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	Author	Javad Zolfaghari Bengar; Joost Van de Weijer; Bartlomiej Twardowski; Bogdan Raducanu
	Title	Reducing Label Effort: Self- Supervised Meets Active Learning			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1631-1639
	Keywords
	Abstract	Active learning is a paradigm aimed at reducing the annotation effort by training the model on actively selected informative and/or representative samples. Another paradigm to reduce the annotation effort is self-training that learns from a large amount of unlabeled data in an unsupervised way and fine-tunes on few labeled samples. Recent developments in self-training have achieved very impressive results rivaling supervised learning on some datasets. The current work focuses on whether the two paradigms can benefit from each other. We studied object recognition datasets including CIFAR10, CIFAR100 and Tiny ImageNet with several labeling budgets for the evaluations. Our experiments reveal that self-training is remarkably more efficient than active learning at reducing the labeling effort, that for a low labeling budget, active learning offers no benefit to self-training, and finally that the combination of active learning and self-training is fruitful when the labeling budget is high. The performance gap between active learning trained either with self-training or from scratch diminishes as we approach to the point where almost half of the dataset is labeled.
	Address	October 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICCVW
	Notes	LAMP;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ ZVT2021			Serial	3672
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	Author	Javad Zolfaghari Bengar; Bogdan Raducanu; Joost Van de Weijer
	Title	When Deep Learners Change Their Mind: Learning Dynamics for Active Learning			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	19th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13052	Issue	1	Pages	403-413
	Keywords
	Abstract	Active learning aims to select samples to be annotated that yield the largest performance improvement for the learning algorithm. Many methods approach this problem by measuring the informativeness of samples and do this based on the certainty of the network predictions for samples. However, it is well-known that neural networks are overly confident about their prediction and are therefore an untrustworthy source to assess sample informativeness. In this paper, we propose a new informativeness-based active learning method. Our measure is derived from the learning dynamics of a neural network. More precisely we track the label assignment of the unlabeled data pool during the training of the algorithm. We capture the learning dynamics with a metric called label-dispersion, which is low when the network consistently assigns the same label to the sample during the training of the network and high when the assigned label changes frequently. We show that label-dispersion is a promising predictor of the uncertainty of the network, and show on two benchmark datasets that an active learning algorithm based on label-dispersion obtains excellent results.
	Address	September 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CAIP
	Notes	LAMP;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ ZRV2021			Serial	3673
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	Author	Pau Riba; Sounak Dey; Ali Furkan Biten; Josep Llados
	Title	Localizing Infinity-shaped fishes: Sketch-guided object localization in the wild			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2021	Publication	Arxiv	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	This work investigates the problem of sketch-guided object localization (SGOL), where human sketches are used as queries to conduct the object localization in natural images. In this cross-modal setting, we first contribute with a tough-to-beat baseline that without any specific SGOL training is able to outperform the previous works on a fixed set of classes. The baseline is useful to analyze the performance of SGOL approaches based on available simple yet powerful methods. We advance prior arts by proposing a sketch-conditioned DETR (DEtection TRansformer) architecture which avoids a hard classification and alleviates the domain gap between sketches and images to localize object instances. Although the main goal of SGOL is focused on object detection, we explored its natural extension to sketch-guided instance segmentation. This novel task allows to move towards identifying the objects at pixel level, which is of key importance in several applications. We experimentally demonstrate that our model and its variants significantly advance over previous state-of-the-art results. All training and testing code of our model will be released to facilitate future researchhttps://github.com/priba/sgol_wild.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; 600.121			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RDB2021			Serial	3674
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	Author	Albert Suso; Pau Riba; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Josep Llados
	Title	A Self-supervised Inverse Graphics Approach for Sketch Parametrization			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12916	Issue		Pages	28-42
	Keywords
	Abstract	The study of neural generative models of handwritten text and human sketches is a hot topic in the computer vision field. The landmark SketchRNN provided a breakthrough by sequentially generating sketches as a sequence of waypoints, and more recent articles have managed to generate fully vector sketches by coding the strokes as Bézier curves. However, the previous attempts with this approach need them all a ground truth consisting in the sequence of points that make up each stroke, which seriously limits the datasets the model is able to train in. In this work, we present a self-supervised end-to-end inverse graphics approach that learns to embed each image to its best fit of Bézier curves. The self-supervised nature of the training process allows us to train the model in a wider range of datasets, but also to perform better after-training predictions by applying an overfitting process on the input binary image. We report qualitative an quantitative evaluations on the MNIST and the Quick, Draw! datasets.
