Gisel Bastidas-Guacho, Patricio Moreno, Boris X. Vintimilla, & Angel Sappa. (2023). Application on the Loop of Multimodal Image Fusion: Trends on Deep-Learning Based Approaches. In 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Systems (Vol. 14234, 25–36).
Abstract: Multimodal image fusion allows the combination of information from different modalities, which is useful for tasks such as object detection, edge detection, and tracking, to name a few. Using the fused representation for applications results in better task performance. There are several image fusion approaches, which have been summarized in surveys. However, the existing surveys focus on image fusion approaches where the application on the loop of multimodal image fusion is not considered. On the contrary, this study summarizes deep learning-based multimodal image fusion for computer vision (e.g., object detection) and image processing applications (e.g., semantic segmentation), that is, approaches where the application module leverages the multimodal fusion process to enhance the final result. Firstly, we introduce image fusion and the existing general frameworks for image fusion tasks such as multifocus, multiexposure and multimodal. Then, we describe the multimodal image fusion approaches. Next, we review the state-of-the-art deep learning multimodal image fusion approaches for vision applications. Finally, we conclude our survey with the trends of task-driven multimodal image fusion.
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Iban Berganzo-Besga, Hector A. Orengo, Felipe Lumbreras, Aftab Alam, Rosie Campbell, Petrus J Gerrits, et al. (2023). Curriculum learning-based strategy for low-density archaeological mound detection from historical maps in India and Pakistan. ScR - Scientific Reports, 13, 11257.
Abstract: This paper presents two algorithms for the large-scale automatic detection and instance segmentation of potential archaeological mounds on historical maps. Historical maps present a unique source of information for the reconstruction of ancient landscapes. The last 100 years have seen unprecedented landscape modifications with the introduction and large-scale implementation of mechanised agriculture, channel-based irrigation schemes, and urban expansion to name but a few. Historical maps offer a window onto disappearing landscapes where many historical and archaeological elements that no longer exist today are depicted. The algorithms focus on the detection and shape extraction of mound features with high probability of being archaeological settlements, mounds being one of the most commonly documented archaeological features to be found in the Survey of India historical map series, although not necessarily recognised as such at the time of surveying. Mound features with high archaeological potential are most commonly depicted through hachures or contour-equivalent form-lines, therefore, an algorithm has been designed to detect each of those features. Our proposed approach addresses two of the most common issues in archaeological automated survey, the low-density of archaeological features to be detected, and the small amount of training data available. It has been applied to all types of maps available of the historic 1″ to 1-mile series, thus increasing the complexity of the detection. Moreover, the inclusion of synthetic data, along with a Curriculum Learning strategy, has allowed the algorithm to better understand what the mound features look like. Likewise, a series of filters based on topographic setting, form, and size have been applied to improve the accuracy of the models. The resulting algorithms have a recall value of 52.61% and a precision of 82.31% for the hachure mounds, and a recall value of 70.80% and a precision of 70.29% for the form-line mounds, which allowed the detection of nearly 6000 mound features over an area of 470,500 km2, the largest such approach to have ever been applied. If we restrict our focus to the maps most similar to those used in the algorithm training, we reach recall values greater than 60% and precision values greater than 90%. This approach has shown the potential to implement an adaptive algorithm that allows, after a small amount of retraining with data detected from a new map, a better general mound feature detection in the same map.
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Parichehr Behjati, Pau Rodriguez, Carles Fernandez, Isabelle Hupont, Armin Mehri, & Jordi Gonzalez. (2023). Single image super-resolution based on directional variance attention network. PR - Pattern Recognition, 133, 108997.
Abstract: Recent advances in single image super-resolution (SISR) explore the power of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to achieve better performance. However, most of the progress has been made by scaling CNN architectures, which usually raise computational demands and memory consumption. This makes modern architectures less applicable in practice. In addition, most CNN-based SR methods do not fully utilize the informative hierarchical features that are helpful for final image recovery. In order to address these issues, we propose a directional variance attention network (DiVANet), a computationally efficient yet accurate network for SISR. Specifically, we introduce a novel directional variance attention (DiVA) mechanism to capture long-range spatial dependencies and exploit inter-channel dependencies simultaneously for more discriminative representations. Furthermore, we propose a residual attention feature group (RAFG) for parallelizing attention and residual block computation. The output of each residual block is linearly fused at the RAFG output to provide access to the whole feature hierarchy. In parallel, DiVA extracts most relevant features from the network for improving the final output and preventing information loss along the successive operations inside the network. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of DiVANet over the state of the art in several datasets, while maintaining relatively low computation and memory footprint. The code is available at https://github.com/pbehjatii/DiVANet.
