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| Author | Carola Figueroa Flores; David Berga; Joost Van de Weijer; Bogdan Raducanu | ||||
| Title | Saliency for free: Saliency prediction as a side-effect of object recognition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 150 | Issue | Pages | 1-7 | |
| Keywords | Saliency maps; Unsupervised learning; Object recognition | ||||
| Abstract | Saliency is the perceptual capacity of our visual system to focus our attention (i.e. gaze) on relevant objects instead of the background. So far, computational methods for saliency estimation required the explicit generation of a saliency map, process which is usually achieved via eyetracking experiments on still images. This is a tedious process that needs to be repeated for each new dataset. In the current paper, we demonstrate that is possible to automatically generate saliency maps without ground-truth. In our approach, saliency maps are learned as a side effect of object recognition. Extensive experiments carried out on both real and synthetic datasets demonstrated that our approach is able to generate accurate saliency maps, achieving competitive results when compared with supervised methods. | ||||
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| Notes | LAMP; 600.147; 600.120 | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ FBW2021 | Serial | 3559 | ||
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| Author | Lluis Gomez; Ali Furkan Biten; Ruben Tito; Andres Mafla; Marçal Rusiñol; Ernest Valveny; Dimosthenis Karatzas | ||||
| Title | Multimodal grid features and cell pointers for scene text visual question answering | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 150 | Issue | Pages | 242-249 | |
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| Abstract | This paper presents a new model for the task of scene text visual question answering. In this task questions about a given image can only be answered by reading and understanding scene text. Current state of the art models for this task make use of a dual attention mechanism in which one attention module attends to visual features while the other attends to textual features. A possible issue with this is that it makes difficult for the model to reason jointly about both modalities. To fix this problem we propose a new model that is based on an single attention mechanism that attends to multi-modal features conditioned to the question. The output weights of this attention module over a grid of multi-modal spatial features are interpreted as the probability that a certain spatial location of the image contains the answer text to the given question. Our experiments demonstrate competitive performance in two standard datasets with a model that is faster than previous methods at inference time. Furthermore, we also provide a novel analysis of the ST-VQA dataset based on a human performance study. Supplementary material, code, and data is made available through this link. | ||||
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| Notes | DAG; 600.084; 600.121 | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ GBT2021 | Serial | 3620 | ||
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| Author | B. Gautam; Oriol Ramos Terrades; Joana Maria Pujadas-Mora; Miquel Valls-Figols | ||||
| Title | Knowledge graph based methods for record linkage | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 136 | Issue | Pages | 127-133 | |
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| Abstract | Nowadays, it is common in Historical Demography the use of individual-level data as a consequence of a predominant life-course approach for the understanding of the demographic behaviour, family transition, mobility, etc. Advanced record linkage is key since it allows increasing the data complexity and its volume to be analyzed. However, current methods are constrained to link data from the same kind of sources. Knowledge graph are flexible semantic representations, which allow to encode data variability and semantic relations in a structured manner.
