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Author Sergio Silva; Victor Campmany; Laura Sellart; Juan Carlos Moure; Antoni Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
Title Autonomous GPU-based Driving Type Abstract
Year 2015 Publication Programming and Tunning Massive Parallel Systems Abbreviated Journal PUMPS
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Autonomous Driving; ADAS; CUDA
Abstract Human factors cause most driving accidents; this is why nowadays is common to hear about autonomous driving as an alternative. Autonomous driving will not only increase safety, but also will develop a system of cooperative self-driving cars that will reduce pollution and congestion. Furthermore, it will provide more freedom to handicapped people, elderly or kids.

Autonomous Driving requires perceiving and understanding the vehicle environment (e.g., road, traffic signs, pedestrians, vehicles) using sensors (e.g., cameras, lidars, sonars, and radars), selflocalization (requiring GPS, inertial sensors and visual localization in precise maps), controlling the vehicle and planning the routes. These algorithms require high computation capability, and thanks to NVIDIA GPU acceleration this starts to become feasible.

NVIDIA® is developing a new platform for boosting the Autonomous Driving capabilities that is able of managing the vehicle via CAN-Bus: the Drive™ PX. It has 8 ARM cores with dual accelerated Tegra® X1 chips. It has 12 synchronized camera inputs for 360º vehicle perception, 4G and Wi-Fi capabilities allowing vehicle communications and GPS and inertial sensors inputs for self-localization.

Our research group has been selected for testing Drive™ PX. Accordingly, we are developing a Drive™ PX based autonomous car. Currently, we are porting our previous CPU based algorithms (e.g., Lane Departure Warning, Collision Warning, Automatic Cruise Control, Pedestrian Protection, or Semantic Segmentation) for running in the GPU.
Address Barcelona; Spain
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference PUMPS
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076; 600.082; 600.085 Approved no
Call Number ADAS @ adas @ SCS2015 Serial 2645
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Author Alejandro Gonzalez Alzate; Gabriel Villalonga; Jiaolong Xu; David Vazquez; Jaume Amores; Antonio Lopez
Title Multiview Random Forest of Local Experts Combining RGB and LIDAR data for Pedestrian Detection Type Conference Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium IV2015 Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 356-361
Keywords Pedestrian Detection
Abstract Despite recent significant advances, pedestrian detection continues to be an extremely challenging problem in real scenarios. In order to develop a detector that successfully operates under these conditions, it becomes critical to leverage upon multiple cues, multiple imaging modalities and a strong multi-view classifier that accounts for different pedestrian views and poses. In this paper we provide an extensive evaluation that gives insight into how each of these aspects (multi-cue, multimodality and strong multi-view classifier) affect performance both individually and when integrated together. In the multimodality component we explore the fusion of RGB and depth maps obtained by high-definition LIDAR, a type of modality that is only recently starting to receive attention. As our analysis reveals, although all the aforementioned aspects significantly help in improving the performance, the fusion of visible spectrum and depth information allows to boost the accuracy by a much larger margin. The resulting detector not only ranks among the top best performers in the challenging KITTI benchmark, but it is built upon very simple blocks that are easy to implement and computationally efficient. These simple blocks can be easily replaced with more sophisticated ones recently proposed, such as the use of convolutional neural networks for feature representation, to further improve the accuracy.
Address Seoul; Corea; June 2015
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area ACDC Expedition Conference IV
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076; 600.057; 600.054 Approved no
Call Number ADAS @ adas @ GVX2015 Serial 2625
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Author Alejandro Gonzalez Alzate; Gabriel Villalonga; German Ros; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
Title 3D-Guided Multiscale Sliding Window for Pedestrian Detection Type Conference Article
Year 2015 Publication Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Proceedings of 7th Iberian Conference , ibPRIA 2015 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9117 Issue Pages 560-568
Keywords Pedestrian Detection
Abstract The most relevant modules of a pedestrian detector are the candidate generation and the candidate classification. The former aims at presenting image windows to the latter so that they are classified as containing a pedestrian or not. Much attention has being paid to the classification module, while candidate generation has mainly relied on (multiscale) sliding window pyramid. However, candidate generation is critical for achieving real-time. In this paper we assume a context of autonomous driving based on stereo vision. Accordingly, we evaluate the effect of taking into account the 3D information (derived from the stereo) in order to prune the hundred of thousands windows per image generated by classical pyramidal sliding window. For our study we use a multimodal (RGB, disparity) and multi-descriptor (HOG, LBP, HOG+LBP) holistic ensemble based on linear SVM. Evaluation on data from the challenging KITTI benchmark suite shows the effectiveness of using 3D information to dramatically reduce the number of candidate windows, even improving the overall pedestrian detection accuracy.