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Asma Bensalah, Antonio Parziale, Giuseppe De Gregorio, Angelo Marcelli, Alicia Fornes, & Josep Llados. (2023). I Can’t Believe It’s Not Better: In-air Movement for Alzheimer Handwriting Synthetic Generation. In 21st International Graphonomics Conference (136–148).
Abstract: During recent years, there here has been a boom in terms of deep learning use for handwriting analysis and recognition. One main application for handwriting analysis is early detection and diagnosis in the health field. Unfortunately, most real case problems still suffer a scarcity of data, which makes difficult the use of deep learning-based models. To alleviate this problem, some works resort to synthetic data generation. Lately, more works are directed towards guided data synthetic generation, a generation that uses the domain and data knowledge to generate realistic data that can be useful to train deep learning models. In this work, we combine the domain knowledge about the Alzheimer’s disease for handwriting and use it for a more guided data generation. Concretely, we have explored the use of in-air movements for synthetic data generation.
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Juan Borrego-Carazo, Carles Sanchez, David Castells, Jordi Carrabina, & Debora Gil. (2023). BronchoPose: an analysis of data and model configuration for vision-based bronchoscopy pose estimation. CMPB - Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 228, 107241.
Abstract: Vision-based bronchoscopy (VB) models require the registration of the virtual lung model with the frames from the video bronchoscopy to provide effective guidance during the biopsy. The registration can be achieved by either tracking the position and orientation of the bronchoscopy camera or by calibrating its deviation from the pose (position and orientation) simulated in the virtual lung model. Recent advances in neural networks and temporal image processing have provided new opportunities for guided bronchoscopy. However, such progress has been hindered by the lack of comparative experimental conditions.
In the present paper, we share a novel synthetic dataset allowing for a fair comparison of methods. Moreover, this paper investigates several neural network architectures for the learning of temporal information at different levels of subject personalization. In order to improve orientation measurement, we also present a standardized comparison framework and a novel metric for camera orientation learning. Results on the dataset show that the proposed metric and architectures, as well as the standardized conditions, provide notable improvements to current state-of-the-art camera pose estimation in video bronchoscopy.
Keywords: Videobronchoscopy guiding; Deep learning; Architecture optimization; Datasets; Standardized evaluation framework; Pose estimation
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Kunal Biswas, Palaiahnakote Shivakumara, Umapada Pal, Tong Lu, Michel Blumenstein, & Josep Llados. (2023). Classification of aesthetic natural scene images using statistical and semantic features. MTAP - Multimedia Tools and Applications, 82(9), 13507–13532.
Abstract: Aesthetic image analysis is essential for improving the performance of multimedia image retrieval systems, especially from a repository of social media and multimedia content stored on mobile devices. This paper presents a novel method for classifying aesthetic natural scene images by studying the naturalness of image content using statistical features, and reading text in the images using semantic features. Unlike existing methods that focus only on image quality with human information, the proposed approach focuses on image features as well as text-based semantic features without human intervention to reduce the gap between subjectivity and objectivity in the classification. The aesthetic classes considered in this work are (i) Very Pleasant, (ii) Pleasant, (iii) Normal and (iv) Unpleasant. The naturalness is represented by features of focus, defocus, perceived brightness, perceived contrast, blurriness and noisiness, while semantics are represented by text recognition, description of the images and labels of images, profile pictures, and banner images. Furthermore, a deep learning model is proposed in a novel way to fuse statistical and semantic features for the classification of aesthetic natural scene images. Experiments on our own dataset and the standard datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves 92.74%, 88.67% and 83.22% average classification rates on our own dataset, AVA dataset and CUHKPQ dataset, respectively. Furthermore, a comparative study of the proposed model with the existing methods shows that the proposed method is effective for the classification of aesthetic social media images.
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Roger Max Calle Quispe, Maya Aghaei Gavari, & Eduardo Aguilar Torres. (2023). Towards real-time accurate safety helmets detection through a deep learning-based method. Ingeniare. Revista chilena de ingenieria.
Abstract: Occupational safety is a fundamental activity in industries and revolves around the management of the necessary controls that must be present to mitigate occupational risks. These controls include verifying the use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). Within PPE, safety helmets are vital to reducing severe or fatal consequences caused by head injuries. This problem has been addressed recently by various research based on deep learning to detect the usage of safety helmets by the present people in the industrial field.
These works have achieved promising results for safety helmet detection using object detection methods from the YOLO family. In this work, we propose to analyze the performance of Scaled-YOLOv4, a novel model of the YOLO family that has yet to be previously studied for this problem. The performance of the Scaled-YOLOv4 is evaluated on two public databases, carefully selected among the previously proposed datasets for the occupational safety framework. We demonstrate the superiority of Scaled-YOLOv4 in terms of mAP and Fl-score concerning the previous works for both databases. Further, we summarize the currently available datasets for safety helmet detection purposes and discuss their suitability.
