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| Author | German Ros | ||||
| Title | Visual Scene Understanding for Autonomous Vehicles: Understanding Where and What | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | PhD Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona-CVC | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Abstract | Making Ground Autonomous Vehicles (GAVs) a reality as a service for the society is one of the major scientific and technological challenges of this century. The potential benefits of autonomous vehicles include reducing accidents, improving traffic congestion and better usage of road infrastructures, among others. These vehicles must operate in our cities, towns and highways, dealing with many different types of situations while respecting traffic rules and protecting human lives. GAVs are expected to deal with all types of scenarios and situations, coping with an uncertain and chaotic world.
Therefore, in order to fulfill these demanding requirements GAVs need to be endowed with the capability of understanding their surrounding at many different levels, by means of affordable sensors and artificial intelligence. This capacity to understand the surroundings and the current situation that the vehicle is involved in is called scene understanding. In this work we investigate novel techniques to bring scene understanding to autonomous vehicles by combining the use of cameras as the main source of information—due to their versatility and affordability—and algorithms based on computer vision and machine learning. We investigate different degrees of understanding of the scene, starting from basic geometric knowledge about where is the vehicle within the scene. A robust and efficient estimation of the vehicle location and pose with respect to a map is one of the most fundamental steps towards autonomous driving. We study this problem from the point of view of robustness and computational efficiency, proposing key insights to improve current solutions. Then we advance to higher levels of abstraction to discover what is in the scene, by recognizing and parsing all the elements present on a driving scene, such as roads, sidewalks, pedestrians, etc. We investigate this problem known as semantic segmentation, proposing new approaches to improve recognition accuracy and computational efficiency. We cover these points by focusing on key aspects such as: (i) how to leverage computation moving semantics to an offline process, (ii) how to train compact architectures based on deconvolutional networks to achieve their maximum potential, (iii) how to use virtual worlds in combination with domain adaptation to produce accurate models in a cost-effective fashion, and (iv) how to use transfer learning techniques to prepare models to new situations. We finally extend the previous level of knowledge enabling systems to reasoning about what has change in a scene with respect to a previous visit, which in return allows for efficient and cost-effective map updating. |
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | Ediciones Graficas Rey | Place of Publication | Editor | Angel Sappa;Julio Guerrero;Antonio Lopez | |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | ISBN | 978-84-945373-1-8 | Medium | ||
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ADAS | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ Ros2016 | Serial | 2860 | ||
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| Author | Azadeh S. Mozafari; David Vazquez; Mansour Jamzad; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | Node-Adapt, Path-Adapt and Tree-Adapt:Model-Transfer Domain Adaptation for Random Forest | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Arxiv | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Domain Adaptation; Pedestrian detection; Random Forest | ||||
| Abstract | Random Forest (RF) is a successful paradigm for learning classifiers due to its ability to learn from large feature spaces and seamlessly integrate multi-class classification, as well as the achieved accuracy and processing efficiency. However, as many other classifiers, RF requires domain adaptation (DA) provided that there is a mismatch between the training (source) and testing (target) domains which provokes classification degradation. Consequently, different RF-DA methods have been proposed, which not only require target-domain samples but revisiting the source-domain ones, too. As novelty, we propose three inherently different methods (Node-Adapt, Path-Adapt and Tree-Adapt) that only require the learned source-domain RF and a relatively few target-domain samples for DA, i.e. source-domain samples do not need to be available. To assess the performance of our proposals we focus on image-based object detection, using the pedestrian detection problem as challenging proof-of-concept. Moreover, we use the RF with expert nodes because it is a competitive patch-based pedestrian model. We test our Node-, Path- and Tree-Adapt methods in standard benchmarks, showing that DA is largely achieved. | ||||
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| Notes |
ADAS | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | ADAS @ adas @ MVJ2016 | Serial | 2868 | ||