Address Santiago de Compostela; España; June 2015
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area ACDC Expedition Conference IbPRIA
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076; 600.057; 600.054 Approved no
Call Number ADAS @ adas @ GVR2015 Serial 2585
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Author David Geronimo; Antonio Lopez
Title Vision-based Pedestrian Protection Systems for Intelligent Vehicles Type Book Whole
Year 2014 Publication SpringerBriefs in Computer Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-114
Keywords Computer Vision; Driver Assistance Systems; Intelligent Vehicles; Pedestrian Detection; Vulnerable Road Users
Abstract Pedestrian Protection Systems (PPSs) are on-board systems aimed at detecting and tracking people in the surroundings of a vehicle in order to avoid potentially dangerous situations. These systems, together with other Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) such as lane departure warning or adaptive cruise control, are one of the most promising ways to improve traffic safety. By the use of computer vision, cameras working either in the visible or infra-red spectra have been demonstrated as a reliable sensor to perform this task. Nevertheless, the variability of human’s appearance, not only in terms of clothing and sizes but also as a result of their dynamic shape, makes pedestrians one of the most complex classes even for computer vision. Moreover, the unstructured changing and unpredictable environment in which such on-board systems must work makes detection a difficult task to be carried out with the demanded robustness. In this brief, the state of the art in PPSs is introduced through the review of the most relevant papers of the last decade. A common computational architecture is presented as a framework to organize each method according to its main contribution. More than 300 papers are referenced, most of them addressing pedestrian detection and others corresponding to the descriptors (features), pedestrian models, and learning machines used. In addition, an overview of topics such as real-time aspects, systems benchmarking and future challenges of this research area are presented.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer Briefs in Computer Vision Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 978-1-4614-7986-4 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number GeL2014 Serial 2325
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Author Naveen Onkarappa; Angel Sappa
Title Speed and Texture: An Empirical Study on Optical-Flow Accuracy in ADAS Scenarios Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems Abbreviated Journal TITS
Volume 15 Issue 1 Pages 136-147
Keywords
Abstract IF: 3.064
Increasing mobility in everyday life has led to the concern for the safety of automotives and human life. Computer vision has become a valuable tool for developing driver assistance applications that target such a concern. Many such vision-based assisting systems rely on motion estimation, where optical flow has shown its potential. A variational formulation of optical flow that achieves a dense flow field involves a data term and regularization terms. Depending on the image sequence, the regularization has to appropriately be weighted for better accuracy of the flow field. Because a vehicle can be driven in different kinds of environments, roads, and speeds, optical-flow estimation has to be accurately computed in all such scenarios. In this paper, we first present the polar representation of optical flow, which is quite suitable for driving scenarios due to the possibility that it offers to independently update regularization factors in different directional components. Then, we study the influence of vehicle speed and scene texture on optical-flow accuracy. Furthermore, we analyze the relationships of these specific characteristics on a driving scenario (vehicle speed and road texture) with the regularization weights in optical flow for better accuracy. As required by the work in this paper, we have generated several synthetic sequences along with ground-truth flow fields.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1524-9050 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ si @ OnS2014a Serial 2386
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Author Jiaolong Xu; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez; Javier Marin; Daniel Ponsa
Title Learning a Part-based Pedestrian Detector in Virtual World Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems Abbreviated Journal TITS
Volume 15 Issue 5 Pages 2121-2131
Keywords Domain Adaptation; Pedestrian Detection; Virtual Worlds
Abstract Detecting pedestrians with on-board vision systems is of paramount interest for assisting drivers to prevent vehicle-to-pedestrian accidents. The core of a pedestrian detector is its classification module, which aims at deciding if a given image window contains a pedestrian. Given the difficulty of this task, many classifiers have been proposed during the last fifteen years. Among them, the so-called (deformable) part-based classifiers including multi-view modeling are usually top ranked in accuracy. Training such classifiers is not trivial since a proper aspect clustering and spatial part alignment of the pedestrian training samples are crucial for obtaining an accurate classifier. In this paper, first we perform automatic aspect clustering and part alignment by using virtual-world pedestrians, i.e., human annotations are not required. Second, we use a mixture-of-parts approach that allows part sharing among different aspects. Third, these proposals are integrated in a learning framework which also allows to incorporate real-world training data to perform domain adaptation between virtual- and real-world cameras. Overall, the obtained results on four popular on-board datasets show that our proposal clearly outperforms the state-of-the-art deformable part-based detector known as latent SVM.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1931-0587 ISBN 978-1-4673-2754-1 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number ADAS @ adas @ XVL2014 Serial 2433
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Author Monica Piñol
Title Reinforcement Learning of Visual Descriptors for Object Recognition Type Book Whole
