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	Author	Mohammad Ali Bagheri; Qigang Gao; Sergio Escalera
	Title	Generic Subclass Ensemble: A Novel Approach to Ensemble Classification			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1254 - 1259
	Keywords
	Abstract	Multiple classifier systems, also known as classifier ensembles, have received great attention in recent years because of their improved classification accuracy in different applications. In this paper, we propose a new general approach to ensemble classification, named generic subclass ensemble, in which each base classifier is trained with data belonging to a subset of classes, and thus discriminates among a subset of target categories. The ensemble classifiers are then fused using a combination rule. The proposed approach differs from existing methods that manipulate the target attribute, since in our approach individual classification problems are not restricted to two-class problems. We perform a series of experiments to evaluate the efficiency of the generic subclass approach on a set of benchmark datasets. Experimental results with multilayer perceptrons show that the proposed approach presents a viable alternative to the most commonly used ensemble classification approaches.
	Address	Stockholm; August 2014
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-4651	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICPR
	Notes	HuPBA;MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ BGE2014b			Serial	2445
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	Author	Mohammad Ali Bagheri; Gang Hu; Qigang Gao; Sergio Escalera
	Title	A Framework of Multi-Classifier Fusion for Human Action Recognition			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1260 - 1265
	Keywords
	Abstract	The performance of different action-recognition methods using skeleton joint locations have been recently studied by several computer vision researchers. However, the potential improvement in classification through classifier fusion by ensemble-based methods has remained unattended. In this work, we evaluate the performance of an ensemble of five action learning techniques, each performing the recognition task from a different perspective. The underlying rationale of the fusion approach is that different learners employ varying structures of input descriptors/features to be trained. These varying structures cannot be attached and used by a single learner. In addition, combining the outputs of several learners can reduce the risk of an unfortunate selection of a poorly performing learner. This leads to having a more robust and general-applicable framework. Also, we propose two simple, yet effective, action description techniques. In order to improve the recognition performance, a powerful combination strategy is utilized based on the Dempster-Shafer theory, which can effectively make use of diversity of base learners trained on different sources of information. The recognition results of the individual classifiers are compared with those obtained from fusing the classifiers' output, showing advanced performance of the proposed methodology.
	Address	Stockholm; Sweden; August 2014
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-4651	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICPR
	Notes	HuPBA;MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ BHG2014			Serial	2446
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	Author	Antonio Hernandez; Stan Sclaroff; Sergio Escalera
	Title	Contextual rescoring for Human Pose Estimation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	25th British Machine Vision Conference	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	A contextual rescoring method is proposed for improving the detection of body joints of a pictorial structure model for human pose estimation. A set of mid-level parts is incorporated in the model, and their detections are used to extract spatial and score-related features relative to other body joint hypotheses. A technique is proposed for the automatic discovery of a compact subset of poselets that covers a set of validation images while maximizing precision. A rescoring mechanism is defined as a set-based boosting classifier that computes a new score for body joint detections, given its relationship to detections of other body joints and mid-level parts in the image. This new score complements the unary potential of a discriminatively trained pictorial structure model. Experiments on two benchmarks show performance improvements when considering the proposed mid-level image representation and rescoring approach in comparison with other pictorial structure-based approaches.