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P. Canals, Simone Balocco, O. Diaz, J. Li, A. Garcia Tornel, M. Olive Gadea, et al. (2023). A fully automatic method for vascular tortuosity feature extraction in the supra-aortic region: unraveling possibilities in stroke treatment planning. CMIG - Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 104(102170).
Abstract: Vascular tortuosity of supra-aortic vessels is widely considered one of the main reasons for failure and delays in endovascular treatment of large vessel occlusion in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Characterization of tortuosity is a challenging task due to the lack of objective, robust and effective analysis tools. We present a fully automatic method for arterial segmentation, vessel labelling and tortuosity feature extraction applied to the supra-aortic region. A sample of 566 computed tomography angiography scans from acute ischemic stroke patients (aged 74.8 ± 12.9, 51.0% females) were used for training, validation and testing of a segmentation module based on a U-Net architecture (162 cases) and a vessel labelling module powered by a graph U-Net (566 cases). Successively, 30 cases were processed for testing of a tortuosity feature extraction module. Measurements obtained through automatic processing were compared to manual annotations from two observers for a thorough validation of the method. The proposed feature extraction method presented similar performance to the inter-rater variability observed in the measurement of 33 geometrical and morphological features of the arterial anatomy in the supra-aortic region. This system will contribute to the development of more complex models to advance the treatment of stroke by adding immediate automation, objectivity, repeatability and robustness to the vascular tortuosity characterization of patients.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Deep learning; Stroke; Thrombectomy; Vascular feature extraction; Vascular tortuosity
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Pau Cano, Alvaro Caravaca, Debora Gil, & Eva Musulen. (2023). Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori using AutoEncoders for the Detection of Anomalous Staining Patterns in Immunohistochemistry Images.
Abstract: This work addresses the detection of Helicobacter pylori a bacterium classified since 1994 as class 1 carcinogen to humans. By its highest specificity and sensitivity, the preferred diagnosis technique is the analysis of histological images with immunohistochemical staining, a process in which certain stained antibodies bind to antigens of the biological element of interest. This analysis is a time demanding task, which is currently done by an expert pathologist that visually inspects the digitized samples.
We propose to use autoencoders to learn latent patterns of healthy tissue and detect H. pylori as an anomaly in image staining. Unlike existing classification approaches, an autoencoder is able to learn patterns in an unsupervised manner (without the need of image annotations) with high performance. In particular, our model has an overall 91% of accuracy with 86\% sensitivity, 96% specificity and 0.97 AUC in the detection of H. pylori.
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Antonio Carta, Andrea Cossu, Vincenzo Lomonaco, Davide Bacciu, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2023). Projected Latent Distillation for Data-Agnostic Consolidation in Distributed Continual Learning.
Abstract: Distributed learning on the edge often comprises self-centered devices (SCD) which learn local tasks independently and are unwilling to contribute to the performance of other SDCs. How do we achieve forward transfer at zero cost for the single SCDs? We formalize this problem as a Distributed Continual Learning scenario, where SCD adapt to local tasks and a CL model consolidates the knowledge from the resulting stream of models without looking at the SCD's private data. Unfortunately, current CL methods are not directly applicable to this scenario. We propose Data-Agnostic Consolidation (DAC), a novel double knowledge distillation method that consolidates the stream of SC models without using the original data. DAC performs distillation in the latent space via a novel Projected Latent Distillation loss. Experimental results show that DAC enables forward transfer between SCDs and reaches state-of-the-art accuracy on Split CIFAR100, CORe50 and Split TinyImageNet, both in reharsal-free and distributed CL scenarios. Somewhat surprisingly, even a single out-of-distribution image is sufficient as the only source of data during consolidation.
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Pau Cano, Debora Gil, & Eva Musulen. (2023). Towards automatic detection of helicobacter pylori in histological samples of gastric tissue. In IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging.
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Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Vladimir Somers, Floriane Magera, Xin Zhou, Hassan Mkhallati, et al. (2023). SoccerNet 2023 Challenges Results.
