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Domicele Jonauskaite; Lucia Camenzind; C. Alejandro Parraga; Cecile N Diouf; Mathieu Mercapide Ducommun; Lauriane Müller; Melanie Norberg; Christine Mohr |
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Colour-emotion associations in individuals with red-green colour blindness |
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2021 |
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PeerJ |
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9 |
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e11180 |
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Affect; Chromotherapy; Colour cognition; Colour vision deficiency; Cross-modal correspondences; Daltonism; Deuteranopia; Dichromatic; Emotion; Protanopia. |
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Colours and emotions are associated in languages and traditions. Some of us may convey sadness by saying feeling blue or by wearing black clothes at funerals. The first example is a conceptual experience of colour and the second example is an immediate perceptual experience of colour. To investigate whether one or the other type of experience more strongly drives colour-emotion associations, we tested 64 congenitally red-green colour-blind men and 66 non-colour-blind men. All participants associated 12 colours, presented as terms or patches, with 20 emotion concepts, and rated intensities of the associated emotions. We found that colour-blind and non-colour-blind men associated similar emotions with colours, irrespective of whether colours were conveyed via terms (r = .82) or patches (r = .80). The colour-emotion associations and the emotion intensities were not modulated by participants' severity of colour blindness. Hinting at some additional, although minor, role of actual colour perception, the consistencies in associations for colour terms and patches were higher in non-colour-blind than colour-blind men. Together, these results suggest that colour-emotion associations in adults do not require immediate perceptual colour experiences, as conceptual experiences are sufficient. |
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CIC; LAMP; 600.120; 600.128 |
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Admin @ si @ JCP2021 |
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3564 |
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Julio C. S. Jacques Junior; Agata Lapedriza; Cristina Palmero; Xavier Baro; Sergio Escalera |
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Person Perception Biases Exposed: Revisiting the First Impressions Dataset |
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Conference Article |
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2021 |
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IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision |
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13-21 |
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This work revisits the ChaLearn First Impressions database, annotated for personality perception using pairwise comparisons via crowdsourcing. We analyse for the first time the original pairwise annotations, and reveal existing person perception biases associated to perceived attributes like gender, ethnicity, age and face attractiveness.
We show how person perception bias can influence data labelling of a subjective task, which has received little attention from the computer vision and machine learning communities by now. We further show that the mechanism used to convert pairwise annotations to continuous values may magnify the biases if no special treatment is considered. The findings of this study are relevant for the computer vision community that is still creating new datasets on subjective tasks, and using them for practical applications, ignoring these perceptual biases. |
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Virtual; January 2021 |
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WACV |
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HUPBA |
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Admin @ si @ JLP2021 |
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3533 |
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Dorota Kaminska; Kadir Aktas; Davit Rizhinashvili; Danila Kuklyanov; Abdallah Hussein Sham; Sergio Escalera; Kamal Nasrollahi; Thomas B. Moeslund; Gholamreza Anbarjafari |
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Title |
Two-stage Recognition and Beyond for Compound Facial Emotion Recognition |
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2021 |
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Electronics |
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ELEC |
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10 |
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22 |
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2847 |
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compound emotion recognition; facial expression recognition; dominant and complementary emotion recognition; deep learning |
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Facial emotion recognition is an inherently complex problem due to individual diversity in facial features and racial and cultural differences. Moreover, facial expressions typically reflect the mixture of people’s emotional statuses, which can be expressed using compound emotions. Compound facial emotion recognition makes the problem even more difficult because the discrimination between dominant and complementary emotions is usually weak. We have created a database that includes 31,250 facial images with different emotions of 115 subjects whose gender distribution is almost uniform to address compound emotion recognition. In addition, we have organized a competition based on the proposed dataset, held at FG workshop 2020. This paper analyzes the winner’s approach—a two-stage recognition method (1st stage, coarse recognition; 2nd stage, fine recognition), which enhances the classification of symmetrical emotion labels. |
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HUPBA; no proj |
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Admin @ si @ KAR2021 |
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3642 |
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Kaustubh Kulkarni; Ciprian Corneanu; Ikechukwu Ofodile; Sergio Escalera; Xavier Baro; Sylwia Hyniewska; Juri Allik; Gholamreza Anbarjafari |
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Title |
Automatic Recognition of Facial Displays of Unfelt Emotions |
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2021 |