Year 2014 Publication PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract The human visual system is able to recognize the object in an image even if the object is partially occluded, from various points of view, in different colors, or with independence of the distance to the object. To do this, the eye obtains an image and extracts features that are sent to the brain, and then, in the brain the object is recognized. In computer vision, the object recognition branch tries to learns from the human visual system behaviour to achieve its goal. Hence, an algorithm is used to identify representative features of the scene (detection), then another algorithm is used to describe these points (descriptor) and finally the extracted information is used for classifying the object in the scene. The selection of this set of algorithms is a very complicated task and thus, a very active research field. In this thesis we are focused on the selection/learning of the best descriptor for a given image. In the state of the art there are several descriptors but we do not know how to choose the best descriptor because depends on scenes that we will use (dataset) and the algorithm chosen to do the classification. We propose a framework based on reinforcement learning and bag of features to choose the best descriptor according to the given image. The system can analyse the behaviour of different learning algorithms and descriptor sets. Furthermore the proposed framework for improving the classification/recognition ratio can be used with minor changes in other computer vision fields, such as video retrieval.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis Ph.D. thesis
Publisher Ediciones Graficas Rey Place of Publication Editor Ricardo Toledo;Angel Sappa
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 978-84-940902-5-7 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ si @ Piñ2014 Serial 2464
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Author German Ros; Sebastian Ramos; Manuel Granados; Amir Bakhtiary; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
Title Vision-based Offline-Online Perception Paradigm for Autonomous Driving Type Conference Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 231 - 238
Keywords Autonomous Driving; Scene Understanding; SLAM; Semantic Segmentation
Abstract Autonomous driving is a key factor for future mobility. Properly perceiving the environment of the vehicles is essential for a safe driving, which requires computing accurate geometric and semantic information in real-time. In this paper, we challenge state-of-the-art computer vision algorithms for building a perception system for autonomous driving. An inherent drawback in the computation of visual semantics is the trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. We propose to circumvent this problem by following an offline-online strategy. During the offline stage dense 3D semantic maps are created. In the online stage the current driving area is recognized in the maps via a re-localization process, which allows to retrieve the pre-computed accurate semantics and 3D geometry in realtime. Then, detecting the dynamic obstacles we obtain a rich understanding of the current scene. We evaluate quantitatively our proposal in the KITTI dataset and discuss the related open challenges for the computer vision community.
Address Hawaii; January 2015
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area ACDC Expedition Conference WACV
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number ADAS @ adas @ RRG2015 Serial 2499
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Author Cristhian A. Aguilera-Carrasco
Title Evaluation of feature detectors and descriptors in VISIBLE-LWIR cross-spectral imaging Type Report
Year 2014 Publication CVC Technical Report Abbreviated Journal
Volume 177 Issue Pages
Keywords Multi-spectral; Cross-spectral; Visible-LWIR imaging; Multimodal.
Abstract This thesis evaluates the performance of different state-of-art feature detectors and descriptors algorithms in the Visible-LWIR cross-spectral scenario. The focus is to determine if current detector and descriptor algorithms can be used to match features between the LWIR spectrum and the visible spectrum in applications such as, visual odometry, object recognition, image registration and stereo vision. An outdoor cross-spectral dataset was created to evaluate the suitability of the different algorithms. The results
show that the tested algorithms are not suitable to the task of matching features across different spectra. The repeatability ratio was smaller than the 30 percent in the best case and in general matched features were not accurate located. Additionally, these results also suggest that is necessary to create new algorithms that take into account the nature of the different spectra, describing characteristics that exist in both spectra such as discontinuities.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis Master's thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ si @Agu2014 Serial 2526
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Author Mohammad Rouhani; Angel Sappa; E. Boyer
Title Implicit B-Spline Surface Reconstruction Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Abbreviated Journal TIP
Volume 24 Issue 1 Pages 22 - 32
Keywords
Abstract This paper presents a fast and flexible curve, and surface reconstruction technique based on implicit B-spline. This representation does not require any parameterization and it is locally supported. This fact has been exploited in this paper to propose a reconstruction technique through solving a sparse system of equations. This method is further accelerated to reduce the dimension to the active control lattice. Moreover, the surface smoothness and user interaction are allowed for controlling the surface. Finally, a novel weighting technique has been introduced in order to blend small patches and smooth them in the overlapping regions. The whole framework is very fast and efficient and can handle large cloud of points with very low computational cost. The experimental results show the flexibility and accuracy of the proposed algorithm to describe objects with complex topologies. Comparisons with other fitting methods highlight the superiority of the proposed approach in the presence of noise and missing data.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1057-7149 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ si @ RSB2015 Serial 2541
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Author Katerine Diaz; Francesc J. Ferri; W. Diaz