	Address	Lausanne; Suissa; September 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICDAR
	Notes	DAG; 600.121			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ SRR2021			Serial	3675
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	Author	Sanket Biswas; Pau Riba; Josep Llados; Umapada Pal
	Title	Graph-Based Deep Generative Modelling for Document Layout Generation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12917	Issue		Pages	525-537
	Keywords
	Abstract	One of the major prerequisites for any deep learning approach is the availability of large-scale training data. When dealing with scanned document images in real world scenarios, the principal information of its content is stored in the layout itself. In this work, we have proposed an automated deep generative model using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to generate synthetic data with highly variable and plausible document layouts that can be used to train document interpretation systems, in this case, specially in digital mailroom applications. It is also the first graph-based approach for document layout generation task experimented on administrative document images, in this case, invoices.
	Address	Lausanne; Suissa; September 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	DAG; 600.121; 600.140; 110.312			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ BRL2021			Serial	3676
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	Author	Josep Llados
	Title	The 5G of Document Intelligence			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	3rd Workshop on Future of Document Analysis and Recognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address	Lausanne; Suissa; September 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	FDAR
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @			Serial	3677
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	Author	AN Ruchai; VI Kober; KA Dorofeev; VN Karnaukhov; Mikhail Mozerov
	Title	Classification of breast abnormalities using a deep convolutional neural network and transfer learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	66	Issue	6	Pages	778–783
	Keywords
	Abstract	A new algorithm for classification of breast pathologies in digital mammography using a convolutional neural network and transfer learning is proposed. The following pretrained neural networks were chosen: MobileNetV2, InceptionResNetV2, Xception, and ResNetV2. All mammographic images were pre-processed to improve classification reliability. Transfer training was carried out using additional data augmentation and fine-tuning. The performance of the proposed algorithm for classification of breast pathologies in terms of accuracy on real data is discussed and compared with that of state-of-the-art algorithms on the available MIAS database.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	LAMP;			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ RKD2022			Serial	3680
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	Author	Shun Yao; Fei Yang; Yongmei Cheng; Mikhail Mozerov
	Title	3D Shapes Local Geometry Codes Learning with SDF			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	2110-2117
	Keywords
	Abstract	A signed distance function (SDF) as the 3D shape description is one of the most effective approaches to represent 3D geometry for rendering and reconstruction. Our work is inspired by the state-of-the-art method DeepSDF [17] that learns and analyzes the 3D shape as the iso-surface of its shell and this method has shown promising results especially in the 3D shape reconstruction and compression domain. In this paper, we consider the degeneration problem of reconstruction coming from the capacity decrease of the DeepSDF model, which approximates the SDF with a neural network and a single latent code. We propose Local Geometry Code Learning (LGCL), a model that improves the original DeepSDF results by learning from a local shape geometry of the full 3D shape. We add an extra graph neural network to split the single transmittable latent code into a set of local latent codes distributed on the 3D shape. Mentioned latent codes are used to approximate the SDF in their local regions, which will alleviate the complexity of the approximation compared to the original DeepSDF. Furthermore, we introduce a new geometric loss function to facilitate the training of these local latent codes. Note that other local shape adjusting methods use the 3D voxel representation, which in turn is a problem highly difficult to solve or even is insolvable. In contrast, our architecture is based on graph processing implicitly and performs the learning regression process directly in the latent code space, thus make the proposed architecture more flexible and also simple for realization. Our experiments on 3D shape reconstruction demonstrate that our LGCL method can keep more details with a significantly smaller size of the SDF decoder and outperforms considerably the original DeepSDF method under the most important quantitative metrics.