	Address	Nottingham; UK; September 2013
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	BMVC
	Notes	HuPBA;MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	HSE2014			Serial	2525
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	Author	Frederic Sampedro; Anna Domenech; Sergio Escalera
	Title	Static and dynamic computational cancer spread quantification in whole body FDG-PET/CT scans			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics	Abbreviated Journal	JMIHI
	Volume	4	Issue	6	Pages	825-831
	Keywords	CANCER SPREAD; COMPUTER AIDED DIAGNOSIS; MEDICAL IMAGING; TUMOR QUANTIFICATION
	Abstract	In this work we address the computational cancer spread quantification scenario in whole body FDG-PET/CT scans. At the static level, this setting can be modeled as a clustering problem on the set of 3D connected components of the whole body PET tumoral segmentation mask carried out by nuclear medicine physicians. At the dynamic level, and ad-hoc algorithm is proposed in order to quantify the cancer spread time evolution which, when combined with other existing indicators, gives rise to the metabolic tumor volume-aggressiveness-spread time evolution chart, a novel tool that we claim that would prove useful in nuclear medicine and oncological clinical or research scenarios. Good performance results of the proposed methodologies both at the clinical and technological level are shown using a dataset of 48 segmented whole body FDG-PET/CT scans.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	HuPBA;MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ SDE2014b			Serial	2548
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	Author	Frederic Sampedro; Sergio Escalera; Anna Puig
	Title	Iterative Multiclass Multiscale Stacked Sequential Learning: definition and application to medical volume segmentation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Pattern Recognition Letters	Abbreviated Journal	PRL
	Volume	46	Issue		Pages	1-10
	Keywords	Machine learning; Sequential learning; Multi-class problems; Contextual learning; Medical volume segmentation
	Abstract	In this work we present the iterative multi-class multi-scale stacked sequential learning framework (IMMSSL), a novel learning scheme that is particularly suited for medical volume segmentation applications. This model exploits the inherent voxel contextual information of the structures of interest in order to improve its segmentation performance results. Without any feature set or learning algorithm prior assumption, the proposed scheme directly seeks to learn the contextual properties of a region from the predicted classifications of previous classifiers within an iterative scheme. Performance results regarding segmentation accuracy in three two-class and multi-class medical volume datasets show a significant improvement with respect to state of the art alternatives. Due to its easiness of implementation and its independence of feature space and learning algorithm, the presented machine learning framework could be taken into consideration as a first choice in complex volume segmentation scenarios.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	HuPBA;MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ SEP2014			Serial	2550
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	Author	Eloi Puertas; Miguel Angel Bautista; Daniel Sanchez; Sergio Escalera; Oriol Pujol
	Title	Learning to Segment Humans by Stacking their Body Parts,			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	ECCV Workshop on ChaLearn Looking at People	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8925	Issue		Pages	685-697
	Keywords	Human body segmentation; Stacked Sequential Learning
	Abstract	Human segmentation in still images is a complex task due to the wide range of body poses and drastic changes in environmental conditions. Usually, human body segmentation is treated in a two-stage fashion. First, a human body part detection step is performed, and then, human part detections are used as prior knowledge to be optimized by segmentation strategies. In this paper, we present a two-stage scheme based on Multi-Scale Stacked Sequential Learning (MSSL). We define an extended feature set by stacking a multi-scale decomposition of body part likelihood maps. These likelihood maps are obtained in a first stage by means of a ECOC ensemble of soft body part detectors. In a second stage, contextual relations of part predictions are learnt by a binary classifier, obtaining an accurate body confidence map. The obtained confidence map is fed to a graph cut optimization procedure to obtain the final segmentation. Results show improved segmentation when MSSL is included in the human segmentation pipeline.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ECCVW
	Notes	HuPBA;MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ PBS2014			Serial	2553
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	Author	Frederic Sampedro; Sergio Escalera; Anna Domenech; Ignasi Carrio
	Title	A computational framework for cancer response assessment based on oncological PET-CT scans			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Computers in Biology and Medicine	Abbreviated Journal	CBM
	Volume	55	Issue		Pages	92–99
	Keywords	Computer aided diagnosis; Nuclear medicine; Machine learning; Image processing; Quantitative analysis
	Abstract	In this work we present a comprehensive computational framework to help in the clinical assessment of cancer response from a pair of time consecutive oncological PET-CT scans. In this scenario, the design and implementation of a supervised machine learning system to predict and quantify cancer progression or response conditions by introducing a novel feature set that models the underlying clinical context is described. Performance results in 100 clinical cases (corresponding to 200 whole body PET-CT scans) in comparing expert-based visual analysis and classifier decision making show up to 70% accuracy within a completely automatic pipeline and 90% accuracy when providing the system with expert-guided PET tumor segmentation masks.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	HuPBA;MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ SED2014			Serial	2606
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	Author	Oscar Lopes; Miguel Reyes; Sergio Escalera; Jordi Gonzalez
	Title	Spherical Blurred Shape Model for 3-D Object and Pose Recognition: Quantitative Analysis and HCI Applications in Smart Environments			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (Part B)	Abbreviated Journal	TSMCB
	Volume	44	Issue	12	Pages	2379-2390
	Keywords