Title Incremental Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors for Image Classification Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems Abbreviated Journal TNNLS
Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1761 - 1775
Keywords
Abstract Subspace-based methods have become popular due to their ability to appropriately represent complex data in such a way that both dimensionality is reduced and discriminativeness is enhanced. Several recent works have concentrated on the discriminative common vector (DCV) method and other closely related algorithms also based on the concept of null space. In this paper, we present a generalized incremental formulation of the DCV methods, which allows the update of a given model by considering the addition of new examples even from unseen classes. Having efficient incremental formulations of well-behaved batch algorithms allows us to conveniently adapt previously trained classifiers without the need of recomputing them from scratch. The proposed generalized incremental method has been empirically validated in different case studies from different application domains (faces, objects, and handwritten digits) considering several different scenarios in which new data are continuously added at different rates starting from an initial model.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2162-237X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ si @ DFD2015 Serial 2547
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Author Miguel Oliveira; Angel Sappa; Victor Santos
Title A probabilistic approach for color correction in image mosaicking applications Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Abbreviated Journal TIP
Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 508 - 523
Keywords Color correction; image mosaicking; color transfer; color palette mapping functions
Abstract Image mosaicking applications require both geometrical and photometrical registrations between the images that compose the mosaic. This paper proposes a probabilistic color correction algorithm for correcting the photometrical disparities. First, the image to be color corrected is segmented into several regions using mean shift. Then, connected regions are extracted using a region fusion algorithm. Local joint image histograms of each region are modeled as collections of truncated Gaussians using a maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Then, local color palette mapping functions are computed using these sets of Gaussians. The color correction is performed by applying those functions to all the regions of the image. An extensive comparison with ten other state of the art color correction algorithms is presented, using two different image pair data sets. Results show that the proposed approach obtains the best average scores in both data sets and evaluation metrics and is also the most robust to failures.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1057-7149 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ si @ OSS2015b Serial 2554
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Author Francisco Blanco; Felipe Lumbreras; Joan Serrat; Roswitha Siener; Silvia Serranti; Giuseppe Bonifazi; Montserrat Lopez Mesas; Manuel Valiente
Title Taking advantage of Hyperspectral Imaging classification of urinary stones against conventional IR Spectroscopy Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Journal of Biomedical Optics Abbreviated Journal JBiO
Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 126004-1 - 126004-9
Keywords
Abstract The analysis of urinary stones is mandatory for the best management of the disease after the stone passage in order to prevent further stone episodes. Thus the use of an appropriate methodology for an individualized stone analysis becomes a key factor for giving the patient the most suitable treatment. A recently developed hyperspectral imaging methodology, based on pixel-to-pixel analysis of near-infrared spectral images, is compared to the reference technique in stone analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The developed classification model yields >90% correct classification rate when compared to IR and is able to precisely locate stone components within the structure of the stone with a 15 µm resolution. Due to the little sample pretreatment, low analysis time, good performance of the model, and the automation of the measurements, they become analyst independent; this methodology can be considered to become a routine analysis for clinical laboratories.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ si @ BLS2014 Serial 2563
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Author Gabriel Villalonga; Sebastian Ramos; German Ros; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez
Title 3d Pedestrian Detection via Random Forest Type Miscellaneous
Year 2014 Publication European Conference on Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 231-238
Keywords Pedestrian Detection
Abstract Our demo focuses on showing the extraordinary performance of our novel 3D pedestrian detector along with its simplicity and real-time capabilities. This detector has been designed for autonomous driving applications, but it can also be applied in other scenarios that cover both outdoor and indoor applications.
Our pedestrian detector is based on the combination of a random forest classifier with HOG-LBP features and the inclusion of a preprocessing stage based on 3D scene information in order to precisely determinate the image regions where the detector should search for pedestrians. This approach ends up in a high accurate system that runs real-time as it is required by many computer vision and robotics applications.
Address Zurich; suiza; September 2014
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference ECCV-Demo
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ si @ VRR2014 Serial 2570
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Author Sebastian Ramos
Title Vision-based Detection of Road Hazards for Autonomous Driving Type Report
Year 2014 Publication CVC Technical Report Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract
Address UAB; September 2014
Corporate Author Thesis Master's thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes (down) ADAS; 600.076 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ si @ Ram2014 Serial 2580
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