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IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing |
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TAC |
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12 |
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2 |
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377 - 390 |
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Humans modify their facial expressions in order to communicate their internal states and sometimes to mislead observers regarding their true emotional states. Evidence in experimental psychology shows that discriminative facial responses are short and subtle. This suggests that such behavior would be easier to distinguish when captured in high resolution at an increased frame rate. We are proposing SASE-FE, the first dataset of facial expressions that are either congruent or incongruent with underlying emotion states. We show that overall the problem of recognizing whether facial movements are expressions of authentic emotions or not can be successfully addressed by learning spatio-temporal representations of the data. For this purpose, we propose a method that aggregates features along fiducial trajectories in a deeply learnt space. Performance of the proposed model shows that on average, it is easier to distinguish among genuine facial expressions of emotion than among unfelt facial expressions of emotion and that certain emotion pairs such as contempt and disgust are more difficult to distinguish than the rest. Furthermore, the proposed methodology improves state of the art results on CK+ and OULU-CASIA datasets for video emotion recognition, and achieves competitive results when classifying facial action units on BP4D datase. |
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HUPBA; no proj |
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Admin @ si @ KCO2021 |
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3658 |
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Sudeep Katakol; Basem Elbarashy; Luis Herranz; Joost Van de Weijer; Antonio Lopez |
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Title |
Distributed Learning and Inference with Compressed Images |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
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IEEE Transactions on Image Processing |
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TIP |
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30 |
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3069 - 3083 |
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Modern computer vision requires processing large amounts of data, both while training the model and/or during inference, once the model is deployed. Scenarios where images are captured and processed in physically separated locations are increasingly common (e.g. autonomous vehicles, cloud computing). In addition, many devices suffer from limited resources to store or transmit data (e.g. storage space, channel capacity). In these scenarios, lossy image compression plays a crucial role to effectively increase the number of images collected under such constraints. However, lossy compression entails some undesired degradation of the data that may harm the performance of the downstream analysis task at hand, since important semantic information may be lost in the process. Moreover, we may only have compressed images at training time but are able to use original images at inference time, or vice versa, and in such a case, the downstream model suffers from covariate shift. In this paper, we analyze this phenomenon, with a special focus on vision-based perception for autonomous driving as a paradigmatic scenario. We see that loss of semantic information and covariate shift do indeed exist, resulting in a drop in performance that depends on the compression rate. In order to address the problem, we propose dataset restoration, based on image restoration with generative adversarial networks (GANs). Our method is agnostic to both the particular image compression method and the downstream task; and has the advantage of not adding additional cost to the deployed models, which is particularly important in resource-limited devices. The presented experiments focus on semantic segmentation as a challenging use case, cover a broad range of compression rates and diverse datasets, and show how our method is able to significantly alleviate the negative effects of compression on the downstream visual task. |
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LAMP; ADAS; 600.120; 600.118 |
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Admin @ si @ KEH2021 |
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3543 |
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Sudeep Katakol; Luis Herranz; Fei Yang; Marta Mrak |
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DANICE: Domain adaptation without forgetting in neural image compression |
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2021 |
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Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops |
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1921-1925 |
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Neural image compression (NIC) is a new coding paradigm where coding capabilities are captured by deep models learned from data. This data-driven nature enables new potential functionalities. In this paper, we study the adaptability of codecs to custom domains of interest. We show that NIC codecs are transferable and that they can be adapted with relatively few target domain images. However, naive adaptation interferes with the solution optimized for the original source domain, resulting in forgetting the original coding capabilities in that domain, and may even break the compatibility with previously encoded bitstreams. Addressing these problems, we propose Codec Adaptation without Forgetting (CAwF), a framework that can avoid these problems by adding a small amount of custom parameters, where the source codec remains embedded and unchanged during the adaptation process. Experiments demonstrate its effectiveness and provide useful insights on the characteristics of catastrophic interference in NIC. |
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Virtual; June 2021 |
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CVPRW |
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LAMP; 600.120; 600.141; 601.379 |
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Admin @ si @ KHY2021 |
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3568 |
