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Author Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida (eds) edit  doi
isbn  openurl
  Title 16th International Conference, 2021, Proceedings, Part I Type Book Whole
  Year 2021 Publication Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2021 Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 12821 Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This four-volume set of LNCS 12821, LNCS 12822, LNCS 12823 and LNCS 12824, constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR 2021, held in Lausanne, Switzerland in September 2021. The 182 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 340 submissions, and are presented with 13 competition reports.

The papers are organized into the following topical sections: historical document analysis, document analysis systems, handwriting recognition, scene text detection and recognition, document image processing, natural language processing (NLP) for document understanding, and graphics, diagram and math recognition.
 
  Address Lausanne, Switzerland, September 5-10, 2021  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Springer Cham Place of Publication Editor Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title LNCS  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 978-3-030-86548-1 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference ICDAR  
  Notes (up) DAG Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ Serial 3725  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida (eds) edit  doi
isbn  openurl
  Title 16th International Conference, 2021, Proceedings, Part II Type Book Whole
  Year 2021 Publication Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2021 Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 12822 Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This four-volume set of LNCS 12821, LNCS 12822, LNCS 12823 and LNCS 12824, constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR 2021, held in Lausanne, Switzerland in September 2021. The 182 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 340 submissions, and are presented with 13 competition reports.

The papers are organized into the following topical sections: document analysis for literature search, document summarization and translation, multimedia document analysis, mobile text recognition, document analysis for social good, indexing and retrieval of documents, physical and logical layout analysis, recognition of tables and formulas, and natural language processing (NLP) for document understanding.
 
  Address Lausanne, Switzerland, September 5-10, 2021  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Springer Cham Place of Publication Editor Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title LNCS  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 978-3-030-86330-2 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference ICDAR  
  Notes (up) DAG Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ Serial 3726  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Josep Llados edit  openurl
  Title The 5G of Document Intelligence Type Conference Article
  Year 2021 Publication 3rd Workshop on Future of Document Analysis and Recognition Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract  
  Address Lausanne; Suissa; September 2021  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference FDAR  
  Notes (up) DAG Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ Serial 3677  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Lluis Gomez; Ali Furkan Biten; Ruben Tito; Andres Mafla; Marçal Rusiñol; Ernest Valveny; Dimosthenis Karatzas edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title Multimodal grid features and cell pointers for scene text visual question answering Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Pattern Recognition Letters Abbreviated Journal PRL  
  Volume 150 Issue Pages 242-249  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This paper presents a new model for the task of scene text visual question answering. In this task questions about a given image can only be answered by reading and understanding scene text. Current state of the art models for this task make use of a dual attention mechanism in which one attention module attends to visual features while the other attends to textual features. A possible issue with this is that it makes difficult for the model to reason jointly about both modalities. To fix this problem we propose a new model that is based on an single attention mechanism that attends to multi-modal features conditioned to the question. The output weights of this attention module over a grid of multi-modal spatial features are interpreted as the probability that a certain spatial location of the image contains the answer text to the given question. Our experiments demonstrate competitive performance in two standard datasets with a model that is faster than previous methods at inference time. Furthermore, we also provide a novel analysis of the ST-VQA dataset based on a human performance study. Supplementary material, code, and data is made available through this link.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.084; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ GBT2021 Serial 3620  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author David Aldavert edit  isbn
openurl 
  Title Efficient and Scalable Handwritten Word Spotting on Historical Documents using Bag of Visual Words Type Book Whole
  Year 2021 Publication PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Word spotting can be defined as the pattern recognition tasked aimed at locating and retrieving a specific keyword within a document image collection without explicitly transcribing the whole corpus. Its use is particularly interesting when applied in scenarios where Optical Character Recognition performs poorly or can not be used at all. This thesis focuses on such a scenario, word spotting on historical handwritten documents that have been written by a single author or by multiple authors with a similar calligraphy.