	Address	VIRTUAL; October 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICCVW
	Notes	LAMP			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ YYC2021			Serial	3681
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	Author	Shiqi Yang; Yaxing Wang; Joost Van de Weijer; Luis Herranz; Shangling Jui
	Title	Exploiting the Intrinsic Neighborhood Structure for Source-free Domain Adaptation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021)	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Domain adaptation (DA) aims to alleviate the domain shift between source domain and target domain. Most DA methods require access to the source data, but often that is not possible (e.g. due to data privacy or intellectual property). In this paper, we address the challenging source-free domain adaptation (SFDA) problem, where the source pretrained model is adapted to the target domain in the absence of source data. Our method is based on the observation that target data, which might no longer align with the source domain classifier, still forms clear clusters. We capture this intrinsic structure by defining local affinity of the target data, and encourage label consistency among data with high local affinity. We observe that higher affinity should be assigned to reciprocal neighbors, and propose a self regularization loss to decrease the negative impact of noisy neighbors. Furthermore, to aggregate information with more context, we consider expanded neighborhoods with small affinity values. In the experimental results we verify that the inherent structure of the target features is an important source of information for domain adaptation. We demonstrate that this local structure can be efficiently captured by considering the local neighbors, the reciprocal neighbors, and the expanded neighborhood. Finally, we achieve state-of-the-art performance on several 2D image and 3D point cloud recognition datasets. Code is available in https://github.com/Albert0147/SFDA_neighbors.
	Address	Online; December 7-10, 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	NIPS
	Notes	LAMP; 600.147; 600.141			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @			Serial	3691
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	Author	Jose Elias Yauri; Aura Hernandez-Sabate; Pau Folch; Debora Gil
	Title	Mental Workload Detection Based on EEG Analysis			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Artificial Intelligent Research and Development. Proceedings 23rd International Conference of the Catalan Association for Artificial Intelligence.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	339	Issue		Pages	268-277
	Keywords	Cognitive states; Mental workload; EEG analysis; Neural Networks.
	Abstract	The study of mental workload becomes essential for human work efficiency, health conditions and to avoid accidents, since workload compromises both performance and awareness. Although workload has been widely studied using several physiological measures, minimising the sensor network as much as possible remains both a challenge and a requirement. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have shown a high correlation to specific cognitive and mental states like workload. However, there is not enough evidence in the literature to validate how well models generalize in case of new subjects performing tasks of a workload similar to the ones included during model’s training. In this paper we propose a binary neural network to classify EEG features across different mental workloads. Two workloads, low and medium, are induced using two variants of the N-Back Test. The proposed model was validated in a dataset collected from 16 subjects and shown a high level of generalization capability: model reported an average recall of 81.81% in a leave-one-out subject evaluation.
	Address	Virtual; October 20-22 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CCIA
	Notes	IAM; 600.139; 600.118; 600.145			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @			Serial	3723
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	Author	Trevor Canham; Javier Vazquez; D Long; Richard F. Murray; Michael S Brown
	Title	Noise Prism: A Novel Multispectral Visualization Technique			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	31st Color and Imaging Conference	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	A novel technique for visualizing multispectral images is proposed. Inspired by how prisms work, our method spreads spectral information over a chromatic noise pattern. This is accomplished by populating the pattern with pixels representing each measurement band at a count proportional to its measured intensity. The method is advantageous because it allows for lightweight encoding and visualization of spectral information while maintaining the color appearance of the stimulus. A four alternative forced choice (4AFC) experiment was conducted to validate the method’s information-carrying capacity in displaying metameric stimuli of varying colors and spectral basis functions. The scores ranged from 100% to 20% (less than chance given the 4AFC task), with many conditions falling somewhere in between at statistically significant intervals. Using this data, color and texture difference metrics can be evaluated and optimized to predict the legibility of the visualization technique.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	CIC
	Notes	MACO; CIC			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ CVL2021			Serial	4000
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	Author	Michael Teutsch; Angel Sappa; Riad I. Hammoud
	Title	Computer Vision in the Infrared Spectrum: Challenges and Approaches			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2021	Publication	Synthesis Lectures on Computer Vision	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	2	Pages	1-138
	Keywords