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Lei Kang; Pau Riba; Marcal Rusinol; Alicia Fornes; Mauricio Villegas |
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Content and Style Aware Generation of Text-line Images for Handwriting Recognition |
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2021 |
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IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence |
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TPAMI |
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Handwritten Text Recognition has achieved an impressive performance in public benchmarks. However, due to the high inter- and intra-class variability between handwriting styles, such recognizers need to be trained using huge volumes of manually labeled training data. To alleviate this labor-consuming problem, synthetic data produced with TrueType fonts has been often used in the training loop to gain volume and augment the handwriting style variability. However, there is a significant style bias between synthetic and real data which hinders the improvement of recognition performance. To deal with such limitations, we propose a generative method for handwritten text-line images, which is conditioned on both visual appearance and textual content. Our method is able to produce long text-line samples with diverse handwriting styles. Once properly trained, our method can also be adapted to new target data by only accessing unlabeled text-line images to mimic handwritten styles and produce images with any textual content. Extensive experiments have been done on making use of the generated samples to boost Handwritten Text Recognition performance. Both qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the current state of the art. |
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DAG; 600.140; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ KRR2021 |
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3612 |
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Lei Kang; Pau Riba; Mauricio Villegas; Alicia Fornes; Marçal Rusiñol |
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Candidate Fusion: Integrating Language Modelling into a Sequence-to-Sequence Handwritten Word Recognition Architecture |
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2021 |
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Pattern Recognition |
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PR |
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112 |
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107790 |
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Sequence-to-sequence models have recently become very popular for tackling
handwritten word recognition problems. However, how to effectively integrate an external language model into such recognizer is still a challenging
problem. The main challenge faced when training a language model is to
deal with the language model corpus which is usually different to the one
used for training the handwritten word recognition system. Thus, the bias
between both word corpora leads to incorrectness on the transcriptions, providing similar or even worse performances on the recognition task. In this
work, we introduce Candidate Fusion, a novel way to integrate an external
language model to a sequence-to-sequence architecture. Moreover, it provides suggestions from an external language knowledge, as a new input to
the sequence-to-sequence recognizer. Hence, Candidate Fusion provides two
improvements. On the one hand, the sequence-to-sequence recognizer has
the flexibility not only to combine the information from itself and the language model, but also to choose the importance of the information provided
by the language model. On the other hand, the external language model
has the ability to adapt itself to the training corpus and even learn the
most commonly errors produced from the recognizer. Finally, by conducting
comprehensive experiments, the Candidate Fusion proves to outperform the
state-of-the-art language models for handwritten word recognition tasks. |
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DAG; 600.140; 601.302; 601.312; 600.121 |
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Admin @ si @ KRV2021 |
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3343 |
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Marta Ligero; Alonso Garcia Ruiz; Cristina Viaplana; Guillermo Villacampa; Maria V Raciti; Jaid Landa; Ignacio Matos; Juan Martin Liberal; Maria Ochoa de Olza; Cinta Hierro; Joaquin Mateo; Macarena Gonzalez; Rafael Morales Barrera; Cristina Suarez; Jordi Rodon; Elena Elez; Irene Braña; Eva Muñoz-Couselo; Ana Oaknin; Roberta Fasani; Paolo Nuciforo; Debora Gil; Carlota Rubio Perez; Joan Seoane; Enriqueta Felip; Manuel Escobar; Josep Tabernero; Joan Carles; Rodrigo Dienstmann; Elena Garralda; Raquel Perez Lopez |
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A CT-based radiomics signature is associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced solid tumors |
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2021 |
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Radiology |
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299 |
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1 |
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109-119 |
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Background Reliable predictive imaging markers of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors are needed. Purpose To develop and validate a pretreatment CT-based radiomics signature to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced solid tumors. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, a radiomics signature was developed in patients with advanced solid tumors (including breast, cervix, gastrointestinal) treated with anti-programmed cell death-1 or programmed cell death ligand-1 monotherapy from August 2012 to May 2018 (cohort 1). This was tested in patients with bladder and lung cancer (cohorts 2 and 3). Radiomics variables were extracted from all metastases delineated at pretreatment CT and selected by using an elastic-net model. A regression model combined radiomics and clinical variables with response as the end point. Biologic validation of the radiomics score with RNA profiling of cytotoxic cells (cohort 4) was assessed with Mann-Whitney analysis. Results The radiomics signature was developed in 85 patients (cohort 1: mean age, 58 years ± 13 [standard deviation]; 43 men) and tested on 46 patients (cohort 2: mean age, 70 years ± 12; 37 men) and 47 patients (cohort 3: mean age, 64 years ± 11; 40 men). Biologic validation was performed in a further cohort of 20 patients (cohort 4: mean age, 60 years ± 13; 14 men). The radiomics signature was associated with clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (area under the curve [AUC], 0.70; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.77; P < .001). In cohorts 2 and 3, the AUC was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.76) and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.77; P < .001), respectively. A radiomics-clinical signature (including baseline albumin level and lymphocyte count) improved on radiomics-only performance (AUC, 0.74 [95% CI: 0.63, 0.84; P < .001]; Akaike information criterion, 107.00 and 109.90, respectively). Conclusion A pretreatment CT-based radiomics signature is associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, likely reflecting the tumor immunophenotype. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Summers in this issue. |
