectors. Our study pays special attention to a scenario involving domain shift; in particular, when we have automatically generated virtual-world images with object bounding boxes and we have real-world images which are unlabeled. Moreover, we are particularly interested in using co-training for deep object detection in the context of driver assistance systems and/or self-driving vehicles. Thus, using well-established datasets and protocols for object detection in these application contexts, we will show how co-training is a paradigm worth to pursue for alleviating object labeling, working both alone and together with task-agnostic domain adaptation. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ ViL2020 |
Serial |
3488 |
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| Author |
Jose Luis Gomez; Gabriel Villalonga; Antonio Lopez |
| Title |
Co-Training for Deep Object Detection: Comparing Single-Modal and Multi-Modal Approaches |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Sensors |
Abbreviated Journal |
SENS |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
3185 |
| Keywords |
co-training; multi-modality; vision-based object detection; ADAS; self-driving |
| Abstract |
Top-performing computer vision models are powered by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Training an accurate CNN highly depends on both the raw sensor data and their associated ground truth (GT). Collecting such GT is usually done through human labeling, which is time-consuming and does not scale as we wish. This data-labeling bottleneck may be intensified due to domain shifts among image sensors, which could force per-sensor data labeling. In this paper, we focus on the use of co-training, a semi-supervised learning (SSL) method, for obtaining self-labeled object bounding boxes (BBs), i.e., the GT to train deep object detectors. In particular, we assess the goodness of multi-modal co-training by relying on two different views of an image, namely, appearance (RGB) and estimated depth (D). Moreover, we compare appearance-based single-modal co-training with multi-modal. Our results suggest that in a standard SSL setting (no domain shift, a few human-labeled data) and under virtual-to-real domain shift (many virtual-world labeled data, no human-labeled data) multi-modal co-training outperforms single-modal. In the latter case, by performing GAN-based domain translation both co-training modalities are on par, at least when using an off-the-shelf depth estimation model not specifically trained on the translated images. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ GVL2021 |
Serial |
3562 |
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| Author |
Hannes Mueller; Andre Groeger; Jonathan Hersh; Andrea Matranga; Joan Serrat |
| Title |
Monitoring war destruction from space using machine learning |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
PNAS |
| Volume |
118 |
Issue |
23 |
Pages |
e2025400118 |
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Existing data on building destruction in conflict zones rely on eyewitness reports or manual detection, which makes it generally scarce, incomplete, and potentially biased. This lack of reliable data imposes severe limitations for media reporting, humanitarian relief efforts, human-rights monitoring, reconstruction initiatives, and academic studies of violent conflict. This article introduces an automated method of measuring destruction in high-resolution satellite images using deep-learning techniques combined with label augmentation and spatial and temporal smoothing, which exploit the underlying spatial and temporal structure of destruction. As a proof of concept, we apply this method to the Syrian civil war and reconstruct the evolution of damage in major cities across the country. Our approach allows generating destruction data with unprecedented scope, resolution, and frequency—and makes use of the ever-higher frequency at which satellite imagery becomes available. |
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ADAS; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ MGH2021 |
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3584 |
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| Author |
Katerine Diaz; Jesus Martinez del Rincon; Aura Hernandez-Sabate |
| Title |
Decremental generalized discriminative common vectors applied to images classification |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Knowledge-Based Systems |
Abbreviated Journal |
KBS |
| Volume |
131 |
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46-57 |
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Decremental learning; Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors; Feature extraction; Linear subspace methods; Classification |
| Abstract |
In this paper, a novel decremental subspace-based learning method called Decremental Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors method (DGDCV) is presented. The method makes use of the concept of decremental learning, which we introduce in the field of supervised feature extraction and classification. By efficiently removing unnecessary data and/or classes for a knowledge base, our methodology is able to update the model without recalculating the full projection or accessing to the previously processed training data, while retaining the previously acquired knowledge. The proposed method has been validated in 6 standard face recognition datasets, showing a considerable computational gain without compromising the accuracy of the model. |
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ADAS; 600.118; 600.121 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ DMH2017a |
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3003 |
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Daniel Hernandez; Lukas Schneider; P. Cebrian; A. Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Uwe Franke; Marc Pollefeys; Juan Carlos Moure |
| Title |
Slanted Stixels: A way to represent steep streets |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
International Journal of Computer Vision |
Abbreviated Journal |
IJCV |
| Volume |
127 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1643–1658 |
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This work presents and evaluates a novel compact scene representation based on Stixels that infers geometric and semantic information. Our approach overcomes the previous rather restrictive geometric assumptions for Stixels by introducing a novel depth model to account for non-flat roads and slanted objects. Both semantic and depth cues are used jointly to infer the scene representation in a sound global energy minimization formulation. Furthermore, a novel approximation scheme is introduced in order to significantly reduce the computational complexity of the Stixel algorithm, and then achieve real-time computation capabilities. The idea is to first perform an over-segmentation of the image, discarding the unlikely Stixel cuts, and apply the algorithm only on the remaining Stixel cuts. This work presents a novel over-segmentation strategy based on a fully convolutional network, which outperforms an approach based on using local extrema of the disparity map. We evaluate the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time on four publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach maintains accuracy on flat road scene datasets while improving substantially on a novel non-flat road dataset. |
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ADAS; 600.118; 600.124 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ HSC2019 |
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3304 |
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Cesar de Souza; Adrien Gaidon; Yohann Cabon; Naila Murray; Antonio Lopez |
| Title |
Generating Human Action Videos by Coupling 3D Game Engines and Probabilistic Graphical Models |
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Journal Article |
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2020 |
Publication |
International Journal of Computer Vision |
Abbreviated Journal |
IJCV |