This problem requires a visual signature that is robust to image artifacts, flexible to accommodate script variations and efficient to retrieve information in a rapid manner. For this, we have developed a set of word spotting methods that on their foundation use the well known Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW) representation. This representation has gained popularity among the document image analysis community to characterize handwritten words
in an unsupervised manner. However, most approaches on this field rely on a basic BoVW configuration and disregard complex encoding and spatial representations. We determine which BoVW configurations provide the best performance boost to a spotting system.
Then, we extend the segmentation-based word spotting, where word candidates are given a priori, to segmentation-free spotting. The proposed approach seeds the document images with overlapping word location candidates and characterizes them with a BoVW signature. Retrieval is achieved comparing the query and candidate signatures and returning the locations that provide a higher consensus. This is a simple but powerful approach that requires a more compact signature than in a segmentation-based scenario. We first
project the BoVW signature into a reduced semantic topics space and then compress it further using Product Quantizers. The resulting signature only requires a few dozen bytes, allowing us to index thousands of pages on a common desktop computer. The final system still yields a performance comparable to the state-of-the-art despite all the information loss during the compression phases.
Afterwards, we also study how to combine different modalities of information in order to create a query-by-X spotting system where, words are indexed using an information modality and queries are retrieved using another. We consider three different information modalities: visual, textual and audio. Our proposal is to create a latent feature space where features which are semantically related are projected onto the same topics. Creating thus a new feature space where information from different modalities can be compared. Later, we consider the codebook generation and descriptor encoding problem. The codebooks used to encode the BoVW signatures are usually created using an unsupervised clustering algorithm and, they require to test multiple parameters to determine which configuration is best for a certain document collection. We propose a semantic clustering algorithm which allows to estimate the best parameter from data. Since gather annotated data is costly, we use synthetically generated word images. The resulting codebook is database agnostic, i. e. a codebook that yields a good performance on document collections that use the same script. We also propose the use of an additional codebook to approximate descriptors and reduce the descriptor encoding
complexity to sub-linear.
Finally, we focus on the problem of signatures dimensionality. We propose a new symbol probability signature where each bin represents the probability that a certain symbol is present a certain location of the word image. This signature is extremely compact and combined with compression techniques can represent word images with just a few bytes per signature.
 
  Address April 2021  
  Corporate Author Thesis Ph.D. thesis  
  Publisher Ediciones Graficas Rey Place of Publication Editor Marçal Rusiñol;Josep Llados  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 978-84-122714-5-4 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ Ald2021 Serial 3601  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Arka Ujjal Dey; Suman Ghosh; Ernest Valveny; Gaurav Harit edit   pdf
url  doi
openurl 
  Title Beyond Visual Semantics: Exploring the Role of Scene Text in Image Understanding Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Pattern Recognition Letters Abbreviated Journal PRL  
  Volume 149 Issue Pages 164-171  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Images with visual and scene text content are ubiquitous in everyday life. However, current image interpretation systems are mostly limited to using only the visual features, neglecting to leverage the scene text content. In this paper, we propose to jointly use scene text and visual channels for robust semantic interpretation of images. We do not only extract and encode visual and scene text cues, but also model their interplay to generate a contextual joint embedding with richer semantics. The contextual embedding thus generated is applied to retrieval and classification tasks on multimedia images, with scene text content, to demonstrate its effectiveness. In the retrieval framework, we augment our learned text-visual semantic representation with scene text cues, to mitigate vocabulary misses that may have occurred during the semantic embedding. To deal with irrelevant or erroneous recognition of scene text, we also apply query-based attention to our text channel. We show how the multi-channel approach, involving visual semantics and scene text, improves upon state of the art.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ DGV2021 Serial 3364  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Andres Mafla; Sounak Dey; Ali Furkan Biten; Lluis Gomez; Dimosthenis Karatzas edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title Multi-modal reasoning graph for scene-text based fine-grained image classification and retrieval Type Conference Article
  Year 2021 Publication IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 4022-4032  
  Keywords  
  Abstract  
  Address Virtual; January 2021  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference WACV  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ MDB2021 Serial 3491  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Andres Mafla; Rafael S. Rezende; Lluis Gomez; Diana Larlus; Dimosthenis Karatzas edit   pdf
doi  openurl