Abstract: The SoccerNet 2023 challenges were the third annual video understanding challenges organized by the SoccerNet team. For this third edition, the challenges were composed of seven vision-based tasks split into three main themes. The first theme, broadcast video understanding, is composed of three high-level tasks related to describing events occurring in the video broadcasts: (1) action spotting, focusing on retrieving all timestamps related to global actions in soccer, (2) ball action spotting, focusing on retrieving all timestamps related to the soccer ball change of state, and (3) dense video captioning, focusing on describing the broadcast with natural language and anchored timestamps. The second theme, field understanding, relates to the single task of (4) camera calibration, focusing on retrieving the intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters from images. The third and last theme, player understanding, is composed of three low-level tasks related to extracting information about the players: (5) re-identification, focusing on retrieving the same players across multiple views, (6) multiple object tracking, focusing on tracking players and the ball through unedited video streams, and (7) jersey number recognition, focusing on recognizing the jersey number of players from tracklets. Compared to the previous editions of the SoccerNet challenges, tasks (2-3-7) are novel, including new annotations and data, task (4) was enhanced with more data and annotations, and task (6) now focuses on end-to-end approaches. More information on the tasks, challenges, and leaderboards are available on this https URL. Baselines and development kits can be found on this https URL.
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Mickael Coustaty, & Alicia Fornes. (2023). Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2023 Workshops (Vol. 14194). LNCS.
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Qingshan Chen, Zhenzhen Quan, Yifan Hu, Yujun Li, Zhi Liu, & Mikhail Mozerov. (2023). MSIF: multi-spectrum image fusion method for cross-modality person re-identification. IJMLC - International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, .
Abstract: Sketch-RGB cross-modality person re-identification (ReID) is a challenging task that aims to match a sketch portrait drawn by a professional artist with a full-body photo taken by surveillance equipment to deal with situations where the monitoring equipment is damaged at the accident scene. However, sketch portraits only provide highly abstract frontal body contour information and lack other important features such as color, pose, behavior, etc. The difference in saliency between the two modalities brings new challenges to cross-modality person ReID. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a novel dual-stream model for cross-modality person ReID, which is able to mine modality-invariant features to reduce the discrepancy between sketch and camera images end-to-end. More specifically, we propose a multi-spectrum image fusion (MSIF) method, which aims to exploit the image appearance changes brought by multiple spectrums and guide the network to mine modality-invariant commonalities during training. It only processes the spectrum of the input images without adding additional calculations and model complexity, which can be easily integrated into other models. Moreover, we introduce a joint structure via a generalized mean pooling (GMP) layer and a self-attention (SA) mechanism to balance background and texture information and obtain the regional features with a large amount of information in the image. To further shrink the intra-class distance, a weighted regularized triplet (WRT) loss is developed without introducing additional hyperparameters. The model was first evaluated on the PKU Sketch ReID dataset, and extensive experimental results show that the Rank-1/mAP accuracy of our method is 87.00%/91.12%, reaching the current state-of-the-art performance. To further validate the effectiveness of our approach in handling cross-modality person ReID, we conducted experiments on two commonly used IR-RGB datasets (SYSU-MM01 and RegDB). The obtained results show that our method achieves competitive performance. These results confirm the ability of our method to effectively process images from different modalities.
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Qingshan Chen, Zhenzhen Quan, Yujun Li, Chao Zhai, & Mikhail Mozerov. (2023). An Unsupervised Domain Adaption Approach for Cross-Modality RGB-Infrared Person Re-Identification. IEEE-SENS - IEEE Sensors Journal, 23(24).
Abstract: Dual-camera systems commonly employed in surveillance serve as the foundation for RGB-infrared (IR) cross-modality person re-identification (ReID). However, significant modality differences give rise to inferior performance compared to single-modality scenarios. Furthermore, most existing studies in this area rely on supervised training with meticulously labeled datasets. Labeling RGB-IR image pairs is more complex than labeling conventional image data, and deploying pretrained models on unlabeled datasets can lead to catastrophic performance degradation. In contrast to previous solutions that focus solely on cross-modality or domain adaptation issues, this article presents an end-to-end unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) framework for the cross-modality person ReID, which can simultaneously address both of these challenges. This model employs source domain classes, target domain clusters, and unclustered instance samples for the training, maximizing the comprehensive use of the dataset. Moreover, it addresses the problem of mismatched clustering labels between the two modalities in the target domain by incorporating a label matching module that reassigns reliable clusters with labels, ensuring correspondence between different modality labels. We construct the loss function by incorporating distinctiveness loss and multiplicity loss, both of which are determined by the similarity of neighboring features in the predicted feature space and the difference between distant features. This approach enables efficient feature clustering and cluster class assignment to occur concurrently. Eight UDA cross-modality person ReID experiments are conducted on three real datasets and six synthetic datasets. The experimental results unequivocally demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms the existing state-of-the-art algorithms to a significant degree. Notably, in RegDB → RegDB_light, the Rank-1 accuracy exhibits a remarkable improvement of 8.24%.
Keywords: Q. Chen, Z. Quan, Y. Li, C. Zhai and M. G. Mozerov
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