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IAM; 600.145 |
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Admin @ si @ LGV2021 |
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3593 |
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Vincenzo Lomonaco; Lorenzo Pellegrini; Andrea Cossu; Antonio Carta; Gabriele Graffieti; Tyler L. Hayes; Matthias De Lange; Marc Masana; Jary Pomponi; Gido van de Ven; Martin Mundt; Qi She; Keiland Cooper; Jeremy Forest; Eden Belouadah; Simone Calderara; German I. Parisi; Fabio Cuzzolin; Andreas Tolias; Simone Scardapane; Luca Antiga; Subutai Amhad; Adrian Popescu; Christopher Kanan; Joost Van de Weijer; Tinne Tuytelaars; Davide Bacciu; Davide Maltoni |
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Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learning |
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2021 |
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34th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops |
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3595-3605 |
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Learning continually from non-stationary data streams is a long-standing goal and a challenging problem in machine learning. Recently, we have witnessed a renewed and fast-growing interest in continual learning, especially within the deep learning community. However, algorithmic solutions are often difficult to re-implement, evaluate and port across different settings, where even results on standard benchmarks are hard to reproduce. In this work, we propose Avalanche, an open-source end-to-end library for continual learning research based on PyTorch. Avalanche is designed to provide a shared and collaborative codebase for fast prototyping, training, and reproducible evaluation of continual learning algorithms. |
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Virtual; June 2021 |
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LAMP; 600.120 |
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Admin @ si @ LPC2021 |
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3567 |
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Zhengying Liu; Adrien Pavao; Zhen Xu; Sergio Escalera; Fabio Ferreira; Isabelle Guyon; Sirui Hong; Frank Hutter; Rongrong Ji; Julio C. S. Jacques Junior; Ge Li; Marius Lindauer; Zhipeng Luo; Meysam Madadi; Thomas Nierhoff; Kangning Niu; Chunguang Pan; Danny Stoll; Sebastien Treguer; Jin Wang; Peng Wang; Chenglin Wu; Youcheng Xiong; Arber Zela; Yang Zhang |
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Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analyses of the ChaLearn AutoDL Challenge 2019 |
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2021 |
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IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence |
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TPAMI |
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43 |
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9 |
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3108 - 3125 |
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This paper reports the results and post-challenge analyses of ChaLearn's AutoDL challenge series, which helped sorting out a profusion of AutoML solutions for Deep Learning (DL) that had been introduced in a variety of settings, but lacked fair comparisons. All input data modalities (time series, images, videos, text, tabular) were formatted as tensors and all tasks were multi-label classification problems. Code submissions were executed on hidden tasks, with limited time and computational resources, pushing solutions that get results quickly. In this setting, DL methods dominated, though popular Neural Architecture Search (NAS) was impractical. Solutions relied on fine-tuned pre-trained networks, with architectures matching data modality. Post-challenge tests did not reveal improvements beyond the imposed time limit. While no component is particularly original or novel, a high level modular organization emerged featuring a “meta-learner”, “data ingestor”, “model selector”, “model/learner”, and “evaluator”. This modularity enabled ablation studies, which revealed the importance of (off-platform) meta-learning, ensembling, and efficient data management. Experiments on heterogeneous module combinations further confirm the (local) optimality of the winning solutions. Our challenge legacy includes an ever-lasting benchmark (http://autodl.chalearn.org), the open-sourced code of the winners, and a free “AutoDL self-service.” |
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HUPBA; no proj |
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Admin @ si @ LPX2021 |
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3587 |
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Ajian Liu; Zichang Tan; Jun Wan; Sergio Escalera; Guodong Guo; Stan Z. Li |
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CASIA-SURF CeFA: A Benchmark for Multi-modal Cross-Ethnicity Face Anti-Spoofing |
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2021 |
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IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision |
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1178-1186 |