In this paper we propose the use of knowledge graph methods to tackle record linkage tasks. The proposed method, named WERL, takes advantage of the main knowledge graph properties and learns embedding vectors to encode census information. These embeddings are properly weighted to maximize the record linkage performance. We have evaluated this method on benchmark data sets and we have compared it to related methods with stimulating and satisfactory results. |
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| Notes | DAG; 600.140; 600.121 | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ GRP2020 | Serial | 3453 | ||
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| Author | Jaume Gibert; Ernest Valveny; Horst Bunke | ||||
| Title | Feature Selection on Node Statistics Based Embedding of Graphs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 33 | Issue | 15 | Pages | 1980–1990 |
| Keywords | Structural pattern recognition; Graph embedding; Feature ranking; PCA; Graph classification | ||||
| Abstract | Representing a graph with a feature vector is a common way of making statistical machine learning algorithms applicable to the domain of graphs. Such a transition from graphs to vectors is known as graphembedding. A key issue in graphembedding is to select a proper set of features in order to make the vectorial representation of graphs as strong and discriminative as possible. In this article, we propose features that are constructed out of frequencies of node label representatives. We first build a large set of features and then select the most discriminative ones according to different ranking criteria and feature transformation algorithms. On different classification tasks, we experimentally show that only a small significant subset of these features is needed to achieve the same classification rates as competing to state-of-the-art methods. | ||||
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| Notes | DAG | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ GVB2012b | Serial | 1993 | ||
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| Author | Antonio Hernandez; Miguel Angel Bautista; Xavier Perez Sala; Victor Ponce; Sergio Escalera; Xavier Baro; Oriol Pujol; Cecilio Angulo | ||||
| Title | Probability-based Dynamic Time Warping and Bag-of-Visual-and-Depth-Words for Human Gesture Recognition in RGB-D | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 112-121 |
| Keywords | RGB-D; Bag-of-Words; Dynamic Time Warping; Human Gesture Recognition | ||||
| Abstract | PATREC5825
We present a methodology to address the problem of human gesture segmentation and recognition in video and depth image sequences. A Bag-of-Visual-and-Depth-Words (BoVDW) model is introduced as an extension of the Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW) model. State-of-the-art RGB and depth features, including a newly proposed depth descriptor, are analysed and combined in a late fusion form. The method is integrated in a Human Gesture Recognition pipeline, together with a novel probability-based Dynamic Time Warping (PDTW) algorithm which is used to perform prior segmentation of idle gestures. The proposed DTW variant uses samples of the same gesture category to build a Gaussian Mixture Model driven probabilistic model of that gesture class. Results of the whole Human Gesture Recognition pipeline in a public data set show better performance in comparison to both standard BoVW model and DTW approach. |
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| Notes | HuPBA;MV; 605.203 | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ HBP2014 | Serial | 2353 | ||
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| Author | Fahad Shahbaz Khan; Muhammad Anwer Rao; Joost Van de Weijer; Michael Felsberg; J.Laaksonen | ||||
| Title | Compact color texture description for texture classification | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 51 | Issue | Pages | 16-22 | |
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| Abstract | Describing textures is a challenging problem in computer vision and pattern recognition. The classification problem involves assigning a category label to the texture class it belongs to. Several factors such as variations in scale, illumination and viewpoint make the problem of texture description extremely challenging. A variety of histogram based texture representations exists in literature.
However, combining multiple texture descriptors and assessing their complementarity is still an open research problem. In this paper, we first show that combining multiple local texture descriptors significantly improves the recognition performance compared to using a single best method alone. This gain in performance is achieved at the cost of high-dimensional final image representation. To counter this problem, we propose to use an information-theoretic compression technique to obtain a compact texture description without any significant loss in accuracy. In addition, we perform a comprehensive evaluation of pure color descriptors, popular in object recognition, for the problem of texture classification. Experiments are performed on four challenging texture datasets namely, KTH-TIPS-2a, KTH-TIPS-2b, FMD and Texture-10. The experiments clearly demonstrate that our proposed compact multi-texture approach outperforms the single best texture method alone. In all cases, discriminative color names outperforms other color features for texture classification. Finally, we show that combining discriminative color names with compact texture representation outperforms state-of-the-art methods by 7:8%, 4:3% and 5:0% on KTH-TIPS-2a, KTH-TIPS-2b and Texture-10 datasets respectively. |