  Title StacMR: Scene-Text Aware Cross-Modal Retrieval Type Conference Article
  Year 2021 Publication IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 2219-2229  
  Keywords  
  Abstract  
  Address Virtual; January 2021  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference WACV  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ MRG2021a Serial 3492  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Minesh Mathew; Dimosthenis Karatzas; C.V. Jawahar edit   pdf
openurl 
  Title DocVQA: A Dataset for VQA on Document Images Type Conference Article
  Year 2021 Publication IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 2200-2209  
  Keywords  
  Abstract We present a new dataset for Visual Question Answering (VQA) on document images called DocVQA. The dataset consists of 50,000 questions defined on 12,000+ document images. Detailed analysis of the dataset in comparison with similar datasets for VQA and reading comprehension is presented. We report several baseline results by adopting existing VQA and reading comprehension models. Although the existing models perform reasonably well on certain types of questions, there is large performance gap compared to human performance (94.36% accuracy). The models need to improve specifically on questions where understanding structure of the document is crucial. The dataset, code and leaderboard are available at docvqa. org  
  Address Virtual; January 2021  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference WACV  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ MKJ2021 Serial 3498  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Minesh Mathew; Lluis Gomez; Dimosthenis Karatzas; C.V. Jawahar edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title Asking questions on handwritten document collections Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition Abbreviated Journal IJDAR  
  Volume 24 Issue Pages 235-249  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This work addresses the problem of Question Answering (QA) on handwritten document collections. Unlike typical QA and Visual Question Answering (VQA) formulations where the answer is a short text, we aim to locate a document snippet where the answer lies. The proposed approach works without recognizing the text in the documents. We argue that the recognition-free approach is suitable for handwritten documents and historical collections where robust text recognition is often difficult. At the same time, for human users, document image snippets containing answers act as a valid alternative to textual answers. The proposed approach uses an off-the-shelf deep embedding network which can project both textual words and word images into a common sub-space. This embedding bridges the textual and visual domains and helps us retrieve document snippets that potentially answer a question. We evaluate results of the proposed approach on two new datasets: (i) HW-SQuAD: a synthetic, handwritten document image counterpart of SQuAD1.0 dataset and (ii) BenthamQA: a smaller set of QA pairs defined on documents from the popular Bentham manuscripts collection. We also present a thorough analysis of the proposed recognition-free approach compared to a recognition-based approach which uses text recognized from the images using an OCR. Datasets presented in this work are available to download at docvqa.org.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ MGK2021 Serial 3621  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Ruben Tito; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Ernest Valveny edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title Document Collection Visual Question Answering Type Conference Article
  Year 2021 Publication 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 12822 Issue Pages 778-792  
  Keywords Document collection; Visual Question Answering  
  Abstract Current tasks and methods in Document Understanding aims to process documents as single elements. However, documents are usually organized in collections (historical records, purchase invoices), that provide context useful for their interpretation. To address this problem, we introduce Document Collection Visual Question Answering (DocCVQA) a new dataset and related task, where questions are posed over a whole collection of document images and the goal is not only to provide the answer to the given question, but also to retrieve the set of documents that contain the information needed to infer the answer. Along with the dataset we propose a new evaluation metric and baselines which provide further insights to the new dataset and task.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title LNCS  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference ICDAR  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ TKV2021 Serial 3622  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Ruben Tito; Minesh Mathew; C.V. Jawahar; Ernest Valveny; Dimosthenis Karatzas edit   pdf
url  openurl
  Title ICDAR 2021 Competition on Document Visual Question Answering Type Conference Article
  Year 2021 Publication 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 635-649  
  Keywords  
  Abstract In this report we present results of the ICDAR 2021 edition of the Document Visual Question Challenges. This edition complements the previous tasks on Single Document VQA and Document Collection VQA with a newly introduced on Infographics VQA. Infographics VQA is based on a new dataset of more than 5, 000 infographics images and 30, 000 question-answer pairs. The winner methods have scored 0.6120 ANLS in Infographics VQA task, 0.7743 ANLSL in Document Collection VQA task and 0.8705 ANLS in Single Document VQA. We present a summary of the datasets used for each task, description of each of the submitted methods and the results and analysis of their performance. A summary of the progress made on Single Document VQA since the first edition of the DocVQA 2020 challenge is also presented.  