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| Author | Cesar de Souza; Adrien Gaidon; Eleonora Vig; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | Sympathy for the Details: Dense Trajectories and Hybrid Classification Architectures for Action Recognition | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | 14th European Conference on Computer Vision | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 697-716 | ||
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| Abstract | Action recognition in videos is a challenging task due to the complexity of the spatio-temporal patterns to model and the difficulty to acquire and learn on large quantities of video data. Deep learning, although a breakthrough for image classification and showing promise for videos, has still not clearly superseded action recognition methods using hand-crafted features, even when training on massive datasets. In this paper, we introduce hybrid video classification architectures based on carefully designed unsupervised representations of hand-crafted spatio-temporal features classified by supervised deep networks. As we show in our experiments on five popular benchmarks for action recognition, our hybrid model combines the best of both worlds: it is data efficient (trained on 150 to 10000 short clips) and yet improves significantly on the state of the art, including recent deep models trained on millions of manually labelled images and videos. | ||||
| Address | Amsterdam; The Netherlands; October 2016 | ||||
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| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | LNCS | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | ECCV | ||
| Notes |
ADAS; 600.076; 600.085 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ SGV2016 | Serial | 2824 | ||
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| Author | Katerine Diaz; Aura Hernandez-Sabate; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | A reduced feature set for driver head pose estimation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Applied Soft Computing | Abbreviated Journal | ASOC |
| Volume | 45 | Issue | Pages | 98-107 | |
| Keywords | Head pose estimation; driving performance evaluation; subspace based methods; linear regression | ||||
| Abstract | Evaluation of driving performance is of utmost importance in order to reduce road accident rate. Since driving ability includes visual-spatial and operational attention, among others, head pose estimation of the driver is a crucial indicator of driving performance. This paper proposes a new automatic method for coarse and fine head's yaw angle estimation of the driver. We rely on a set of geometric features computed from just three representative facial keypoints, namely the center of the eyes and the nose tip. With these geometric features, our method combines two manifold embedding methods and a linear regression one. In addition, the method has a confidence mechanism to decide if the classification of a sample is not reliable. The approach has been tested using the CMU-PIE dataset and our own driver dataset. Despite the very few facial keypoints required, the results are comparable to the state-of-the-art techniques. The low computational cost of the method and its robustness makes feasible to integrate it in massive consume devices as a real time application. | ||||
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| Notes |
ADAS; 600.085; 600.076; | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ DHL2016 | Serial | 2760 | ||
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| Author | Alejandro Gonzalez Alzate; Zhijie Fang; Yainuvis Socarras; Joan Serrat; David Vazquez; Jiaolong Xu; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | Pedestrian Detection at Day/Night Time with Visible and FIR Cameras: A Comparison | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Sensors | Abbreviated Journal | SENS |
| Volume | 16 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 820 |
| Keywords | Pedestrian Detection; FIR | ||||
| Abstract | Despite all the significant advances in pedestrian detection brought by computer vision for driving assistance, it is still a challenging problem. One reason is the extremely varying lighting conditions under which such a detector should operate, namely day and night time. Recent research has shown that the combination of visible and non-visible imaging modalities may increase detection accuracy, where the infrared spectrum plays a critical role. The goal of this paper is to assess the accuracy gain of different pedestrian models (holistic, part-based, patch-based) when training with images in the far infrared spectrum. Specifically, we want to compare detection accuracy on test images recorded at day and nighttime if trained (and tested) using (a) plain color images, (b) just infrared images and (c) both of them. In order to obtain results for the last item we propose an early fusion approach to combine features from both modalities. We base the evaluation on a new dataset we have built for this purpose as well as on the publicly available KAIST multispectral dataset. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1424-8220 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes |
ADAS; 600.085; 600.076; 600.082; 601.281 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | ADAS @ adas @ GFS2016 | Serial | 2754 | ||
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| Author | Jiaolong Xu; Sebastian Ramos; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | Hierarchical Adaptive Structural SVM for Domain Adaptation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | International Journal of Computer Vision | Abbreviated Journal | IJCV |