	Abstract	The use of depth maps is of increasing interest after the advent of cheap multisensor devices based on structured light, such as Kinect. In this context, there is a strong need of powerful 3-D shape descriptors able to generate rich object representations. Although several 3-D descriptors have been already proposed in the literature, the research of discriminative and computationally efficient descriptors is still an open issue. In this paper, we propose a novel point cloud descriptor called spherical blurred shape model (SBSM) that successfully encodes the structure density and local variabilities of an object based on shape voxel distances and a neighborhood propagation strategy. The proposed SBSM is proven to be rotation and scale invariant, robust to noise and occlusions, highly discriminative for multiple categories of complex objects like the human hand, and computationally efficient since the SBSM complexity is linear to the number of object voxels. Experimental evaluation in public depth multiclass object data, 3-D facial expressions data, and a novel hand poses data sets show significant performance improvements in relation to state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposal is also proved for object spotting in 3-D scenes and for real-time automatic hand pose recognition in human computer interaction scenarios.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2168-2267	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	HuPBA; ISE; 600.078;MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ LRE2014			Serial	2442
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	Author	Sergio Escalera; Xavier Baro; Jordi Gonzalez; Miguel Angel Bautista; Meysam Madadi; Miguel Reyes; Victor Ponce; Hugo Jair Escalante; Jaime Shotton; Isabelle Guyon
	Title	ChaLearn Looking at People Challenge 2014: Dataset and Results			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	ECCV Workshop on ChaLearn Looking at People	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8925	Issue		Pages	459-473
	Keywords	Human Pose Recovery; Behavior Analysis; Action and in- teractions; Multi-modal gestures; recognition
	Abstract	This paper summarizes the ChaLearn Looking at People 2014 challenge data and the results obtained by the participants. The competition was split into three independent tracks: human pose recovery from RGB data, action and interaction recognition from RGB data sequences, and multi-modal gesture recognition from RGB-Depth sequences. For all the tracks, the goal was to perform user-independent recognition in sequences of continuous images using the overlapping Jaccard index as the evaluation measure. In this edition of the ChaLearn challenge, two large novel data sets were made publicly available and the Microsoft Codalab platform were used to manage the competition. Outstanding results were achieved in the three challenge tracks, with accuracy results of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.85 for pose recovery, action/interaction recognition, and multi-modal gesture recognition, respectively.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ECCVW
	Notes	HuPBA; ISE; 600.063;MV			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ EBG2014			Serial	2529
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	Author	Xavier Perez Sala; Sergio Escalera; Cecilio Angulo; Jordi Gonzalez
	Title	A survey on model based approaches for 2D and 3D visual human pose recovery			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	SENS
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	4189-4210
	Keywords	human pose recovery; human body modelling; behavior analysis; computer vision
	Abstract	Human Pose Recovery has been studied in the field of Computer Vision for the last 40 years. Several approaches have been reported, and significant improvements have been obtained in both data representation and model design. However, the problem of Human Pose Recovery in uncontrolled environments is far from being solved. In this paper, we define a general taxonomy to group model based approaches for Human Pose Recovery, which is composed of five main modules: appearance, viewpoint, spatial relations, temporal consistence, and behavior. Subsequently, a methodological comparison is performed following the proposed taxonomy, evaluating current SoA approaches in the aforementioned five group categories. As a result of this comparison, we discuss the main advantages and drawbacks of the reviewed literature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	HuPBA; ISE; 600.046; 600.063; 600.078;MILAB			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ PEA2014			Serial	2443
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	Author	Marçal Rusiñol; Volkmar Frinken; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Andrew Bagdanov; Josep Llados
	Title	Multimodal page classification in administrative document image streams			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal	IJDAR
	Volume	17	Issue	4	Pages	331-341
	Keywords	Digital mail room; Multimodal page classification; Visual and textual document description
	Abstract	In this paper, we present a page classification application in a banking workflow. The proposed architecture represents administrative document images by merging visual and textual descriptions. The visual description is based on a hierarchical representation of the pixel intensity distribution. The textual description uses latent semantic analysis to represent document content as a mixture of topics. Several off-the-shelf classifiers and different strategies for combining visual and textual cues have been evaluated. A final step uses an n-gram model of the page stream allowing a finer-grained classification of pages. The proposed method has been tested in a real large-scale environment and we report results on a dataset of 70,000 pages.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1433-2833	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; LAMP; 600.056; 600.061; 601.240; 601.223; 600.077; 600.079			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RFK2014			Serial	2523
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	Author	Lluis Pere de las Heras; Ahmed Sheraz; Marcus Liwicki; Ernest Valveny; Gemma Sanchez
	Title	Statistical Segmentation and Structural Recognition for Floor Plan Interpretation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal	IJDAR
	Volume	17	Issue	3	Pages	221-237
	Keywords