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128 |
Issue |
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1505–1536 |
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Procedural generation; Human action recognition; Synthetic data; Physics |
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Deep video action recognition models have been highly successful in recent years but require large quantities of manually-annotated data, which are expensive and laborious to obtain. In this work, we investigate the generation of synthetic training data for video action recognition, as synthetic data have been successfully used to supervise models for a variety of other computer vision tasks. We propose an interpretable parametric generative model of human action videos that relies on procedural generation, physics models and other components of modern game engines. With this model we generate a diverse, realistic, and physically plausible dataset of human action videos, called PHAV for “Procedural Human Action Videos”. PHAV contains a total of 39,982 videos, with more than 1000 examples for each of 35 action categories. Our video generation approach is not limited to existing motion capture sequences: 14 of these 35 categories are procedurally-defined synthetic actions. In addition, each video is represented with 6 different data modalities, including RGB, optical flow and pixel-level semantic labels. These modalities are generated almost simultaneously using the Multiple Render Targets feature of modern GPUs. In order to leverage PHAV, we introduce a deep multi-task (i.e. that considers action classes from multiple datasets) representation learning architecture that is able to simultaneously learn from synthetic and real video datasets, even when their action categories differ. Our experiments on the UCF-101 and HMDB-51 benchmarks suggest that combining our large set of synthetic videos with small real-world datasets can boost recognition performance. Our approach also significantly outperforms video representations produced by fine-tuning state-of-the-art unsupervised generative models of videos. |
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ADAS; 600.124; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ SGC2019 |
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3303 |
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Akhil Gurram; Onay Urfalioglu; Ibrahim Halfaoui; Fahd Bouzaraa; Antonio Lopez |
| Title |
Semantic Monocular Depth Estimation Based on Artificial Intelligence |
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Journal Article |
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2020 |
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IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine |
Abbreviated Journal |
ITSM |
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13 |
Issue |
4 |
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99-103 |
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Depth estimation provides essential information to perform autonomous driving and driver assistance. A promising line of work consists of introducing additional semantic information about the traffic scene when training CNNs for depth estimation. In practice, this means that the depth data used for CNN training is complemented with images having pixel-wise semantic labels where the same raw training data is associated with both types of ground truth, i.e., depth and semantic labels. The main contribution of this paper is to show that this hard constraint can be circumvented, i.e., that we can train CNNs for depth estimation by leveraging the depth and semantic information coming from heterogeneous datasets. In order to illustrate the benefits of our approach, we combine KITTI depth and Cityscapes semantic segmentation datasets, outperforming state-of-the-art results on monocular depth estimation. |
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ADAS; 600.124; 600.118 |
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no |
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Admin @ si @ GUH2019 |
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3306 |
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Daniel Hernandez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Juan C. Moure |
| Title |
3D Perception With Slanted Stixels on GPU |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems |
Abbreviated Journal |
TPDS |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
2434-2447 |
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Daniel Hernandez-Juarez; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio M. Lopez; Juan C. Moure |
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This article presents a GPU-accelerated software design of the recently proposed model of Slanted Stixels, which represents the geometric and semantic information of a scene in a compact and accurate way. We reformulate the measurement depth model to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm, relying on the confidence of the depth estimation and the identification of invalid values to handle outliers. The proposed massively parallel scheme and data layout for the irregular computation pattern that corresponds to a Dynamic Programming paradigm is described and carefully analyzed in performance terms. Performance is shown to scale gracefully on current generation embedded GPUs. We assess the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time performance on three publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach achieves real-time performance with high accuracy for 2048 × 1024 image sizes and 4 × 4 Stixel resolution on the low-power embedded GPU of an NVIDIA Tegra Xavier. |
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ADAS; 600.124; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ HEV2021 |
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3561 |
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| Author |
Idoia Ruiz; Joan Serrat |
| Title |
Hierarchical Novelty Detection for Traffic Sign Recognition |
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2022 |
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Sensors |
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SENS |
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22 |
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12 |
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4389 |
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Novelty detection; hierarchical classification; deep learning; traffic sign recognition; autonomous driving; computer vision |
| Abstract |
Recent works have made significant progress in novelty detection, i.e., the problem of detecting samples of novel classes, never seen during training, while classifying those that belong to known classes. However, the only information this task provides about novel samples is that they are unknown. In this work, we leverage hierarchical taxonomies of classes to provide informative outputs for samples of novel classes. We predict their closest class in the taxonomy, i.e., its parent class. We address this problem, known as hierarchical novelty detection, by proposing a novel loss, namely Hierarchical Cosine Loss that is designed to learn class prototypes along with an embedding of discriminative features consistent with the taxonomy. We apply it to traffic sign recognition, where we predict the parent class semantics for new types of traffic signs. Our model beats state-of-the art approaches on two large scale traffic sign benchmarks, Mapillary Traffic Sign Dataset (MTSD) and Tsinghua-Tencent 100K (TT100K), and performs similarly on natural images benchmarks (AWA2, CUB). For TT100K and MTSD, our approach is able to detect novel samples at the correct nodes of the hierarchy with 81% and 36% of accuracy, respectively, at 80% known class accuracy. |
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ADAS; 600.154 |
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Admin @ si @ RuS2022 |
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3684 |
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