| Volume | 119 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 159-178 |
| Keywords | Domain Adaptation; Pedestrian Detection | ||||
| Abstract | A key topic in classification is the accuracy loss produced when the data distribution in the training (source) domain differs from that in the testing (target) domain. This is being recognized as a very relevant problem for many
computer vision tasks such as image classification, object detection, and object category recognition. In this paper, we present a novel domain adaptation method that leverages multiple target domains (or sub-domains) in a hierarchical adaptation tree. The core idea is to exploit the commonalities and differences of the jointly considered target domains. Given the relevance of structural SVM (SSVM) classifiers, we apply our idea to the adaptive SSVM (A-SSVM), which only requires the target domain samples together with the existing source-domain classifier for performing the desired adaptation. Altogether, we term our proposal as hierarchical A-SSVM (HA-SSVM). As proof of concept we use HA-SSVM for pedestrian detection, object category recognition and face recognition. In the former we apply HA-SSVM to the deformable partbased model (DPM) while in the rest HA-SSVM is applied to multi-category classifiers. We will show how HA-SSVM is effective in increasing the detection/recognition accuracy with respect to adaptation strategies that ignore the structure of the target data. Since, the sub-domains of the target data are not always known a priori, we shown how HA-SSVM can incorporate sub-domain discovery for object category recognition. |
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| Publisher | Springer US | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0920-5691 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes |
ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ XRV2016 | Serial | 2669 | ||
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| Author | Jiaolong Xu; David Vazquez; Krystian Mikolajczyk; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | Hierarchical online domain adaptation of deformable part-based models | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 5536-5541 | ||
| Keywords | Domain Adaptation; Pedestrian Detection | ||||
| Abstract | We propose an online domain adaptation method for the deformable part-based model (DPM). The online domain adaptation is based on a two-level hierarchical adaptation tree, which consists of instance detectors in the leaf nodes and a category detector at the root node. Moreover, combined with a multiple object tracking procedure (MOT), our proposal neither requires target-domain annotated data nor revisiting the source-domain data for performing the source-to-target domain adaptation of the DPM. From a practical point of view this means that, given a source-domain DPM and new video for training on a new domain without object annotations, our procedure outputs a new DPM adapted to the domain represented by the video. As proof-of-concept we apply our proposal to the challenging task of pedestrian detection. In this case, each instance detector is an exemplar classifier trained online with only one pedestrian per frame. The pedestrian instances are collected by MOT and the hierarchical model is constructed dynamically according to the pedestrian trajectories. Our experimental results show that the adapted detector achieves the accuracy of recent supervised domain adaptation methods (i.e., requiring manually annotated targetdomain data), and improves the source detector more than 10 percentage points. | ||||
| Address | Stockholm; Sweden; May 2016 | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | ICRA | ||
| Notes |
ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ XVM2016 | Serial | 2728 | ||
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| Author | Victor Campmany; Sergio Silva; Juan Carlos Moure; Toni Espinosa; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | GPU-based pedestrian detection for autonomous driving | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | GPU Technology Conference | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Pedestrian Detection; GPU | ||||
| Abstract | Pedestrian detection for autonomous driving is one of the hardest tasks within computer vision, and involves huge computational costs. Obtaining acceptable real-time performance, measured in frames per second (fps), for the most advanced algorithms is nowadays a hard challenge. Taking the work in [1] as our baseline, we propose a CUDA implementation of a pedestrian detection system that includes LBP and HOG as feature descriptors and SVM and Random forest as classifiers. We introduce significant algorithmic adjustments and optimizations to adapt the problem to the NVIDIA GPU architecture. The aim is to deploy a real-time system providing reliable results. | ||||
| Address | Silicon Valley; San Francisco; USA; April 2016 | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | GTC | ||
| Notes |
ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | ADAS @ adas @ CSM2016 | Serial | 2737 | ||