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The issue of ethnic bias has proven to affect the performance of face recognition in previous works, while it still remains to be vacant in face anti-spoofing. Therefore, in order to study the ethnic bias for face anti-spoofing, we introduce the largest CASIA-SURF Cross-ethnicity Face Anti-spoofing (CeFA) dataset, covering 3 ethnicities, 3 modalities, 1,607 subjects, and 2D plus 3D attack types. Five protocols are introduced to measure the affect under varied evaluation conditions, such as cross-ethnicity, unknown spoofs or both of them. As our knowledge, CASIA-SURF CeFA is the first dataset including explicit ethnic labels in current released datasets. Then, we propose a novel multi-modal fusion method as a strong baseline to alleviate the ethnic bias, which employs a partially shared fusion strategy to learn complementary information from multiple modalities. Extensive experiments have been conducted on the proposed dataset to verify its significance and generalization capability for other existing datasets, i.e., CASIA-SURF, OULU-NPU and SiW datasets. The dataset is available at https://sites.google.com/qq.com/face-anti-spoofing/welcome/challengecvpr2020?authuser=0. |
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Virtual; January 2021 |
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WACV |
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HUPBA; no proj |
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Admin @ si @ LTW2021 |
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3661 |
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Ajian Liu; Chenxu Zhao; Zitong Yu; Anyang Su; Xing Liu; Zijian Kong; Jun Wan; Sergio Escalera; Hugo Jair Escalante; Zhen Lei; Guodong Guo |
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3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challenge |
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2021 |
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IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops |
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814-823 |
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The threat of 3D mask to face recognition systems is increasing serious, and has been widely concerned by researchers. To facilitate the study of the algorithms, a large-scale High-Fidelity Mask dataset, namely CASIA-SURF HiFiMask (briefly HiFiMask) has been collected. Specifically, it consists of total amount of 54,600 videos which are recorded from 75 subjects with 225 realistic masks under 7 new kinds of sensors. Based on this dataset and Protocol 3 which evaluates both the discrimination and generalization ability of the algorithm under the open set scenarios, we organized a 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challenge to boost the research of 3D mask based attack detection. It attracted more than 200 teams for the development phase with a total of 18 teams qualifying for the final round. All the results were verified and re-ran by the organizing team, and the results were used for the final ranking. This paper presents an overview of the challenge, including the introduction of the dataset used, the definition of the protocol, the calculation of the evaluation criteria, and the summary and publication of the competition results. Finally, we focus on introducing and analyzing the top ranked algorithms, the conclusion summary, and the research ideas for mask attack detection provided by this competition. |
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Virtual; October 2021 |
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ICCVW |
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HUPBA; no proj |
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Admin @ si @ LZY2021 |
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3646 |
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Javier Marin; Sergio Escalera |
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SSSGAN: Satellite Style and Structure Generative Adversarial Networks |
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2021 |
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Remote Sensing |
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13 |
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19 |
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3984 |
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This work presents Satellite Style and Structure Generative Adversarial Network (SSGAN), a generative model of high resolution satellite imagery to support image segmentation. Based on spatially adaptive denormalization modules (SPADE) that modulate the activations with respect to segmentation map structure, in addition to global descriptor vectors that capture the semantic information in a vector with respect to Open Street Maps (OSM) classes, this model is able to produce
consistent aerial imagery. By decoupling the generation of aerial images into a structure map and a carefully defined style vector, we were able to improve the realism and geodiversity of the synthesis with respect to the state-of-the-art baseline. Therefore, the proposed model allows us to control the generation not only with respect to the desired structure, but also with respect to a geographic area. |
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HUPBA; no proj |
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Admin @ si @ MaE2021 |
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3651 |
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Armin Mehri; Parichehr Behjati Ardakani; Angel Sappa |
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LiNet: A Lightweight Network for Image Super Resolution |
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2021 |
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25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition |
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This paper proposes a new lightweight network, LiNet, that enhancing technical efficiency in lightweight super resolution and operating approximately like very large and costly networks in terms of number of network parameters and operations. The proposed architecture allows the network to learn more abstract properties by avoiding low-level information via multiple links. LiNet introduces a Compact Dense Module, which contains set of inner and outer blocks, to efficiently extract meaningful information, to better leverage multi-level representations before upsampling stage, and to allow an efficient information and gradient flow within the network. Experiments on benchmark datasets show that the proposed LiNet achieves favorable performance against lightweight state-of-the-art methods. |
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Virtual; January 2021 |
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MSIAU; 600.130; 600.122 |
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Admin @ si @ MAS2021a |
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3583 |
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