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| Notes | LAMP; 600.068; 600.079;ADAS | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ KRW2015a | Serial | 2587 | ||
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| Author | Thanh Nam Le; Muhammad Muzzamil Luqman; Anjan Dutta; Pierre Heroux; Christophe Rigaud; Clement Guerin; Pasquale Foggia; Jean Christophe Burie; Jean Marc Ogier; Josep Llados; Sebastien Adam | ||||
| Title | Subgraph spotting in graph representations of comic book images | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 112 | Issue | Pages | 118-124 | |
| Keywords | Attributed graph; Region adjacency graph; Graph matching; Graph isomorphism; Subgraph isomorphism; Subgraph spotting; Graph indexing; Graph retrieval; Query by example; Dataset and comic book images | ||||
| Abstract | Graph-based representations are the most powerful data structures for extracting, representing and preserving the structural information of underlying data. Subgraph spotting is an interesting research problem, especially for studying and investigating the structural information based content-based image retrieval (CBIR) and query by example (QBE) in image databases. In this paper we address the problem of lack of freely available ground-truthed datasets for subgraph spotting and present a new dataset for subgraph spotting in graph representations of comic book images (SSGCI) with its ground-truth and evaluation protocol. Experimental results of two state-of-the-art methods of subgraph spotting are presented on the new SSGCI dataset. | ||||
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| Notes | DAG; 600.097; 600.121 | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ LLD2018 | Serial | 3150 | ||
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| Author | Zhengying Liu; Zhen Xu; Sergio Escalera; Isabelle Guyon; Julio C. S. Jacques Junior; Meysam Madadi; Adrien Pavao; Sebastien Treguer; Wei-Wei Tu | ||||
| Title | Towards automated computer vision: analysis of the AutoCV challenges 2019 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 135 | Issue | Pages | 196-203 | |
| Keywords | Computer vision; AutoML; Deep learning | ||||
| Abstract | We present the results of recent challenges in Automated Computer Vision (AutoCV, renamed here for clarity AutoCV1 and AutoCV2, 2019), which are part of a series of challenge on Automated Deep Learning (AutoDL). These two competitions aim at searching for fully automated solutions for classification tasks in computer vision, with an emphasis on any-time performance. The first competition was limited to image classification while the second one included both images and videos. Our design imposed to the participants to submit their code on a challenge platform for blind testing on five datasets, both for training and testing, without any human intervention whatsoever. Winning solutions adopted deep learning techniques based on already published architectures, such as AutoAugment, MobileNet and ResNet, to reach state-of-the-art performance in the time budget of the challenge (only 20 minutes of GPU time). The novel contributions include strategies to deliver good preliminary results at any time during the learning process, such that a method can be stopped early and still deliver good performance. This feature is key for the adoption of such techniques by data analysts desiring to obtain rapidly preliminary results on large datasets and to speed up the development process. The soundness of our design was verified in several aspects: (1) Little overfitting of the on-line leaderboard providing feedback on 5 development datasets was observed, compared to the final blind testing on the 5 (separate) final test datasets, suggesting that winning solutions might generalize to other computer vision classification tasks; (2) Error bars on the winners’ performance allow us to say with confident that they performed significantly better than the baseline solutions we provided; (3) The ranking of participants according to the any-time metric we designed, namely the Area under the Learning Curve, was different from that of the fixed-time metric, i.e. AUC at the end of the fixed time budget. We released all winning solutions under open-source licenses. At the end of the AutoDL challenge series, all data of the challenge will be made publicly available, thus providing a collection of uniformly formatted datasets, which can serve to conduct further research, particularly on meta-learning. | ||||
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| Notes | HuPBA; no proj | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Admin @ si @ LXE2020 | Serial | 3427 | ||
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| Author | Pedro Martins; Paulo Carvalho; Carlo Gatta | ||||
| Title | On the completeness of feature-driven maximally stable extremal regions | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 74 | Issue | Pages | 9-16 | |