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| Author | Daniel Hernandez; Juan Carlos Moure; Toni Espinosa; Alejandro Chacon; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | Real-time 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Driving via Semi-Global Matching | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | GPU Technology Conference | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Stereo; Autonomous Driving; GPU; 3d reconstruction | ||||
| Abstract | Robust and dense computation of depth information from stereo-camera systems is a computationally demanding requirement for real-time autonomous driving. Semi-Global Matching (SGM) [1] approximates heavy-computation global algorithms results but with lower computational complexity, therefore it is a good candidate for a real-time implementation. SGM minimizes energy along several 1D paths across the image. The aim of this work is to provide a real-time system producing reliable results on energy-efficient hardware. Our design runs on a NVIDIA Titan X GPU at 104.62 FPS and on a NVIDIA Drive PX at 6.7 FPS, promising for real-time platforms | ||||
| Address | Silicon Valley; San Francisco; USA; April 2016 | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | GTC | ||
| Notes |
ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | ADAS @ adas @ HME2016 | Serial | 2738 | ||
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| Author | German Ros; Laura Sellart; Joanna Materzynska; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | The SYNTHIA Dataset: A Large Collection of Synthetic Images for Semantic Segmentation of Urban Scenes | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | 29th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 3234-3243 | ||
| Keywords | Domain Adaptation; Autonomous Driving; Virtual Data; Semantic Segmentation | ||||
| Abstract | Vision-based semantic segmentation in urban scenarios is a key functionality for autonomous driving. The irruption of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) allows to foresee obtaining reliable classifiers to perform such a visual task. However, DCNNs require to learn many parameters from raw images; thus, having a sufficient amount of diversified images with this class annotations is needed. These annotations are obtained by a human cumbersome labour specially challenging for semantic segmentation, since pixel-level annotations are required. In this paper, we propose to use a virtual world for automatically generating realistic synthetic images with pixel-level annotations. Then, we address the question of how useful can be such data for the task of semantic segmentation; in particular, when using a DCNN paradigm. In order to answer this question we have generated a synthetic diversified collection of urban images, named SynthCity, with automatically generated class annotations. We use SynthCity in combination with publicly available real-world urban images with manually provided annotations. Then, we conduct experiments on a DCNN setting that show how the inclusion of SynthCity in the training stage significantly improves the performance of the semantic segmentation task | ||||
| Address | Las Vegas; USA; June 2016 | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | CVPR | ||
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ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | ADAS @ adas @ RSM2016 | Serial | 2739 | ||
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| Author | Daniel Hernandez; Alejandro Chacon; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Juan Carlos Moure; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | Embedded real-time stereo estimation via Semi-Global Matching on the GPU | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | 16th International Conference on Computational Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 80 | Issue | Pages | 143-153 | |
| Keywords | Autonomous Driving; Stereo; CUDA; 3d reconstruction | ||||
| Abstract | Dense, robust and real-time computation of depth information from stereo-camera systems is a computationally demanding requirement for robotics, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles. Semi-Global Matching (SGM) is a widely used algorithm that propagates consistency constraints along several paths across the image. This work presents a real-time system producing reliable disparity estimation results on the new embedded energy-efficient GPU devices. Our design runs on a Tegra X1 at 41 frames per second for an image size of 640x480, 128 disparity levels, and using 4 path directions for the SGM method. | ||||
| Address | San Diego; CA; USA; June 2016 | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | ICCS | ||
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ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | ADAS @ adas @ HCE2016a | Serial | 2740 | ||
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| Author | Victor Campmany; Sergio Silva; Antonio Espinosa; Juan Carlos Moure; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | GPU-based pedestrian detection for autonomous driving | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | 16th International Conference on Computational Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 80 | Issue | Pages | 2377-2381 | |
| Keywords | Pedestrian detection; Autonomous Driving; CUDA | ||||