	Abstract	A generic method for floor plan analysis and interpretation is presented in this article. The method, which is mainly inspired by the way engineers draw and interpret floor plans, applies two recognition steps in a bottom-up manner. First, basic building blocks, i.e., walls, doors, and windows are detected using a statistical patch-based segmentation approach. Second, a graph is generated, and structural pattern recognition techniques are applied to further locate the main entities, i.e., rooms of the building. The proposed approach is able to analyze any type of floor plan regardless of the notation used. We have evaluated our method on different publicly available datasets of real architectural floor plans with different notations. The overall detection and recognition accuracy is about 95 %, which is significantly better than any other state-of-the-art method. Our approach is generic enough such that it could be easily adopted to the recognition and interpretation of any other printed machine-generated structured documents.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1433-2833	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; ADAS; 600.076; 600.077			Approved	no
	Call Number	HSL2014			Serial	2370
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	Author	Alicia Fornes; Gemma Sanchez
	Title	Analysis and Recognition of Music Scores			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Handbook of Document Image Processing and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	E	Issue		Pages	749-774
	Keywords
	Abstract	The analysis and recognition of music scores has attracted the interest of researchers for decades. Optical Music Recognition (OMR) is a classical research field of Document Image Analysis and Recognition (DIAR), whose aim is to extract information from music scores. Music scores contain both graphical and textual information, and for this reason, techniques are closely related to graphics recognition and text recognition. Since music scores use a particular diagrammatic notation that follow the rules of music theory, many approaches make use of context information to guide the recognition and solve ambiguities. This chapter overviews the main Optical Music Recognition (OMR) approaches. Firstly, the different methods are grouped according to the OMR stages, namely, staff removal, music symbol recognition, and syntactical analysis. Secondly, specific approaches for old and handwritten music scores are reviewed. Finally, online approaches and commercial systems are also commented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer London	Place of Publication		Editor	D. Doermann; K. Tombre
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0-85729-860-7	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; ADAS; 600.076; 600.077			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ FoS2014			Serial	2484
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	Author	Lluis Pere de las Heras; Ernest Valveny; Gemma Sanchez
	Title	Unsupervised and Notation-Independent Wall Segmentation in Floor Plans Using a Combination of Statistical and Structural Strategies			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Graphics Recognition. Current Trends and Challenges	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8746	Issue		Pages	109-121
	Keywords	Graphics recognition; Floor plan analysis; Object segmentation
	Abstract	In this paper we present a wall segmentation approach in floor plans that is able to work independently to the graphical notation, does not need any pre-annotated data for learning, and is able to segment multiple-shaped walls such as beams and curved-walls. This method results from the combination of the wall segmentation approaches [3, 5] presented recently by the authors. Firstly, potential straight wall segments are extracted in an unsupervised way similar to [3], but restricting even more the wall candidates considered in the original approach. Then, based on [5], these segments are used to learn the texture pattern of walls and spot the lost instances. The presented combination of both methods has been tested on 4 available datasets with different notations and compared qualitatively and quantitatively to the state-of-the-art applied on these collections. Additionally, some qualitative results on floor plans directly downloaded from the Internet are reported in the paper. The overall performance of the method demonstrates either its adaptability to different wall notations and shapes, and to document qualities and resolutions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-662-44853-3	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; ADAS; 600.076; 600.077			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ HVS2014			Serial	2535
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	Author	Lluis Pere de las Heras; David Fernandez; Alicia Fornes; Ernest Valveny; Gemma Sanchez; Josep Llados
	Title	Runlength Histogram Image Signature for Perceptual Retrieval of Architectural Floor Plans			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Graphics Recognition. Current Trends and Challenges	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8746	Issue		Pages	135-146
	Keywords	Graphics recognition; Graphics retrieval; Image classification
	Abstract	This paper proposes a runlength histogram signature as a perceptual descriptor of architectural plans in a retrieval scenario. The style of an architectural drawing is characterized by the perception of lines, shapes and texture. Such visual stimuli are the basis for defining semantic concepts as space properties, symmetry, density, etc. We propose runlength histograms extracted in vertical, horizontal and diagonal directions as a characterization of line and space properties in floorplans, so it can be roughly associated to a description of walls and room structure. A retrieval application illustrates the performance of the proposed approach, where given a plan as a query, similar ones are obtained from a database. A ground truth based on human observation has been constructed to validate the hypothesis. Additional retrieval results on sketched building’s facades are reported qualitatively in this paper. Its good description and its adaptability to two different sketch drawings despite its simplicity shows the interest of the proposed approach and opens a challenging research line in graphics recognition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0302-9743	ISBN	978-3-662-44853-3	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; ADAS; 600.045; 600.056; 600.061; 600.076; 600.077			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ HFF2014			Serial	2536
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