| Keywords | Local features; Completeness; Maximally Stable Extremal Regions | ||||
| Abstract | By definition, local image features provide a compact representation of the image in which most of the image information is preserved. This capability offered by local features has been overlooked, despite being relevant in many application scenarios. In this paper, we analyze and discuss the performance of feature-driven Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER) in terms of the coverage of informative image parts (completeness). This type of features results from an MSER extraction on saliency maps in which features related to objects boundaries or even symmetry axes are highlighted. These maps are intended to be suitable domains for MSER detection, allowing this detector to provide a better coverage of informative image parts. Our experimental results, which were based on a large-scale evaluation, show that feature-driven MSER have relatively high completeness values and provide more complete sets than a traditional MSER detection even when sets of similar cardinality are considered. | ||||
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| Publisher | Elsevier B.V. | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0167-8655 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | LAMP;MILAB; | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ MCG2016 | Serial | 2748 | ||
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| Author | Meysam Madadi; Sergio Escalera; Jordi Gonzalez; Xavier Roca; Felipe Lumbreras | ||||
| Title | Multi-part body segmentation based on depth maps for soft biometry analysis | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 56 | Issue | Pages | 14-21 | |
| Keywords | 3D shape context; 3D point cloud alignment; Depth maps; Human body segmentation; Soft biometry analysis | ||||
| Abstract | This paper presents a novel method extracting biometric measures using depth sensors. Given a multi-part labeled training data, a new subject is aligned to the best model of the dataset, and soft biometrics such as lengths or circumference sizes of limbs and body are computed. The process is performed by training relevant pose clusters, defining a representative model, and fitting a 3D shape context descriptor within an iterative matching procedure. We show robust measures by applying orthogonal plates to body hull. We test our approach in a novel full-body RGB-Depth data set, showing accurate estimation of soft biometrics and better segmentation accuracy in comparison with random forest approach without requiring large training data. | ||||
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| Notes | HuPBA; ISE; ADAS; 600.076;600.049; 600.063; 600.054; 302.018;MILAB | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ MEG2015 | Serial | 2588 | ||
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| Author | Victor Ponce; Sergio Escalera; Marc Perez; Oriol Janes; Xavier Baro | ||||
| Title | Non-Verbal Communication Analysis in Victim-Offender Mediations | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 67 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 19-27 |
| Keywords | Victim–Offender Mediation; Multi-modal human behavior analysis; Face and gesture recognition; Social signal processing; Computer vision; Machine learning | ||||
| Abstract | We present a non-invasive ambient intelligence framework for the semi-automatic analysis of non-verbal communication applied to the restorative justice field. We propose the use of computer vision and social signal processing technologies in real scenarios of Victim–Offender Mediations, applying feature extraction techniques to multi-modal audio-RGB-depth data. We compute a set of behavioral indicators that define communicative cues from the fields of psychology and observational methodology. We test our methodology on data captured in real Victim–Offender Mediation sessions in Catalonia. We define the ground truth based on expert opinions when annotating the observed social responses. Using different state of the art binary classification approaches, our system achieves recognition accuracies of 86% when predicting satisfaction, and 79% when predicting both agreement and receptivity. Applying a regression strategy, we obtain a mean deviation for the predictions between 0.5 and 0.7 in the range [1–5] for the computed social signals. | ||||
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| Notes | HuPBA;MV | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ PEP2015 | Serial | 2583 | ||
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| Author | Marco Pedersoli; Jordi Gonzalez; Andrew Bagdanov; Xavier Roca | ||||
| Title | Efficient Discriminative Multiresolution Cascade for Real-Time Human Detection Applications | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 32 | Issue | 13 | Pages | 1581-1587 |
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| Abstract | Human detection is fundamental in many machine vision applications, like video surveillance, driving assistance, action recognition and scene understanding. However in most of these applications real-time performance is necessary and this is not achieved yet by current detection methods.