	Abstract	Human visual perception is limited to the visual-optical spectrum. Machine vision is not. Cameras sensitive to the different infrared spectra can enhance the abilities of autonomous systems and visually perceive the environment in a holistic way. Relevant scene content can be made visible especially in situations, where sensors of other modalities face issues like a visual-optical camera that needs a source of illumination. As a consequence, not only human mistakes can be avoided by increasing the level of automation, but also machine-induced errors can be reduced that, for example, could make a self-driving car crash into a pedestrian under difficult illumination conditions. Furthermore, multi-spectral sensor systems with infrared imagery as one modality are a rich source of information and can provably increase the robustness of many autonomous systems. Applications that can benefit from utilizing infrared imagery range from robotics to automotive and from biometrics to surveillance. In this book, we provide a brief yet concise introduction to the current state-of-the-art of computer vision and machine learning in the infrared spectrum. Based on various popular computer vision tasks such as image enhancement, object detection, or object tracking, we first motivate each task starting from established literature in the visual-optical spectrum. Then, we discuss the differences between processing images and videos in the visual-optical spectrum and the various infrared spectra. An overview of the current literature is provided together with an outlook for each task. Furthermore, available and annotated public datasets and common evaluation methods and metrics are presented. In a separate chapter, popular applications that can greatly benefit from the use of infrared imagery as a data source are presented and discussed. Among them are automatic target recognition, video surveillance, or biometrics including face recognition. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for well-fitting sensor setups and data processing algorithms for certain computer vision tasks. We address this book to prospective researchers and engineers new to the field but also to anyone who wants to get introduced to the challenges and the approaches of computer vision using infrared images or videos. Readers will be able to start their work directly after reading the book supported by a highly comprehensive backlog of recent and relevant literature as well as related infrared datasets including existing evaluation frameworks. Together with consistently decreasing costs for infrared cameras, new fields of application appear and make computer vision in the infrared spectrum a great opportunity to face nowadays scientific and engineering challenges.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1636392431	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	MSIAU			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @ TSH2021			Serial	3666
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	Author	Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida (eds)
	Title	16th International Conference, 2021, Proceedings, Part II			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2021	Publication	Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2021	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12822	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	This four-volume set of LNCS 12821, LNCS 12822, LNCS 12823 and LNCS 12824, constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR 2021, held in Lausanne, Switzerland in September 2021. The 182 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 340 submissions, and are presented with 13 competition reports. The papers are organized into the following topical sections: document analysis for literature search, document summarization and translation, multimedia document analysis, mobile text recognition, document analysis for social good, indexing and retrieval of documents, physical and logical layout analysis, recognition of tables and formulas, and natural language processing (NLP) for document understanding.
	Address	Lausanne, Switzerland, September 5-10, 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Cham	Place of Publication		Editor	Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-030-86330-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICDAR
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @			Serial	3726
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	Author	Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida (eds)
	Title	16th International Conference, 2021, Proceedings, Part III			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2021	Publication	Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2021	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12823	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	This four-volume set of LNCS 12821, LNCS 12822, LNCS 12823 and LNCS 12824, constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR 2021, held in Lausanne, Switzerland in September 2021. The 182 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 340 submissions, and are presented with 13 competition reports. The papers are organized into the following topical sections: document analysis for literature search, document summarization and translation, multimedia document analysis, mobile text recognition, document analysis for social good, indexing and retrieval of documents, physical and logical layout analysis, recognition of tables and formulas, and natural language processing (NLP) for document understanding.
	Address	Lausanne, Switzerland, September 5-10, 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Cham	Place of Publication		Editor	Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-030-86333-3	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICDAR
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @			Serial	3727
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	Author	Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida (eds)
	Title	16th International Conference, 2021, Proceedings, Part IV			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2021	Publication	Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2021	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12824	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	This four-volume set of LNCS 12821, LNCS 12822, LNCS 12823 and LNCS 12824, constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR 2021, held in Lausanne, Switzerland in September 2021. The 182 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 340 submissions, and are presented with 13 competition reports. The papers are organized into the following topical sections: document analysis for literature search, document summarization and translation, multimedia document analysis, mobile text recognition, document analysis for social good, indexing and retrieval of documents, physical and logical layout analysis, recognition of tables and formulas, and natural language processing (NLP) for document understanding.
	Address	Lausanne, Switzerland, September 5-10, 2021
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Cham	Place of Publication		Editor	Josep Llados; Daniel Lopresti; Seiichi Uchida
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	LNCS
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-030-86336-4	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ICDAR
	Notes	DAG			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ si @			Serial	3728
Permanent link to this record