  Address VIRTUAL; Lausanne; Suissa; September 2021  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference ICDAR  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ TMJ2021 Serial 3624  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Pau Riba; Sounak Dey; Ali Furkan Biten; Josep Llados edit   pdf
openurl 
  Title Localizing Infinity-shaped fishes: Sketch-guided object localization in the wild Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2021 Publication Arxiv Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract This work investigates the problem of sketch-guided object localization (SGOL), where human sketches are used as queries to conduct the object localization in natural images. In this cross-modal setting, we first contribute with a tough-to-beat baseline that without any specific SGOL training is able to outperform the previous works on a fixed set of classes. The baseline is useful to analyze the performance of SGOL approaches based on available simple yet powerful methods. We advance prior arts by proposing a sketch-conditioned DETR (DEtection TRansformer) architecture which avoids a hard classification and alleviates the domain gap between sketches and images to localize object instances. Although the main goal of SGOL is focused on object detection, we explored its natural extension to sketch-guided instance segmentation. This novel task allows to move towards identifying the objects at pixel level, which is of key importance in several applications. We experimentally demonstrate that our model and its variants significantly advance over previous state-of-the-art results. All training and testing code of our model will be released to facilitate future researchhttps://github.com/priba/sgol_wild.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ RDB2021 Serial 3674  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Albert Suso; Pau Riba; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Josep Llados edit  url
openurl 
  Title A Self-supervised Inverse Graphics Approach for Sketch Parametrization Type Conference Article
  Year 2021 Publication 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 12916 Issue Pages 28-42  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The study of neural generative models of handwritten text and human sketches is a hot topic in the computer vision field. The landmark SketchRNN provided a breakthrough by sequentially generating sketches as a sequence of waypoints, and more recent articles have managed to generate fully vector sketches by coding the strokes as Bézier curves. However, the previous attempts with this approach need them all a ground truth consisting in the sequence of points that make up each stroke, which seriously limits the datasets the model is able to train in. In this work, we present a self-supervised end-to-end inverse graphics approach that learns to embed each image to its best fit of Bézier curves. The self-supervised nature of the training process allows us to train the model in a wider range of datasets, but also to perform better after-training predictions by applying an overfitting process on the input binary image. We report qualitative an quantitative evaluations on the MNIST and the Quick, Draw! datasets.  
  Address Lausanne; Suissa; September 2021  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title LNCS  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference ICDAR  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ SRR2021 Serial 3675  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Andres Mafla; Ruben Tito; Sounak Dey; Lluis Gomez; Marçal Rusiñol; Ernest Valveny; Dimosthenis Karatzas edit  url
openurl 
  Title Real-time Lexicon-free Scene Text Retrieval Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Pattern Recognition Abbreviated Journal PR  
  Volume 110 Issue Pages 107656  
  Keywords  
  Abstract In this work, we address the task of scene text retrieval: given a text query, the system returns all images containing the queried text. The proposed model uses a single shot CNN architecture that predicts bounding boxes and builds a compact representation of spotted words. In this way, this problem can be modeled as a nearest neighbor search of the textual representation of a query over the outputs of the CNN collected from the totality of an image database. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms previous state-of-the-art, while offering a significant increase in processing speed and unmatched expressiveness with samples never seen at training time. Several experiments to assess the generalization capability of the model are conducted in a multilingual dataset, as well as an application of real-time text spotting in videos.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (up) DAG; 600.121; 600.129; 601.338 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ si @ MTD2021 Serial 3493  
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