This paper presents a new method for human detection based on a multiresolution cascade of Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) that can highly reduce the computational cost of detection search without affecting accuracy. The method consists of a cascade of sliding window detectors. Each detector is a linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) composed of HOG features at different resolutions, from coarse at the first level to fine at the last one. In contrast to previous methods, our approach uses a non-uniform stride of the sliding window that is defined by the feature resolution and allows the detection to be incrementally refined as going from coarse-to-fine resolution. In this way, the speed-up of the cascade is not only due to the fewer number of features computed at the first levels of the cascade, but also to the reduced number of windows that need to be evaluated at the coarse resolution. Experimental results show that our method reaches a detection rate comparable with the state-of-the-art of detectors based on HOG features, while at the same time the detection search is up to 23 times faster. |
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| Notes | ISE | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ PGB2011a | Serial | 1707 | ||
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| Author | Pau Riba; Josep Llados; Alicia Fornes | ||||
| Title | Hierarchical graphs for coarse-to-fine error tolerant matching | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 134 | Issue | Pages | 116-124 | |
| Keywords | Hierarchical graph representation; Coarse-to-fine graph matching; Graph-based retrieval | ||||
| Abstract | During the last years, graph-based representations are experiencing a growing usage in visual recognition and retrieval due to their ability to capture both structural and appearance-based information. Thus, they provide a greater representational power than classical statistical frameworks. However, graph-based representations leads to high computational complexities usually dealt by graph embeddings or approximated matching techniques. Despite their representational power, they are very sensitive to noise and small variations of the input image. With the aim to cope with the time complexity and the variability present in the generated graphs, in this paper we propose to construct a novel hierarchical graph representation. Graph clustering techniques adapted from social media analysis have been used in order to contract a graph at different abstraction levels while keeping information about the topology. Abstract nodes attributes summarise information about the contracted graph partition. For the proposed representations, a coarse-to-fine matching technique is defined. Hence, small graphs are used as a filtering before more accurate matching methods are applied. This approach has been validated in real scenarios such as classification of colour images or retrieval of handwritten words (i.e. word spotting). | ||||
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| Notes | DAG; 600.097; 601.302; 603.057; 600.140; 600.121 | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ RLF2020 | Serial | 3349 | ||
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| Author | Ivet Rafegas; Maria Vanrell; Luis A Alexandre; G. Arias | ||||
| Title | Understanding trained CNNs by indexing neuron selectivity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 136 | Issue | Pages | 318-325 | |
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| Abstract | The impressive performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) when solving different vision problems is shadowed by their black-box nature and our consequent lack of understanding of the representations they build and how these representations are organized. To help understanding these issues, we propose to describe the activity of individual neurons by their Neuron Feature visualization and quantify their inherent selectivity with two specific properties. We explore selectivity indexes for: an image feature (color); and an image label (class membership). Our contribution is a framework to seek or classify neurons by indexing on these selectivity properties. It helps to find color selective neurons, such as a red-mushroom neuron in layer Conv4 or class selective neurons such as dog-face neurons in layer Conv5 in VGG-M, and establishes a methodology to derive other selectivity properties. Indexing on neuron selectivity can statistically draw how features and classes are represented through layers in a moment when the size of trained nets is growing and automatic tools to index neurons can be helpful. | ||||
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| Notes | CIC; 600.087; 600.140; 600.118 | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ RVL2019 | Serial | 3310 | ||
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| Author | Frederic Sampedro; Sergio Escalera; Anna Puig | ||||
| Title | Iterative Multiclass Multiscale Stacked Sequential Learning: definition and application to medical volume segmentation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Pattern Recognition Letters | Abbreviated Journal | PRL |
| Volume | 46 | Issue | Pages | 1-10 | |
| Keywords | Machine learning; Sequential learning; Multi-class problems; Contextual learning; Medical volume segmentation | ||||
| Abstract | In this work we present the iterative multi-class multi-scale stacked sequential learning framework (IMMSSL), a novel learning scheme that is particularly suited for medical volume segmentation applications. This model exploits the inherent voxel contextual information of the structures of interest in order to improve its segmentation performance results. Without any feature set or learning algorithm prior assumption, the proposed scheme directly seeks to learn the contextual properties of a region from the predicted classifications of previous classifiers within an iterative scheme. Performance results regarding segmentation accuracy in three two-class and multi-class medical volume datasets show a significant improvement with respect to state of the art alternatives. Due to its easiness of implementation and its independence of feature space and learning algorithm, the presented machine learning framework could be taken into consideration as a first choice in complex volume segmentation scenarios. | ||||
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| Notes | HuPBA;MILAB | Approved | no | ||
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Admin @ si @ SEP2014 | Serial | 2550 | ||
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