| Abstract | We propose a real-time pedestrian detection system for the embedded Nvidia Tegra X1 GPU-CPU hybrid platform. The pipeline is composed by the following state-of-the-art algorithms: Histogram of Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features extracted from the input image; Pyramidal Sliding Window technique for foreground segmentation; and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification. Results show a 8x speedup in the target Tegra X1 platform and a better performance/watt ratio than desktop CUDA platforms in study. | ||||
| Address | San Diego; CA; USA; June 2016 | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | ICCS | ||
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ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | ADAS @ adas @ CSE2016 | Serial | 2741 | ||
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| Author | Eugenio Alcala; Laura Sellart; Vicenc Puig; Joseba Quevedo; Jordi Saludes; David Vazquez; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | Comparison of two non-linear model-based control strategies for autonomous vehicles | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 846-851 | ||
| Keywords | Autonomous Driving; Control | ||||
| Abstract | This paper presents the comparison of two nonlinear model-based control strategies for autonomous cars. A control oriented model of vehicle based on a bicycle model is used. The two control strategies use a model reference approach. Using this approach, the error dynamics model is developed. Both controllers receive as input the longitudinal, lateral and orientation errors generating as control outputs the steering angle and the velocity of the vehicle. The first control approach is based on a non-linear control law that is designed by means of the Lyapunov direct approach. The second approach is based on a sliding mode-control that defines a set of sliding surfaces over which the error trajectories will converge. The main advantage of the sliding-control technique is the robustness against non-linearities and parametric uncertainties in the model. However, the main drawback of first order sliding mode is the chattering, so it has been implemented a high order sliding mode control. To test and compare the proposed control strategies, different path following scenarios are used in simulation. | ||||
| Address | Athens; Greece; June 2016 | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | MED | ||
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ADAS; 600.085; 600.082; 600.076 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | ADAS @ adas @ ASP2016 | Serial | 2750 | ||
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| Author | Daniel Hernandez; Alejandro Chacon; Antonio Espinosa; David Vazquez; Juan Carlos Moure; Antonio Lopez | ||||
| Title | Stereo Matching using SGM on the GPU | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Programming and Tuning Massively Parallel Systems | Abbreviated Journal | PUMPS |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | CUDA; Stereo; Autonomous Vehicle | ||||
| Abstract | Dense, robust and real-time computation of depth information from stereo-camera systems is a computationally demanding requirement for robotics, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles. Semi-Global Matching (SGM) is a widely used algorithm that propagates consistency constraints along several paths across the image. This work presents a real-time system producing reliable disparity estimation results on the new embedded energy efficient GPU devices. Our design runs on a Tegra X1 at 42 frames per second (fps) for an image size of 640x480, 128 disparity levels, and using 4 path directions for the SGM method. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | PUMPS | ||
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ADAS; 600.085; 600.087; 600.076 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | ADAS @ adas @ HCE2016b | Serial | 2776 | ||
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| Author | Vassileios Balntas; Edgar Riba; Daniel Ponsa; Krystian Mikolajczyk | ||||
| Title | Learning local feature descriptors with triplets and shallow convolutional neural networks | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | 27th British Machine Vision Conference | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Abstract | It has recently been demonstrated that local feature descriptors based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) can significantly improve the matching performance. Previous work on learning such descriptors has focused on exploiting pairs of positive and negative patches to learn discriminative CNN representations. In this work, we propose to utilize triplets of training samples, together with in-triplet mining of hard negatives.
We show that our method achieves state of the art results, without the computational overhead typically associated with mining of negatives and with lower complexity of the network architecture. We compare our approach to recently introduced convolutional local feature descriptors, and demonstrate the advantages of the proposed methods in terms of performance and speed. We also examine different loss functions associated with triplets. |
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| Address | York; UK; September 2016 | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | BMVC | ||
| Notes |
ADAS; 600.086 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ si @ BRP2016 | Serial | 2818 | ||
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